International Journal of Basic & Applied Physiology

3

Authors: Vishaldeep D Gohel*, Naresh Parmar*, Varsha Joshi

Abstracts: Background: - Music has been proven to be very effective as a means of distraction for paediatric patients receiving intramuscular injection. Material and method:-In this study 100 participants age 2 to 7 years were patients of the paediatric Clinic at GG Hospitals of Jamnagar. Result:-This study was conducted in the immunology room in paediatric department. Wong Baker’s Face pain scale is used to note the intensity of pain perceived by child. Study shows there is a significant (<0.05) decrease in pain perception in study group as compare to control group. Conclusion:-Music is effective in reducing anxiety and pain in children undergoing invasive immunization

4

Authors: Sukhjinder Kaur Dhillon, Narinder Kaur, Parminder Kaur Sandhu, Dimple Bajaj Arora

Abstracts: Background and Objectives: Routine exposure to domestic cooking fuels is an important source of indoor air pollution causing deterioration of lung function. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) estimation helps to diagnose respiratory morbidity at an early stage. Aims and Objective: To study and compare PEFR of young females using different cooking fuels. Materials and Methods: The PEFR was measured in 50 adult females using biomass fuel as domestic fuel and compared with demographically matched 50 adult females using LPG as cooking fuel. PEFR was measured using Wright’s peakflow meter. Three readings taken in the standing position and best taken as final. Result: PEFR is 392.87L/min in LPG users and 371.60 in subjects using biomass fuel as cooking fuel. PEFR in LPG users is 391.87 and 362.48 in bio mass fuel users, for the two groups involved in the process of cooking for more than ten years. This difference is highly significant statistically (p<0.001). There is not much variation in peak expiratory flow rates of the LPG users, with increasing duration of exposure. Conclusion: It was concluded that Peak expiratory flow rate of females using biomass fuel is less than that of females using LPG as domestic fuel, and this difference increases with increase in duration of exposure.

4

Authors: Dharmendra Dodiya, Anup Patel, J.M.Jadeja

Abstracts: Background & objectives – Diabetes mellitus(DM) is multifactorial disease, aetiology of diabetes is complex and involve genetic aspect, Blood group antigens are also hereditary determined and plays a vital role in to understand genetics, inheritance pattern, and disease susceptibility.The rationale behind this study was that there might be an association between the ABO blood group and diabetes mellitus and based on result we can identify the susceptible and adopt some preventive measures to decrease the burden of disease in society.Materials and Methods–a cross sectional study was performed on 120 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus had taken detailed history, informed consent and ABO Blood group collected from database, against randomly selected 660 people in the control group who were registered blood donors, not suffering from diabetes mellitus in blood bank of government hospital to find out prevalence of blood group in local population. Appropriate statistical test applied on collected data. Result– odds ratio showed there was high relative risk in Blood group B as compare to blood group O & A, however chi-square test does not show there is significant association between ABO Blood group and diabetes mellitus. Interpretation & conclusion. – from this study we can conclude that Blood group B persons having high relative risk for developing DM, compared to other ABO blood groups, however large scale study required to find out further association

4

Authors: Hitesh Patel, Jasmin Diwan

Abstracts: Background & objectives: Occupational health hazards are one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide. Food industry workers are at increased risk of chronic lung disease with prolonged exposure. The present cross sectional study was aimed at finding effects of food dust on pulmonary functions working in food industry. Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted in McCain food industry in which 244 food industry workers were undergone pulmonary function testing using Helios 702 software. Results: The results are consistent with both obstructive and restrictive pattern of lung disease as observed FEV1%, FVC%, FEF25-75%, MVV values are decreased as compared to their predicted value while FEV1/FVC% ratio is increased. MVV values also deteriorate along with the duration of exposure. Interpretation &conclusion: These results indicate that food industry workers are at increased risk of developing chronic lung disease.

