INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

2223-2227

Authors: Asra Jabeen* 1 , Dr. S. Rani2 , Dr. Mohammed Ibrahim3 , Abdul Saleem Mohammad

Lepidium sativum plant and seeds are considered one of the popular medicinal herbs used in the community of Saudi Arabia, Sudan and some other Arabic countries as a good mediator for bone fracture healing in the human skeleton. A number of recent studies pointed out the traditional uses of Lepidium sativum seeds extract in controlling many clinical problems. They were used as anti-asthmatic antiscorbutic, aperient, diuretic, galactogogue, poultice and stimulant. The traditional plants may represent new sources of drugs with stable, biologically active components that can establish a scientific base for the use of plants in modern medicine. These local ethnomedical preparations and prescriptions of plant sources should be scientifically evaluated and then disseminated properly. Key Words: Seeds, garden cress, hydroponic, phytochemicals, nutritional

2234-2248

Authors: Md Akram*1 , Abdul Sayeed1 , Mohd Waseem Akram2 , MD Ather Ali Soherwardi

Abstract: The synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds has always drawn the attention of medicinal chemist over the years mainly because they possess diverse biological properties. The literature survey on 1,2,4-triazoles revealed that they are endowed with wide variety of biological activities .During the present investigation a series of new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives N-(3-(2-(3- hydrazinyl-3-oxoalkanoyl)hydrazinyl)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)isonicotinamide(6a- 6e)were synthesized by reacting withN-(5-mercapto-3-(phenoxymethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4- yl)isonicotinamide (5) and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid hydrazides (a-e). The structures of the newly All the compounds synthesised 6a to 6e were evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus Niger was carried out and MIC values were determined synthesized compounds were estblished by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and MASS spectral analysis. The compound 6a (n=0) was found to be the most potent antifungal agent. Keywords: 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, antifungal, Candida albicans, Aspergillus Niger

2255-2263

Authors: Sara Rahimi1 , Dr.Mehrdad Shariati

Cyclophosphamide is an antineoplastic drug that has many useful effects in cancer treatment, but it has toxic effects due to induced free radicals. In this study the effects of L-carnitine as an antioxidant drug on testis tissue and its sexual hormones was investigated. 48 adult male wistar rats were selected randomly and divided to 6 groups including :control, sham (received normal saline) , cyclophosphamide received group ( 5 mg/kg), and experimental groups 1, 2, and 3 (receiving 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg doses of L-carnitine, respectively). L-carnitine and normal salin were administered as gavage. After dissection, the rats' testes were removed and put in 10% formalin for fixation and slides preparation processes were carried out. Also their serum samples were separated in order to measure the LH,FSH and testosterone with eliza. The results revealed a significant decrease in number of spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatids, sertoli, leydig cells, LH, FSH and testosterone hormones in rats that received cyclophosphamide in compared to control and sham groups(P≤0.05). So the results revealed an increase in the number of sexual cells, and sexual hormones in the under treatment with L-carnitine high dosage groupes compared to cyclophosphamide group (P≤0.05). The concurrent use of cyclophosphamide and L-carnitine can decrease the cyclophosphamide toxic effects on testes tissue and its sexual hormones. Key words: L-carnitine, cyclophosphamide, Testis, Rat.

2274-2279

Authors: N.Tirumalesh1 , K. P. R. Chowdary

Telmisartan, a widely prescribed antihypertensive drug belongs to class II under BCS and exhibit low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. As such it needs enhancement in the dissolution rate and bioavailability to derive its maximum therapeutic efficacy. The objective of the present study is to prepare and evaluate solid dispersions of Telmisartan in Starch 1500 and Soluplus alone and in combination for enhancing the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan. The individual and combined effects of the two carriers, Starch 1500 and Soluplus in enhancing the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan were evaluated in a 22 factorial study. Solid dispersions of Telmisartan in Starch 1500 alone were prepared using four ratios of drug: carrier namely 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 by solvent evaporation method. Solid dispersions of Telmisartan in Soluplus alone were prepared at three concentrations namely 0.5, 1.0 and 2% by common solvent method. Solid dispersions of Telmisartan in combined carriers namely Starch 1500 and Soluplus were prepared as per 22 factorial design. All the solid dispersions prepared were evaluated for drug content uniformity, dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency in comparison to Telmisartan pure drug. The dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan could be significantly enhanced by solid dispersion in Starch 1500 and Soluplus alone and in combination. The individual and combined effects of Starch 1500 and Soluplus in enhancing the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan are highly significant (P < 0.01). Soluplus gave significant enhancement in the dissolution rate of Telmisartan at very low concentrations where as a large proportion of Starch 1500 is required for a similar enhancement in the dissolution rate of Telmisartan. Combination of Starch 1500 and Soluplus resulted in a much higher enhancement in the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan than is possible with them individually. Combination of Starch 1500 and Soluplus is recommended for enhancing the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan. Key words: Telmisartan, Solid dispersion, Dissolution Rate, Starch 1500, Soluplus, Factorial study

2284-2290

Authors: Vustelamuri Padmavathi and Thatavarthi Padmini*

Most of the developing countries like India depend on the groundwater as source of drinking water that may be contaminated by natural sources or by industrial effluents. One such contaminant is fluoride that possesses adverse effects on human health. When people consume water having fluoride (F– ) concentration >1–1.5 mg/L for a long period of time, various ailments that are collectively referred to as fluorosis occur. Various defluoridation technologies are being used to remove fluoride from water but still the problem has not been rooted out. This paper describes the review on the utilization of agricultural wastes, plant biomass and readily available biodegradable materials for adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution under different experimental conditions and their practical defluoridation efficiency. Key Words: Defluoridation, coconut shelt carbon, corn cob, cashewnut shelt carbon, tamarind seed pulp, drumstick seeds.

