Journal of Exercise Science & Physiotherapy

65-75

Authors: Bebeley Samuel Joseph

This study was carried out to investigate the measurement level of maximum volume of oxygen (VO2 max) rate for a continued period of four weeks (one month) amongst randomly selected Bo Commercial Junior Secondary School (JSS I, II and III) pupils in the Bo Municipality, Sierra Leone. The significance of the study is to measure and compare the VO2 max of both boys and girls at the three different strata i.e. JSS I, II & III using cooper-12-minutes-run test. A total of thirty (30) pupils (15 boys and 15 girls) were randomly selected at the three levels (JSS I, II & III), with age ranging from ten to seventeen (10-17) years. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) Coefficient, Dependent and Independent t-tests were used to compare the results of the study. The results were tested at (p ≤ 0.05) level of significance. Analysis of results from weeks one, two, three and four shows both significant and insignificant differences between the measured values of VO2 max rate of boys and that of girls (JSS I, II & III) at the beginning and at the end of the exercise which is recorded as r values [(i.e. r values ranging from r = 0.0000 to r = 0.7442) when compared with the c value (i.e. c value = 0.8783)] as shown in tables I, II, III and IV; and as t values [(i.e. t values ranging from t = 10.249 to t = 3.728) when compared with the dependent and independent c values (c = 2.776 and c-value = 2.306)] as shown in tables V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII. Conclusively therefore, the major findings in this study shows that pupils (boys and girls) were experiencing quick fatigue at the beginning of the exercise which affected the low rate of their VO2 max calculation greatly but they had to overcome the fatigue as the session continued into the subsequent weeks thereby improving their rate. In recommendation, the most effective approach to improving VO2 max rate in pupils is by applying the endurance high intensity interval training (HIIT) during practical session in schools.

90-97

Authors: Jain1, Hetal; Pandey2, Rachna; & Rathod3, Sonal

Objective: Objective of this study was to establish normative reference values of trunk flexors and extensors muscle endurance of healthy college students. Method: A cross sectional study was carried out with 500 subjects aged between 18 to 25 years. Evaluation of muscle strength and endurance was done with the use of Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness which includes four static and two dynamic muscles performance. Result: In this study we establish normative data for male and female both. The mean value for different tests are 60 sec (for male) and 25 sec (for female) for IUA, 21 sec (for male) and 9 sec (for female) for ILA, 36 rep (for male) and 14 rep (for female) for DUA, 29 sec (for male) and 17 sec (for female) for IUBE, 50 sec (for male) and 34 sec (for female) for ILBE, 16 rep (for male) and 9 rep (for female) for DUBE. Conclusion: The gender reference norms for static and dynamic endurance of trunk flexors and extensors group of muscles established in this study which could be used as outcome measure for improvement.

108-115

Authors: Renugadevi T, Supriya K Vinod.

Obesity is when a person is carrying too much body fat for their height and sex. Without lifestyle changes to increase the amount of physical activity done on a daily basis, or reduce the amount of calories consumed, people can become obese. Childhood obesity is also a global problem. Obesity and overweight, in addition to their related diseases, are largely preventable by early identification and treatment. The intention of this study is to compare the effects of six minute walk test on physiological variables among normal weight versus overweight children. The study was conducted in three different schools. 150 children who satisfied with inclusion criteria of the study were selected from three schools via stratified random sampling. The subjects were divided into 2 groups - Group I with normal weight children and Group II with overweight children. Each group contains 75 subjects. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) was administered to all the children. The participant’s Physiological Variables (BP, HR, RR, and RPE) were recorded, before and instantaneously following the test. The findings revealed that the resting SBP, DBP, HR and RR were observed to be significantly higher (p=<0.0001) in Overweight children than Normal Weight children. There are alterations on physiological variables with 6MWT in overweight children when compared with normal weight children {NW: SBP – 10.67%, DBP – 0.84%, HR – 13.74%, RR – 44.30%; OW: SBP – 7.43%, DBP – 2.54%, HR – 15.67%, RR – 36.77%}. Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) was 6.16 % higher in NW than OW children. These differences were statistically significant (p value = <0.0001, NW: 509.96M, OW: 479.46m).

123-128

Authors: Shinde, V.; Kini, R.; Naik, R.; Desousa, A.