4

Authors: Dinesh J Parmar, Ravindra Ninama,Balaji W Ghugare, Himanshu Chauhan,Mukesh Dinkar, Aditi Dholakia

Abstracts: Background & objectives: Smoking has been found to harm nearly every bodily organ and organ system in the body and diminishes a person’s overall health Smoking is one of the most preventable causes of death in our society. Smoking affect the blood characteristics as well that leads to death .Therefore, in the present study we intended to determine the effect of Cigarette smoking on Haemoglobin and RBC count and RDW. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 healthy male subjects age between 20 to 50 year, out of 50 were non-smoker and 50 were smokers. The subjects who suffered any diseases were excluded. HB concentration, RBC count and RDW were compared between two groups. Results: Study shows that Hb concentration, RBC count and RDW were insignificantly higher in smokers than non-smoker. Conclusion: Smoking affect the blood characteristics as well that leads to death. Our study showed that smoking had adverse effect on blood parameter and that is injurious to health

4

Authors: Anup Aggarwal, Priyanka Agarwal, Mohita Singh, Nirmal Gurung, Sushma Sood, Zile Singh Kundu

Abstract: Background and objectives: Prolapse intervertebral disc (PIVD) is a pathological process resulting from disc or spine degeneration, leading to back pain, referred pain, radicular pain, sensory or motor symptoms or bladder involvement. Diagnosis is clinically based and the evaluation is by MRI, CT, EMG or NCS. This research work aims to study the diagnosing power of paraspinal muscles in lumbar intervertebral disc prolapse. Methods: Thirty clinically and radiologically confirmed cases were electromyographically evaluated in the dept. of Physiology in collaboration with dept. of Orthopaedics, Pt. B. D. S. PGIMS, Rohtak. Results: Four muscles screen identified 40% cases whereas five muscles screen including paraspinals increases the diagnostic value of electromyography to 70%.Interpretation & conclusion: Paraspinal muscles significantly increases diagnostic value of electromyography (EMG) in diagnosing lumbar prolapse intervertebral disc.

4

Authors: ANUP PATEL, RIZWAN QURESHI, P G CHAKRAVARTY

Abstract: Background and objectives: Maximal grip strength is an important parameter used during growth, aging, injury, rehabilitation, training or therapeutic trials. Handed ness shows difference in qualities of an individual. Our objective is to compare the value of maximal grip strength between left and right hand of left handed and right handed subjects. Materials and Method: With the use of Jamar dynamometer maximal grip strength is measured in 21 left handed and 78 right handed subjects with standard procedure. Results: In this study we found that when we compare the left and right hand on right handed subject, there is significant difference between values with dominant (right) hand having significantly higher maximal grip strength. But the difference is not significant in left handed subjects. Conclusion: From the study we can conclude that in right handed subjects right hand is significantly dominant than left hand, though further studies are required to establish the values.

5

Authors: Piyali Das1, Subhradev Biswas, Subir Kumar Bandyopadhyay, Madhumita Manna, Gorachand Bhattacharya

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Adipocytokines and Oxidative Stress are often studied in relation to various morbidities but whether these two are interrelated in causing insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus, is controversial. This study explored their association in type 2 diabetes mellitus and correlation with insulin resistance. Methods: 69 male diabetics and 30 age-sex matched non- diabetic control were studied. Fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, leptin, adiponectin and plasma MDA ( Malondealdehyde, marker for Oxidative Stress) were estimated and compared between two groups by unpaired Student’s t – test. Insulin resistance score was calculated by HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assesment- Insulin Resistance) method. Correlation among the parameters was assessed by Pearsons coefficient of correlation (r- value). Results: Diabetics had higher levels of leptin, MDA , leptin- adiponectin ratio but lower adiponectin than non-diabetics. Correlation of MDA was positive with Leptin but inverse with adiponectn. Insulin reistance score was correlated positively with leptin, leptin- adiponectin ratio, MDA but negatively with adiponectin. Interpretation: Study concludes that, Oxidative Stress may lead to over production of leptin and suppress that of adiponectin and thereby result in increased leptin- adiponectin ratio which is a necessary background for insulin resistance. This is how, oxidative stress may have a positive correlation with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