2295-2303

Authors: Md. Rageeb Md. Usman*, Neelesh Choubey1

The objective of present studies deals with the Pharmacognostic and antioxidant studies of stems of Pyrostegia venusta Pres. Some distinct and different characters were observed with section of young thin stems. Physiochemical parameter ash value and LOD of powder of stem was 1.85% w/w and 6.53 % w/w respectively. The phytochemical investigation of extracts of stem of Pyrostegia venusta shows the presence of sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids and tannins. Total phenolic content of total methanolic extract was determined by using folin Ciocalteu method. The total phenolic content in methanolic extract was found to be 5.55 % w/w equivalent to Tannic acid. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate soluble, ethyl acetate insoluble and methanol exract was found to be scavenger of DPPH radical. The present study on Pharmacognostical investigation of Pyrostegia venusta Pers. stems might be useful to supplement information in regard to its identification parameters assumed significantly in the way of acceptability of herbal drugs in present scenario lacking regulatory laws to control quality of herbal drugs. Key Words: Pyrostegia venusta Pers., Stems, Pharmacognostical, Physiochemical, Antioxidant, DPPH.

2308-2320

Authors: P.Eswaramma*, M.Vijaya kumari, G.Sruthi, V.Yamini Saraswathi, A. Naveen Kumar , G. Rajasekhar, M. Raja Rathnam.

The objective of the present study was to formulate and develop extended release drug delivery system of antihypertensive drug Metoprolol succinate . The major indications of Metoprolol succinate is treatment and management of hypertension, angina, acute myocardial infarction, supraventricular tachycardia, congestive heart faiure, and migrane. Hypertension (HTN)is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. High blood pressure is said to be present if it is persistently at or above 140/90 mmHg pressure . The dosage for adults is 2-3 times a day, to reduce the dosing interval to one time a day Metaprolol succinate developed as extended release capsules. Which reduces the dosing interval. Preliminary studies with different polymers such as Surelase, Ethyl cellulose N22, Kollicoat SR 30D were performed. The results of in-vitro release data showed that Kollicoat SR 30D can Extend the drug release upto 24hr. The drug content was within the range, 98.23±0.25 to 102.03±2.45%. The in-vitro metoprolol succinate release from the capsules was found Extended over 24 hours with korsmeyer-peppas kinetics of drug release and release pattern followed Super case- II transport. The Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses indicated that there was absence of any chemical interaction between the drug and the excipients. Thus the objective of extended release drug delivery system of antiHypertensive drug Metoprolol succinate with extended release profile was achieved. Key Words: Metoprolol succinate, kollicoat SR, surelase, ethyl cellulose N22,extended release.

2334-2343

Authors: A. Shylaja Rani1 and D.V. R. N. Bhikshapathi

The current investigation objective was to fabricate Esomeprazole loaded microspheres for the treatment of gastritis. The microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique using sodium as alginate polymer and calcium chloride as cross-linking agent. The effect of polymer and cross-linking agent on particle size, shape, % yield, entrapment efficiency, and drug release were studied. The prepared microspheres morphology and physicochemical properties of were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among the total 14 formulations, S12 formulation was optimized at 1.8% of sodium alginate, 10% of calcium chloride maintained 100rpm for 10min at room temperature. The optimized formulation (S12) In vitro drug release studies were conducted up to 12h in 0.1N HCl showing 95.3% drug release which followed the zero order and Higuchi model (R2 = 0.994, 0.944) respectively, indicating the possible drug release mechanism to be by diffusion. The optimized S12 formulation subjected to stability studies for 6months as per ICH guidelines. Concluded that before and after stability studies no appreciable difference was observed hence the S12 formulation found stable. The data obtained thus suggest that a microparticulate system can be successfully designed for sustained delivery of Esomeprazole and to improve its bioavailability. Keywords: Microspheres, Esomeprazole, release order kinetics, sodium alginate.

2350-2361

Authors: S.R.Sivakumar*, V.Sridhar1 and K.Abdul2

In present study silver nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous leaf extract of Hygrophila auriculata plant leaf extracts will be collected were used and compared for their extracellular of metallic silver nanoparticles. Stable silver nanoparticles formed to be treated aqueous by solution of AgNO3 with the plant leaf extracts as reducing agent Ag-to Ag+ . UV spectroscopy is used to monitor the quantitative formation of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles is characterized with FT-IR, XRD, SEM and EDX Characterization by the ab ove said instrument analysis confirmed the presence, size and stability of the silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with particle size range from 5 to 40 nm. After characterization, the silver nanoparticles were tested at various concentrations to check their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of five bacterial pathogens. The silver nanoparticles exhibited good bactericidal activity at all concentration against all the tested organisms. Maximum zone of inhibition was of observed against Vibrio cholera (18mm at 400 g) and minimum level of antibacterial activity was observed against Proteus mirabilis (8mm at 100 g). This result suggested the potential use of silver nanoparticles against other clinical pathogens.