Medical education is perceived as being stressful and a high level of stress may have a negative effect on cognitive functioning and learning of students in medical school. The present study was aimed at comparing the efficacy of two relaxation techniques on medical students and also to study the effects of the Jacobson’s technique of relaxation and Shavasana on pulse rate & stress levels in Medical students. 90 medical students were selected and randomly assigned to three groups (N=30 each) Group A receiving Jacobson’s Technique of relaxation, Group B receiving Shavasana and Group C control. The stress level was determined using Perceived Stress Scale. Pulse rate was measured before and after training of 1 month (sessions twice a week) and home programme of the same technique daily was asked to follow for one month. Results indicate that both the techniques are significantly effective in inducing relaxation but objectively, on comparison of both techniques, Shavasana brings better decrease in pulse rate & stress levels than Jacobson’s technique of relaxation.

134-141

Authors: Parmar Dharmesh

Objective of study: to relieve dyspnea in patients of copd with restrictive impairment by chest mobilization technique. Background: copd is a primary lung disease but as it advances, there is restriction in chest wall mobility which decreases pulmonary functions and vital capacity of lung. So purpose of this study is to assess the immediate effect of chest mobilization on relieving dyspnea by improving the oxygen saturation. Materials and methods: an experimental study was conducted on 30 copd patients having vital capacity <80%, to assess the pre and post differences in modified borg scale by applying chest mobilization technique: rib rotation; lateral flexion, extension, rotation of chest wall and pectoralis major stretching. Result: for within group analysis, comparison of data for modified borg score was done using wilcoxon sign rank test. And for between groups analysis was done using mann whitney u test. Statistical analysis showed significant change in modified borg score after application of chest mobilization technique. Conclusion: it can be concluded from this study that chest wall mobilization has significant effect on dyspnea in copd patient who is having restrictive impairment of chest wall in later stage of disease.

150-157

Authors: Johri, Pooja, , Lehri, Anuradha

The present investigation is a comparative study of pulmonary function variables mainly Force Vital Capacity, Forced expiratory Volume in 1 sec and Peak Expiratory Flow rate of Male Rajput population of high and low altitude areas of Himachal Pradesh. The total subjects taken for the study were healthy 400, out of which 200 were taken from high altitude (>2200 m) and 200 were taken from low altitude (<300m). The subjects were divided into four groups of 5 years interval. The variables were measured with the help of calibrated computerized spirometer named Spiro Excel manufactured by Medicaid Systems, Chandigarh. The results indicate that there exist significantly higher values of FEV1 ( forced expiration volume in 1 sec) in high altitude population of the age 20-25, 26-30 & 31-35 in comparison to corresponding age peer groups of low altitude. The Force Vital Capacity is found to be highly significantly greater in the age group of 36-40 years in comparison to rest of the age groups. The peak expiratory flow rate is found to be significant higher in the age group of 20-25, 31-35, 36-40 and not in 26-30 age group of residents of high altitude. Quite surprisingly Rajputs of 36-30 age group of low altitude have more PEFR than Rajput residents of high altitude. The results of pulmonary variables are discussed at length in the paper.

1-10

Authors: Kulandaivelan, S.; & Yamini

Objective: Aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and identify factors (sex, age, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, diet (veg vs non-veg), sweet use, ghee use, family history of hypertension, type of work (teaching vs non-teaching)) that determine hypertension among university employees. Methodology: The present study was a cross sectional survey done on a random sample of 100 out of 671 employees (male 71, females 29) aged 18 or above. Determinants data was collected on a standard performa by a trained physiotherapist who also recorded the bp on each subject through recommended procedure. Set point bp for hypertension was 130/85 mmhg for sbp and dbp respectively. Data was analysed by ibm spss (21.0 version) software. Results: Males had higher prevalence than females. Prevalence ofhypertension increased with age and bmi. Smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of hypertension, type of work, qualification significantly influenced the occurrence of hypertension among employees. Multiple regression analysis identified qualification, smoking, bmi factors along with constant predicts 79% variability in SBP hypertension. Sex, smoking, bmi factors along with constant predicts 72% variability in DBP hypertension. Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension among university employees was 37%, 41% for sbp, dbp cut-off respectively.higher prevalence is associated with advancing age, higher bmi and lower education. Analysis also showed smoking, alcohol consumption, family history and type of work are risk factors for hypertension in university employees. Finally smoking, BMI along with either qualification or sex explains more than 70% variability in both sbp and dbp hypertension.

17-21

Authors: Yadav, Krishna.