5

Authors: Soundariya K1, Deepika V2, Venkatesh SP

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Decline in cognitive function is a debilitating health problem at an older age. Identification of the modifiable risk factors at an earlier age may promote good cognitive health in later age. Cigarette smoking is a modifiable risk factor whose negative impact on respiratory and cardiovascular health is well addressed. However, research on the effect of smoking on cognition had shown inconclusive results. Hence the present study aimed to study the impact of smoking on neurocognition in the individuals in the age group of 20-50 years. Methods: A total of 150 study participants in the age group of 20-50 years were recruited for the study. They were divided into smokers and nonsmokers. Cognitive function was evaluated by AddenBrooke’s Cognitive Examination – Revised (ACE-R), which included MMSE (Mini Mental State Examiation) as a part of it component. Fagerstrom Nicotine dependence scale (FNDS) was used to measure the nicotine dependence among the smokers. Data were analysed using appropriate statistical tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The total cognitive scores of the smokers by ACE-R and MMSE were significantly lower than the nonsmokers (p<0.001). The cognitive scores were significantly lower in moderate smokers and in smokers with significant nicotine dependence. Cognitive scores had a statistically significant negative correlation with the pack years and with the nicotine dependence. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking significantly influences cognitive function and hence cessation of smoking at an earlier age may prevent the onset of cognitive impairment at older age.

5

Authors: Navneet Kumar Kaushik, Kiran Singh

Abstract: Background & Objectives: Electromagnetic waves (EMW) emitted from mobile phone (MP) have the potential to damage eye tissues. Eyes having fewer blood vessels than other organs are more vulnerable to heat. Currently, very little information is available on the effects of acute exposure to the EMW emitted from MP on the human visual system. Therefore, the present study was planned to evaluate the same by recording of pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (PRVEPs). Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in 50 healthy subjects of either sex in the age group 18-40 years using MP for more than 5 years. PRVEPs were recorded before and after exposure to the MP (Samsung wave II GSM 900) on RMS EMG EP MK2 machine using 10-20 system of electrode placement. Duration of exposure was 10 minutes. Each eye was tested separately. Latencies and amplitude of waves were measured and data so obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Our study revealed longer latencies and smaller amplitude of all the VEP waves in both eyes following acute exposure to the MP. The changes were statistically significant. Inter-eye comparison revealed statistically insignificant difference in VEP parameters both before and after exposure. Interpretation &Conclusion: From the findings of our study, it can be reasonably concluded that even a single acute exposure to the EMW emitted from MP influences human visual system. Prolongation of latency especially of the wave P100 suggests delay in the conduction of impulses along visual pathways

5

Authors: Swati Mahajan, Jayant Makwana, Prashant Khadayate

Abstract: Background & objective: Study was undertaken to evaluate the magnitude of effect of DM on nerve conduction in upper limb and lower limb in diabetic individuals and to compare the results with normal healthy volunteers. Method: The study was carried out at NHL medical college in 5o diabetic and 50 normal volunteers. NCV was measured by EMGNCV recording machine, Neuroperfect plus of Medicaid systems. Result: Amp & CV in upper limb nerve i.e. median nerve in diabetics was 30.1±8.3µv, CV 52.1±3.8 m/s while in lower limb nerve i.e. sural nerve, it was 10.3±4 µv and 46.8±3.5 m/s. the value for amplitude and conduction in healthy volunteers in upper limb was 36.8±5.4 µv and 58.7±2.4 m/s and in lower limb the value for the same were 15.8±4.0 µv and 50.6±1.9 m/s. The results were analyzed using unpaired t test and were found to be highly significant*. Conclusion: It was observed that in diabetes, nerves of the both the limbs are affected but the upper limb nerves are affected more. *P value – 0.001