2368-2373

Authors: Abdolkarim Shadmehr1 , Ebrahim Hajizadeh2* , Anoshirvan Kazemnejad2 , Ahmadreza Baqestani3 , Moein Yoosefi

Human skeletons are among the most important data in archaeological records; it is important to study these data in order to extract biological and cultural information. One of the most widely used statistical methods for analyzing such data is the survival analysis. In this paper, we try to compare the two models of survival analysis for estimating age at death in presence of covariates in an ancient site. This is a retrospective cohort study based on the findings from twelve seasons of excavation at the site of Shahr-i-Sokhta in southeastern Iran, from 1997 to 2008. Out of the 758 discovered skeletons, 349 were complete and measurable, which were selected based on an estimated age of over 12 years at the time of their death. For the analytical purposes we used a Two-parameter Weibull regression model as well as a generalized Weibull regression model, both with Bayesian approaches for estimating their relevant parameters. Out of 349 study subjects 206 (59%) were female. The fitting results of both models showed a significant relationship that could be between age at death and the number of buried objects along with skeletons. In other words, for individuals who were associated with more than five objects, the risk of death might have been lower. The other exploratory variables including sex, the presence of sacrifices, and the existence of prestigious goods did not show any significant relationship. The fitting results of these two models on the basis of the data showed that the estimates of the generalized Bayesian model had smaller standard deviations than the corresponding ones from two-parameter Weibul model. The model's adequacy index “Deviance Information Criterion” (DIC) in the generalized Bayesian Weibull model was also smaller than that of the other model. As a result, in this case study, the generalized Bayesian Weibull model was found as more efficient. Key-Words: Excavated Skeleton, Shahr-i-Sokhta, Weibull Model, Bayesian Approach.

2377-2379

Authors: Fateme parooei 1 , Zohreh Mahmoodi 2 , Morteza Salarzaei 1 , Mahmood Anbari * 3 ,Alireza Abrishami 4 , Ali Alidadi 5 ,Dadkhoda soofi

Introduction:Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent and most important diseases. The incidence of cataracts in diabetic patients is 2-5 times more likely than non-diabetics; it, also, occur in much a lower age. Epidemiologic studies show that cataract is the most common cause of visual impairment in adults suffering from diabetes. Methodology:In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies investigating Cataracts and diabetes mellitus. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Cataracts and diabetes mellitus were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had investigat Cataracts and diabetes mellitus and it's complications. Findings:Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disorder that has, also, multiple non-ocular symptoms. Diabetes affects morphological, metabolic, physiological, and clinical aspects of the eye. Changes in the cornea associated with diabetes, called "diabetic keratopathy", is present in over 70% of patients. Conclusion:Taking appropriate measurements against cataracts in diabetic patients requires special attention to the systematic condition of other parts of the eye. For now, many previously untreated patients would benefit from acceptable results. It is, unlike the past, recommended to perform surgery earlier than usual to provide proper treatment of retina complications. Key words:Cataracts , diabetes mellitus ,review article

2383-2385

Authors: Fateme Parooei 1 ,Zohreh Mahmoodi 2 ,Raziyeh Behzadmehr 3 ,Mahmood Anbari 4 ,Morteza salarzaei 1* ,Dadkhoda soofi

Introduction: The most common metabolic bone disease in the world is osteoporosis, the most prominent feature of which is the reduction of minerals and bone marrow matrix. This disease is one of the major health problems in the world. Methodology: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies investigating Osteoporosis and exercise in women resuscitation. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Osteoporosis and exercise in women were selected. Findings: A combination of weight bearing and strengthening activities can increase bone density; however, these exercises must be both intense and permanent and, then, they will be extremely useful in preventing osteoporosis in both young people and the elderly. It must be noted that these exercises are impractical for most women at menopausal age who have degrees of osteoporosis. These patients are more likely to tolerate a gradual, progressive exercise program, including aerobic exercises and light exercises. Conclusion and discussion: Pressure on the bone can change its curvature, increase the tone of the bone surface, and ultimately stimulate the activity of the osteoblasts. Maintain a normal amount of physical activity is enough for preserving bone density prior to menopausal period; however, the threshold of the minimum effect on the bone increases after menopause and, under such conditions, even if a person has the same physical activity as before, a false message is sent to the bones about physical inactivity. Thus, increasing the intensity of exercise is an important factor in order to achieve the goal of maintaining bone mass density in postmenopausal women. Key words: Osteoporosis, exercise, women