Introduction: Many athletes who perform well during training or practice can suffer from performance anxiety on game day. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of the study was to find out the correlation between Anxiety and Mental skill among University male volleyball players. Methodology: A total of 15 university Volleyball male players were selected as subjects from different colleges affiliated to Karnatak University, Dharwad St: Karnataka, The ages of players were between 20 to 25 years. All the subjects completed Ottawa and SCAT questionnaire for measuring their mental skill and competitive anxiety. Results:‘t’ -test was employed to evaluate the SCAT questionnaire and Pearson correlations method was used to assess the correlation between anxiety and mental skill. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between mental skill and competitive anxiety in university volleyball male players (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study findings shows that it is important that sportsmen are classified according to the type of sport & type of event in order to judge the differences between different games and to identify methods by which they can achieve high levels of performance in their sports. The psychological training needs to be provided by the coaches along with the physical training and under psychological training, it is imperative that players are trained how to face stressful situations occurring during the competitions

29-41

Authors: Randhawa, Ramanpreet & Sidhu, Sharda

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is one of the major cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the prevalence of MS and its components using three international diagnostic criteria in the pre- and postmenopausal rural females of Amritsar (Punjab). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 rural females (186 premenopausal and 114 postmenopausal) of Amritsar (Punjab) during the period from June 2013 to June 2014. The age range of females was 25-55 years. WC and blood pressure of each participant was also measured. Fasting blood samples were analysed to estimate TC, TGL, HDL-C and FBG. LDL-C and VLDL-C were also calculated. The prevalence of MS was assessed using three international criteria ATP-III, IDF and mATP-III, respectively. For data analysis mean and standard deviation were calculated. Further Student’s t-test, chi-square test and kappa statistic were also applied. Results: The postmenopausal women had significantly higher values of WC, SBP and DBP. In context to lipid profile variables, the values were again significantly higher among postmenopausal females except LDL-C. The prevalence of MS was 21.66 %, 24.33% and 25.66 % using ATP-III, IDF and mATP-III criterion, respectively. The postmenopausal females were observed to have significantly higher prevalence of MS. The degree of agreement (kappa statistic) was more (0.87) between mATP-III and IDF criteria as compared to between ATP-III and IDF (0.85) and between mATP-III and ATP-III (0.76) which shows that mATP-III has more concordance with IDF and less with ATP-III . Among 300 rural females, 18.3% (55) females were screened positive for MS by all the three criteria. The most prevalent component of MS was reduced levels of HDL-C whereas the least common was elevated levels of FBG. Conclusion: MS is quite prevalent in rural women of Amritsar using all the three criteria.

52-57

Authors: Kumar, Ashok; Kumar , Vishal; and Kaur², Narinder

Aim: To study the audio and visual response time of type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics. Materials & Method: Thirty type 2 diabetics (age 49±7 years) and thirty non- diabetics (45±5 years) males volunteered to participate in this study as subjects. Response Analyzer was used to measure the audio and visual response times. Result: Audio-1 (0.960 ± 0.34ms), Audio-2 (1.043±0.79ms), Audio-3 (1.082±0.86ms), Audio- 4 (0.986±0.46ms) and combined auditory response time (1.048±0.57ms) of type 2 diabetics. Audio-1, Audio-2, Audio-3, Audio-4 and combined auditory response time of non-diabetics was 0.841±0.23ms, 0.782±0.35ms, 0.762±0.40ms, 0.793±0.25ms and 0.797±0.17ms respectively. Visual-1 (0.736±0.28ms), Visual-2 (0.653± 0.27ms), Visual-3 (0.649 ± 0.34ms), Visual-4 (0.654± 0.21ms) and combined visual response times (0.679± 0.25ms) of type 2 diabetics and Visual-1, Visual- 2, Visual- 3, Visual-4 and combined visual response time of nondiabetics was 0.618 ± 0.14ms, 0.571 ± 0.07ms, 0.604 ± 0.10ms, 0.631 ± 0.14ms, and 0.604 ± 0.07ms respectively. The absolute and percent difference between various audio and visual response time of type 2 diabetic and non-diabetics were statistical significant. Conclusion: It was concluded that type 2 diabetics respond slowly to the various audio and visual stimuli as compared to non-diabetics. Thus, auditory and visual response time can be considered as an ideal tool for measuring audio-visual sensory motor association in type 2 diabetics and to highlight the importance of auditory and visual response time testing in routine examination of type 2 diabetics. We can manage the complications of neuropathy in type 2 diabetics which may lead to morbidity in them.