5

Authors: Hasmukh Shah, Tejas Prajapati, S. K. Singh

Abstract: Background: Cardio respiratory fitness is one of the best methods for assessment of individual’s fitness. Aerobic fitness is reduced in overweight and obese. Aerobic fitness is also reduced in individual with sedentary life styles. Aims & objectives: The present study was undertaken to check association of overweight with aerobic fitness (VO2 max) in Indian Adults. Methodology: Our study was done on 100 healthy Indian adults (50 males and 50 females) of 18-60 years of age group from staff members of Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Gujarat, India, after their voluntary consent. All participants were apparently healthy at the time of Treadmill exercise test. Body compositions of all participants were done using Omron body fat monitor HBF302. Estimation of VO2 max was done by treadmill exercise test following Bruce protocol. Results: All the participants were grouped into normal weight (BMI 18.5 to 22.9) and overweight (BMI > 23). In normal weight females (n=30) VO2 max values obtained by Treadmill exercise test following Bruce protocol was 32.74 ± 12.82 ml/kg/min while in overweight female (n=20) it was 28.67 ± 9.78. VO2 max in normal weight males (n=15) was 39.50 ± 11.28 ml/kg/min while in overweight males (n=35) it was 35.17 ± 8.87 ml/kg/min. VO2 max was best correlated with total body fat percentage in males (r = -39) and females (r = -33) than total body mass in our study. Conclusion: VO2 max was significantly less in overweight adults in comparison to normal weight adults. High body fat rather than high body weight played main role for reduction of VO2 max in Indians.

5

Authors: K.Singh

Abstracts: Background & objectives: Electromagnetic wave emitted from mobile phone affects not only the central but also peripheral nervous system. So, it was planned to study the effect of electromagnetic waves (EMW) emitted from mobile phone (MP) on cranial nerves by observing effect on Blink Reflex (BR). Methods: BR was recorded by stimulating the supra orbital nerve on both sides by keeping the cathode on supra orbital foramen and anode 2 cm laterally with sweep speed of 10 ms / division, pulse of 100ms duration, and intensity of 15-25 mA. It was recorded before and after 10 min exposure to MP (GSM type, Samsung GTN7100,902).Active electrode was placed at inferior orbicularis occuli muscle bilaterally and reference electrode at just lateral to the lateral canthus on both sides. Ground electrode was kept at forehead. Statistical analysis was done using paired “t” test. Results: In right eye, latency of iR1 and cR2 was increased (p<0.001) and iR2 was decreased (p<0.01) significantly after exposure to EMW emitted from mobile phone. In left eye, latency of iR1 and cR2 was decreased significantly (p<0.001) and latency of iR2 was increased non-significantly, after exposure to EMW emitted from mobile phone. Conclusion: Response of right eye was slightly different compare to left eye, as right ear was found to be dominant ear

5

Authors: Neeru Garg,Priyanka Gupta, Punam Verma, Nidhi Jain,Sunita Mittal, Satendri Devi

Abstract : Background & Objectives : HRV is one of the most promising and popular markers of cardiac autonomic activity. It is a non invasive technique having significant diagnostic, clinical and research application. Rapid weight gain is associated with increased cardiac sympathetic tone in humans. There is a lack of autonomic imbalance studies involving young obese individuals. This study is an effort to assess the effect of obesity on cardiac autonomic activity using Heart Rate Variability in young adults in normal weight and obese subjects. Methods: 140 young adults 18-25 years were categorized into BMI based, normal and obese groups. Raw data for HRV analysis was a ‘lab chart recording’ of heartbeat signal from a pulse transducer in a resting subject for 5 min. at 1000 samples/sec. Results: There was a significant (p<0.01) decrease in SDNN, E/I ratio, HF nu and a significant (p<0.01) increase in LF nu, LF/HF in cases when compared to controls. Interpretation & Conclusion: In Obese group, study showed a statistically significant reduction in parasympathetic activity and a statistically significant increase in sympathetic activity. There was a shift in the sympathovagal balance towards sympathetic predominance among obese young adults in contrast to normal young adults.