2393-2398

Authors: Lakshmanarao P 1 , Chowdary K.P.R.2* , Prasad S.V.U.M.3

Telmisartan, a widely prescribed anti hypertensive drug belongs to class II under BCS classification and exhibit low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. Because of poor aqueous solubility and dissolution rate it poses challenging problems in its tablet formulation development. It needs enhancement in the dissolution rate in its formulation development. The objective of the present study is to enhance the dissolution rate of telmisartan tablets by two techniques namely i) Complexation by β CD alone and in combination with Tween 80 and ii) Solid dispersion in Primojel alone and in combination with Tween 80. The individual and combined effects of β CD, Primojel and Tween 80 in each case were evaluated in 2 2 factorial experiments. A comparative evaluation of the two techniques was also made. Telmisartan (40 mg) tablets were formulated in each case i.e.CD complexation and Solid dispersion techniques as per 22 factorial design. The two factors in CD complexation are β CD and Tween 80 and the two factors in solid dispersion technique are Primojel and Tween 80. The two levels of Factor A (β CD or Primojel) are 0 and 1:3 ratio of drug: carrier and the two levels of the Factor B (Tween 80) are 0 and 4% of drug and carrier content. Four telmisrtan tablets (40 mg) were formulated in each technique using selected combinations of the levels of the two factors. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and the prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration time, drug content and dissolution rate and efficiency. The dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of telmisartan tablets were markedly enhanced by CD complexation and Solid dispersion techniques. In both the techniques the individual and combined effects of the factors involved i.e. β CD and Tween 80 in CD complexation and Primojel and Tween 80 in the case of solid dispersion technique, are highly significant (P < 0.01). Solid dispersion technique gave higher enhancement in the dissolution rate of telmisartan tablets than CD complexation technique. In both the techniques combined carriers gave higher enhancement in the dissolution rate than the carriers individually. Formulations CDab and SDab gave respectively 7.14 and 9.10 fold increase in the dissolution rate of telmisartan tablets. The dissolution efficiency of the telmisartan tablets was also significantly enhanced by CD complexation and Solid dispersion techniques. Key words: Telm

2409-2416

Authors: Dolly Gupta* 1 , Yamini Shah2 and Dushyant Shah1

Now a day oral route is the easiest and most prominent route for drug delivery. More than 40% of new chemical entities exhibit poor aqueous solubility result in unsatisfactory oral drug delivery. Cefpodoxime Proxetil is a Class IV drug, possess lower solubility and lower bioavailability. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate a Micro emulsion to overcome these issues. Capmul MCM was selected as an oily phase, tween 80 as a surfactant and PEG 400 as a co-surfactant. The batches of emulsion were formulated by spontaneous emulsification method. Different concentrations of Surfactant and Co. Surfactant were used to formulate micro emulsion. Evaluation parameters such as Globule size, pH, Viscosity, Clarity, Dilution test, Centrifugation and Freeze Thaw method were tested. %CDR, Drug content and Anti-microbial assay were also calculated. Keywords: Micro Emulsion, Cefpodoxime Proxetil, Globule size, Freeze Thaw, Anti-microbial

2425-2429

Authors: P. Pravalika Reddy* and Dr.G.Tulja Rani

In the present work a simple, accurate and precise UV Spectrophotometric method has been developed for determination of Apixaban1-2 in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The optimum conditions for the analysis of drug are established and Apixaban is found to exhibit maximum absorption at 282 nm with DMSO as a solvent. The present method is validated as per guidelines of the International Conference on Hormonization (ICH) guidelines3-5 including parameters like linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Drug obeyed Beer's law in concentration range of 5-20 µg/ml and the regression equation is found to be Y=5.741X-0.071 with correlation coefficient 0.999. From the results it is observed that good correlation exist between drug concentration and absorbance. The percent recovery of Apixaban is found to be 98.5-99.5. The precision is evaluated and relative standard deviation (RSD) is less than 2%, LOD & LOQ are 0.295 & 0.895 respectively. The method is applied to marketed formulation (Eliquis) and Apixaban content is found to be 99.35 with respect to labeled claim. The results suggest that this method can be employed for routine analysis of Apixaban in bulk and commercial pharmaceutical formulations. Key words: Apixaban, DMSO, Spectrophotometric method and Validation

2438-2443

Authors: Munir Ahmed*, Muhammad Younis, Shafi Muhammad, Tanzeel Ahmed Mohammad Siddique, Ghulam Sarwer, Mohammad Arslan

Objectives:The objective of the research was to evaluate lung feature amongst students who smoke and nonsmokers. Material and Method:The exploration was led in the University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. The self-planned examination form and Spirometer were utilized. The total 100 male student’s age amass between 20-45 years who smoking one year or more were chosen. The students were isolated into two gatherings as takes after; (1). Test/Case Group; which comprise of 50 students. (2). Control group; this gathering additionally comprise of 50 students. The meeting was led and Spirometry test was performed for both gatherings' students of University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. The spirometer considerations; FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEV1/FVC proportion and FEF25-75% were originated and investigated. The frequency, percent, mean and standard deviation were perceived for smokers and the non-smokers by methods for SPSS 22. Result:The anticipated mean±standard deviation estimation of FVC for smokers was 62.54±17.048 and estimation of FVC for non-smokers was 66.56±12.654. The estimation of FEV1 for smokers was 46.00±13.595 and FEV1 for non-smokers was 74.60±12.638. The estimation of FEV1/FVC proportion for smokers was 74.20±11.433 and FEV1 for non-smokers was 113.58±12.634. The estimation of PEF for smokers was 61.42±19.037 and the estimation of PEF for non-smokers was 87.10±13.368. The estimation of FEF2575 for smokers was 81.16±28.287 and the estimation of FEF2575 for non-smokers was 104.44±23.213. Conclusion:Smoking deleteriously affects the wellbeing, essentially on aspiratory capacities. Consequently, the danger of respirational mortality or dismalness is extraordinary by way of smoking. The investigation inferred that the smoker's students were on more danger of lung illnesses than the non-smokers students and along these lines elevates smoking suspension endeavors to lessen the weight of COPD in the group. Keywords: Spirometry, Lung Function, Smokers, Non-Smokers, Students, University of Balochistan, Pakistan

2449-2460

Authors: Dr.Faizan Sayeed*, Abdul Sayeed, MD Akram, Mohd Waseem Akram

4-thiazolidinones are among t h e most extensively investigated class of organic compounds. Thiazolidin-4-one has been considered as magic moiety, which is a core structure in various synthetic pharmaceuticals displaying a broad spectrum of biological activities.They are widely used as anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antimicrobial,anti-HIV,CNS depressant, carcinostatic, antihypertensive and cytotoxic. In view of the wide spectrum activities of condensed 4-thiazolidinones, itwas thought worthwhile to undertake the synthesis of heterocyclic systems in which 4-thiazolidinone nucleus is linked to another biologically active moiety.Semicarbazide/Thiosemicarbazide was reacted with b e n z o y l chloride to obtain N-hydrazinocarbonyl benzene-1-carboxamide/N-hydrazinocarbothioyl benzene-1 carboxamide respectively.These were then condensed with various aldehydes to yield the intermediate Schiff bases. Thiazolidin-4-ones were prepared by the reaction of Schiff bases with mercaptoacetic acid in dry benzene by refluxing for 16-18 hours. The purity of the compounds synthesized was established by TLC.The synthesized derivatives were characterized by FT-IR, 1 HNMR and Mass spectral analysis. All the derivatives synthesized were screened for their a n a lg e s i c a n d a n t i in f l a m ma t o r y potency. The compounds 3A3, 3A5,3B2, 3B6 have shown equipotent analgesic activity when compared to standard Ibuprofen. The compounds 3A2, 3A5, 3B2, and 3B3 have been evaluated for their antiinflammatory properties at a dose of 50 mg/kg using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. All the tested compounds exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammatory models in rats.Compounds 3A2, 3A5, 3B2, and 3B3 exhibited s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n e d e m a volume w h e n c o m p a r e d t o s t a n d a r d Ibuprofen. Keywords: Schiffbases,Thiazolidin-4-one,Analgesic,Anti- inflammatory

2473-2478

Authors: Saeideh Rezaei and Iman Jokar

The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between bonds of mass devoted to Iran's macroeconomic indicators (including economic growth, employment and investments) respectively. To achieve this aim, a questionnaire in relation to the three macro-economic variables include: 1. Economic growth 2. Unemployment 3. The investment was designed. To assess the reliability and validity of the questionnaire was approved by Cronbach's alpha coefficient has-been The rate for the entire questionnaire obtained 0.77 and this number is indicative of the extent appropriate and acceptable reliability. The population consisted of professors and economic elite, familiar with the field of endowment management and financial management and organization at the University endowments are in Fars Province This number has been estimated that about 58 people. Considering the population size of the sample using a sample of 50 people. In this study, a questionnaire was distributed among all members of society, and finally 50 questionnaires (to the participants) were returned The sampling method in this research is available sampling method. To assess data normality KolmogorovSmirnov test was used to assess the association of papers devoted to collective direction With macroeconomic indicators at 95% single sample t-test was used, The results revealed a significant positive correlation between bond is endowed with three macroeconomic variables. The bonds can be devoted to economic recovery in the variables of economic growth, unemployment and investment foundations. Keywords: Dedicated, devoted to collective security, economic growth, unemployment, investment

2485-2491

Authors: Soheyla Motallebi1 and Iman Jokar2*

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the area dedicated to using innovative financing and economic development indicators. To achieve this goal, twenty-three-item questionnaire in relation to the seven macro-economic variables such as human capital, physical capital accumulation, reducing the government budget deficit, equitable distribution of wealth, productivity, elimination of poverty and social welfare was designed. Validity this questionnaire by five professors of economics and financial management training in the field of endowment was approved and Cronbach's alpha coefficient to measure the reliability of statistics used in this study consisted of professors and elite economic and financial management in the universities and the endowments were familiar with the area devoted to the research in the province according to population size (58), using a sample of 50samples were obtained. The sampling of samples was selected. To assess data normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to measure the direction of dedicated field communication using new financing macro-economic indicators of the one-sample t-test were used at a significance level of 5%, the results showed significant sphere endowed with modern methods of financing the macro-economic variable was seven. The area dedicated to using innovative financing methods can improve the economic variables, economic development, human capital, physical capital accumulation, reducing the government budget deficit, equitable distribution of wealth, productivity, and elimination of poverty and social welfare caupoverty cause accumulation of physical capital. Keywords: Endowment, economic development, equitable distribution of wealth, the accumulation of physical capital, human capital accumulation, productivity, deficit, poverty, social welfare.

2497-2501

Authors: Seyed Afshin Hashemi1 and Dr. Seyed Ahmad Mirjafari2

To investigate the predictive role of organizational health (OH) and hardiness in job satisfaction of Shiraz Special Economic Zone personals. The statistical population consisted of all employees of the special economic zone of Shiraz, whose number was 270 people this year. An available sample of 159 based on Gerjcie- Morgan (1970) table, voluntarily answered Ahwaz hardiness inventory (AHI), Hoy et al. OH questionnaire and JDI. Data were analyzed using pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Results showed significant positive correlation between AHI, all components of OH, Expect institutional uniqueness with JDI. Regression analyzed indicated that hardiness and only academic emphasis and consideration components of OH were predictive job satisfaction, with academic emphasis having the highest and consideration the lowest role in this regard. Findings were discussed in high of previous research, their implication was presented and suggestions for further research were proposed. Keywords: hardiness, organizational health, job satisfaction

2513-2520

Authors: Shanti Sagar*, Sara Lavanya, Vaishali Sagar, Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade

The aim of the study is to develop a proniosomal gel of Capecitabine, used for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer , that is capable of efficiently delivering entrapped drug over an extended period of time. The results showed that the type of lipid incorporated altered the entrapment efficiency of proniosomal gel and higher entrapment efficiency of 61.2 ±2.1 % was obtained with the proniosomal gel prepared from Span 40. Different formulations of Proniosomal gel using Span 40 as surfactant were prepared by changing the ratios of surfactant: lecithin and the optimized formulation was further characterized. SEM studies revealed uniform size and spherical shape of proniosomal gel, FTIR studies revealed that there was no interaction between the drug and excepients, in vitro experiments of the A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6 formulations showed a release of 76.01, 55.4, 55.5, 80.5, 69.8, and 60.5 respectively. Hence formulation A4 was optimized as the drug release was found to be highest i.e. 80.5in 7 hours. Keywords: Capecitabine, Pronisomal gels, Anti-cancer, Breast cancer.

2526-2533

Authors: Swapna.Goday*, S.K.Abdul Rahaman, A.Prameelarani

A Stability-indicating reverse phase – high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of Elbasvir and Grazoprevir in tablet dosage forms using C18 column Discovery( 250x4.6 mm, 5 µ) with a mobile phase consisting of orthophosphoric acid and methanol (45:55% v/v). The pH was adjusted to 3.8 with dil. NaoH.The mobile phase was sonicated for 10min and filtered through a 0.45µm membrane filter at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min.The Detection was carried out at 220nm and retention time of Grazoprevir was found to be 2.3min ,and retention time of Elbasvir was found to be 4.8min.Linearity for Grazoprevir was observed from 25-150 µg/ml,coefficient of determination R2 was 0.999, with equation y=6488x+6259.Linearity for Elbasvir was observed from 12.5-75µg/ml ,coefficient of determination R2 was 0.999,with equation y= 9099x+383.3.Elbasvir and Grazoprevir was subjected to stress conditions including acidic,alkaline,thermal,oxidation, photostability,neutral degradation,solution stability and the results showed that it was more sensitive towards acidic and alkaline degradation.The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Key words: Elbasvir, Grazoprevir, RP-HPLC, stability indicating, validation

2538-2542

Authors: Orogu J.O.* and Akpobire, D.

Dried fish and stock fish are largely consumed as a source of nutrient by man. It has been established that fish food can act as vehicle for transmission of some mycological pathogens especially in immune compromised individuals. Sixteen (16) different samples of fish were bought from Ozoro central market in four different locations. The samples were labeled sample A (dried fish) and sample B (stock fish). A total of four (4) fungi species were isolated from the test samples: Aspergillus niger, Candida albican, Penicillium species and Rhizopus oryzae. Aspergillus niger has the highest plate count of 7.7x103 , and 5.6x103 and 0.3x103 for both samples. While Penicillium species has the least plate count of 0.3x103 Aspergillus niger have the highest percentage (%) occurrence for both samples of 52.275%, while penicillium species have the least percentage (%) occurrence of 08.33%. The total mean cfu/g count for sample A is 10.08cfu/g while for sample B is 09.08cfu/g. the occurrence of Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, and Candida spp could lead to mycotoxin Elaboration and when consumed, they induce gastrointestinal and metabolic disturbance. Key words; Mycological, dried fish, stock fish, Assessment, Market

2548-2554

Authors: Mahendran Sekar*, Afikaah Sha An Ali, Ganesh Sundaram Subramanian, Vengata Subramani Manoharan, Isaac Jason J, Phan Ai Yean

Commercially available ultrasound gel contains lot of chemicals like carbapol R 940 polymer and phenoxyethanol which are allergenic to skin, expensive and not available in enormous quantities. The demand for ultrasound gel is due to its wide range of applications medical and paramedical fields. Hence, our objective was to formulate and evaluate the ultrasound gel made from natural starch powder. The gel was made by heating water with corn starch. The formulated gel was used for physiotherapy ultrasound treatment with the addition of Aloe vera gel to get fast pain relief in the affected area. The results showed that the formulated ultrasound gel and its ingredients were consistent in quality and can be easily used. The formulated ultrasound gel was found to be superior to commercially available gel in part of pain management score. It is concluded that the formulated ultrasound gel can be used for ultrasound physiotherapy treatment. However, further studies are warranted to confirm its effectiveness and also to develop into commercial standards. Keywords: Physiotherapy; Ultrasound Gel; Aloe vera; Analgesic; Pain Management

2564-2573

Authors: Ankita Bhardwaj*and Suruti Rawat

The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Glimepiride in Streptozotocin and Scopolamine induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats. Memory enhancing activity of glimepiride in STZ and scopolamine induced learning and memory impairment in rats was investigated by using Morris water maze. SOD, lipid peroxidation, glutathione level of brain homogenate was performed.Rats were randomly assigned to 9 groups (n = 6 each group): (1-5 Groups): control, STZ (60 mg/kg i.p.), insulin (0.5 Units insulin per 100gm body weight), Glimepiride (5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days. Again, (6-9 groups): Scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p) was administered 30 min before the evaluation of memory impairment for 5 days daily), Rivastigmine (2mg/kg, p.o.) and Glimepiride (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 days.Administration of Glimepiride significantly restored learning and memory impairment induced by STZ and scopolamine in the Morris water maze, increased activity of brain antioxidant enzyme such as SOD, glutathione and also reduced the increased activity of lipid peroxidation. The Results concluded that glimepiride has improving effect on learning and memory impairment produced by STZ and scopolamine and it may have beneficial effect in the treatment of dementia. Keyword: Glimepiride, AchE, antioxidant, Alzheimer’s disease, Oxidative stress.

2583-2590

Authors: Sanaz Mehrabani*, Mohammad Reza Esmaeili-dooki ,Hassan Tadayoni, Mohammad Pornasrollah

Background: There are controversies regarding relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and upper gastro-intestinal bleeding (UGIB) in children. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between H. pylori infection and UGIB in Northern Iranian children. Material and method: One hundred children who had UGIB indicated for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 100 children without UGIBwho were candidate for upper endoscopy because of chronic abdominal pain considered as their controls. After stabling vital sign, nasogastric tube inserted and washing was done then within 24 hours of admission, endoscopy conducted for all children in the case group (under general anesthesia). Upper endoscopy was done for all participants by a children gastroenterologist. A single pathologist reviewed all specimens. Results: Mean age of cases was 6.2±3.2 years and mean age of controls was 7.1±2.9 years respectively. There was no relationship between H. pylori and UGIB .Erosion in fondus was significantly higher in cases (0.001) and erythema in antrum was significantly higher in controls( p<0.001). Inactive gastritis was significantly higher in H .pylori negative cases (0.006) while moderate gastritis was present in all H .pylori positive ones(0.009). Conclusion: We found no relationship between H. pylori infection and UGIB in children. More studies are needed. Key words: H pylori, children, Gastro intestinal bleeding

2599-2606

Authors: Dr. Sumair Memon*, Prof. Ikram Din Ujjan and Dr. Shaima S. Memon

OBJECTIVE: To determine the common mutations in patients with Beta thalassemia major at LUMHS Jamshoro/Hyderabad, Sindh. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was held in the department of Genetics and Molecular Biology/Pathology department at LUMHS Jamshoro, and Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, Sindh from: 06-02-2015 to 06-08-2015. All Patients of Beta thalassemia major diagnosed on the basis of clinical history Hb Electrophoresis, and their parents Hb Electrophoresis were included. CBC was done for initial assessment. DNA extraction (Nucleic acid purification) was done with inorganic method. All specimen were tested through the modified technique of ARMS PCR as described by Newton et al, 1989 (10) . 1.5. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 11.02+3.93 years. 68.0% of affected were males. According to this study mean of Serum Ferritin, Haemoglobin, HbA2, HbF and HbA levels were found as 2824.39+300.60ng/ml, 7.52+1.67 gm/dl, 4.05+0. 25ng/ml, 91.14+1.26ng/ml and 34.41+1.15 ng/ml respectively. Most common gene mutation found was IVS 1 - 5 (G-C) in 25% of the cases, following by the IVS 1 - 1 (G-T), Fr 8 – 9, CD 30 (G-A), Fr - 16 (-C), Fr 1 – 42, Del 619 and CD 5 (-CT). CONCLUSION: We concluded that the most common gene mutation were IVS 1 - 5 (G-C), IVS 1 - 1 (G-T), Fr 8 – 9, CD 30 (G-A), Fr - 16 (-C), Fr 1 – 42, Del 619 and CD 5 (-CT).

2612-2621

Authors: Shaikh Siraj Nawaj*, Md. ZuberPatel,,G. J. Khan, Patel M Siddik,ZakirShaikh

The present investigation concerns design and evaluation of bilayer floating tablets of Diltiazem HCl Diltiazem HCl is Class I drug, though its reported bioavailability is only 40 %. It is having very short half life of 3 to 4 hrs. Hence many sustained release formulations were developed for Diltiazem HCl. A direct compression method was used to formulate all batches. 32 factorial design was applied to study % cumulative drug release and hardness. Super disintigrants like Sodium starch glycolate was used for immediate release layer and HPMC K200 M, Xanthan gum like polymers were used in floating layer for sustain release layer.Optimisation study was performed by using design expert software. Successful formulation was developed having floating lag time as low as 14 sec and drug release was sustained up to 12 hrs. A biphasic drug release can be obtained by using bilayer tableting technology which involved compression of immediate and sustained release layer together. The variables HPMC K200M and Xanthan Gum evaluated in this study exhibited significant affected the release profile. Keywords: Bilayer floating tablets, Diltiazem HCl, HPMC K 200 M, Xanthan gum, % drug release.

2627-2634

Authors: Ravindra K. Patil*, Kundan. P. Chaudhari, Bharat W. Tekade, Umesh T. Jadhao, Vijay. R. Patil

The aim of present study was to develop sustained release tablet of atenolol by using natural polymers. Physicochemical properties of gum Moringa oleifera was studied like loss on drying, pH,viscocity, Sustained tablet of atenolol was prepared by using gum Moringa oleifera, Gaur Gum, Xanthan Gum in various concentrations by direct compression using 8 mm concave punch. Precompresion parameter was studied. All the observations are within the prescribed limits. Prepared Atenolol tablets were evaluated for post compression parameters which are in acceptable ranges. The drug content of the tablets was found between 98.23-98.75 %.The in-vitro drug releases studies showed that formulation containing lower concentration of polymer had earlier drug release. As concentration of polymer increased, drug release was found to be retarded. F7 showed good result overall as compared to others that is 89.19%. FTIR Studies shows there was no interaction found between any excipient and drug. Keywords: Atenolol, Moringa oleifera gum, Guar gum, Xanthan gum, Sustained release tablets.

2643-2651

Authors: Bhavya Sri N V1 * and Nallakumar Ponnu Swamy

A Simple and rapid bioanalytical high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of Bosentan using Losertan as an internal standard was developed and validated as per regulatory requirements. Sample preparation was accomplished through liquid phase extraction and chromatographic separation on a reverse phase column. The mobile phase consists of mixture of methanol and water in the ratio of 50:50 at a flow rate of 1ml/min. The wavelength used for the detection of bosentan was 225nm with a total run time of 6minutes. The retention times of bosentan and losertan were found to be 2 and 4 respectively. The method was developed and tested for the linearity range of 250-750ng/ml. The method was validated for accuracy,precision,linearity, and recovery in compliance to international regulatory guidelines. Keywords: Bosten, HPLC, Validation,

2661-2670

Authors: Pawar Kirteebala*, Singh Shweta, Kalamkar Priyanka, Yevale Rupali

CNTS are basically allotrope of carbon with one or more grapheme sheets rolled to form hollow cylindrical tubular structures. CNTs possess various novel properties. Their unique surface area, stiffness, strength and resilience have led to much excitement in the field of Pharmacy. The important features of these structures are their electronic, mechanical, optical and chemical characteristics, which open a way to future applications. These properties can even be measured on single nanotubes. Nanotubes truly bridge the gap between the molecular realm and the macroworld, and are destined to be a star in future technology. With the prospect of gene therapy, cancer treatments, and innovative new answers for life-threatening diseases on the horizon, the science of nanomedicine has become an ever-growing field that has an incredible ability to bypass barriers. Keywords: CNT’S, SWCNTs), Nanomedicines Graphene sheets, ballistic conduction.

2681-2683

Authors: Leili Rezaie kahkhaie , Khadije Rezaie keikhaie , Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction:The number of microbes in the air varies based on the extent of industrial activities going on in a specific place; the more industrial a city is, the more susceptible to permanent pollution it is [more than 10000 per mm square].Hospital operation rooms must be free from any kind of microbe and, even, the number of phytochemicals should not exceed 20; however, each gram of hospital dust contains about 1,200,000 streptococcus pathogens. The densely populated areas of hospitals that are poorly ventilated and lighted are favorable conditions for the transmission of microbes. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Investigating the incidence and control of Air pollution and hospital infection. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Investigating the incidence and control of Air pollution and hospital infection were selected. Findings:It is difficult to determine the main sources of pathogenic flora; but, in general, it can be said that the population density of a specific spot, the presence of patients and the equipment used by them, and, any transport of objects causes the spread of pathogenic flora. Discussion and conclusion:Air pollution in hospitals is several times as important as other places. It often leads to the deaths of sick patients in hospitals. Therefore, we have to try to prevent the air pollution of hospitals by using air conditioning and health measures. Key words: Air pollution , hospital infection , control

2692-2701

Authors: Hamid Kassiri*, Masoud Lotfi , Atefe Ebrahimi

Objective: Scorpion envenomation is an important health challenge in southern part of Iran with 75% yearly mortalities of scorpion sting in Iran. The aim of this descriptive-analytical study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics and outcomes among humans in Abdanan County, western Iran during 2009- 2013. Methods: In this study, all patients with scorpion sting reviewed and our needed data recorded. A questionnaire including demographic and epidemiologic data was completed for the patients. The frequencies of entomo-epidemiological parameters were converted to the percentage rank. Results: There were 780 scorpion victims. Scorpion stings were more prevalent in July [19.4%]. The most relative frequency of scorpion stings were in rural areas [58.1%]. The most stung organs were hands, with 50%. . Most of the cases were females [55%] in the 21-30 age groups [25.2%]. About 73.7% of the sufferers slept indoors and on the ground. Nearly 74.1 % of envenomed cases were due to yellow scorpions. The majority of cases [43%] were housewives. The stings mainly occurred between 12-18 [28%]. Conclusion: Due to serious signs of scorpionism, it is offered that members of families be in instructed about observing safety plans, taking care people and applying appropriate shoes and clothes all day long . Key Words: Scorpion Sting, Epidemiology, Iran