6

Authors: Rubiya Shaikh, Rupali Parlewar

Abstracts: Background & Objectives: The most common risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoking. Inhaled noxious particles cause chronic inflammation in lungs and airways leading to persistent airflow limitation causing hypoxemia. . It not only affects the lungs but also affects the various body systems. Thus COPD is multisystem disorder. Visual evoked potential is useful for subclinical detection of visual impairment. The purpose of study was to correlate duration of COPD, smoking pack years and FEV1% with VEP parameters in COPD patients. Method: Spirometry was done to diagnose COPD. Pattern reversal VEP was conducted in 50 COPD patients who were smokers & 50 normal healthy subjects who were non-smokers. VEP parameters (P100 latency & amplitude) were assessed. Unpaired t-test and Pearson’s correlation test was used. Results: We found significant correlation between VEP parameters with smoking pack years & FEV1% predicted value. While no significant correlation with duration of disease. Interpretation & Conclusion: Findings suggest longer disease duration alone could not have significant effect in impairment of visual functioning while more smoking pack years & severe airflow obstruction can cause impaired visual pathway in COPD. It is because of ventilationperfusion imbalance causing hypoxemia leading to tissue hypoxia which decreases cerebral perfusion.

6

Authors: H. M. Vaghela, M. V. Shanishchara , H. B. Mehta, C. J. Shah

Abstracts: Background & Objectives: To study the prevalence of Corrected QT interval in type 2 diabetic patients and their relationship with clinical and metabolic variables. Methods: This work was done on 110 patients with type 2 DM (56 females; 54 males) in the age range of >30 years, with various duration of disease. All the 110 patients analysed by taking Standard 12- leaded electrocardiograms After calculating QT interval, we found out QTc by usin -Bazett 1920 QTc = QT/ √ RR interval. Results: QTc was prolonged (64%) in both male &female patient. In female RR is decreased while , QTc, QTcMin duration is found to be increased. Patients with increased QTc duration having lower age(p=0.0457), & higher pulse rate(p<0.0001).There is no significant difference in QTc between groups according to various duration of diabetes. This study shows 39.96%. Percent of the variance in QTc explained by this model. The P value is 0.0330, considered significant. Age(years) (p=0.0048 ), &FBS(p=0.0182 ), contribute significantly in QTc. Conclusion: This study, looked into various aspects of T2DM and its correlation with QTc. and cardiovascular dysfunction.

8

Authors: Shashank Shekhar Sinha

Abstracts: Background and objectives: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It has been recognized that stress, anxiety and depression are important in aetiology and progression of CAD. This study is to evaluate the role of Meditation in improving biochemical parameters like serum cortisol and ACTH in known CAD patients. Method: Sixty CAD patients are divided into two groups of which one group did Meditation and other did not. Serum cortisol and ACTH were measured before and at end of 6 months of study in both the groups. Result: At the end of study significant decrease was seen in patients who practiced Meditation as compared to other group. Conclusion: Meditation may modulate the physiological response to stress via neurohumoral activation, which may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of CAD.

9

Authors: Shilpa Khullar

-

114-117

Authors: Anup Patel* , Saurin Sanghavi**, Rachit Joshi***, Brijesh Patel****, Jignesh Harkhani*, Sadhna Joshi*****

Abstract: Background: Nerve conduction velocity is being used as a widespread measure of diagnosis of nerve function abnormalities. Dependence of nerve conduction parameters on intrinsic factors like age and sex, as well as extrinsic factors like temperature is well known. Lateralization of various cerebral functions like speech, language, visuospatial relations, analysis of face, recognition of musical themes and use of hand for fine motor movements have also been studied. The aim of this study is to compare the nerve conduction velocity of different subjects with different height using median nerve and find out whether there is any difference in relation between motor nerve conduction velocity and height. Method: The study was carried out in students of B J Medical College by the use of standard 2 channel physiograph. Comparison of motor nerve conduction velocity between subjects of different height was done under equation of Pearson correlation. Result: There are several factors which affect nerve conduction velocity. Some skills like music, sports activities are also due to hemispheric difference. Age and sex affect nerve conduction velocity. Here we compare the relation between height and motor nerve conduction velocity. On comparison of motor nerve conduction velocity of median nerve with different height of the subjects the study shows that there is significant decrement in nerve conduction velocity with increase in height of subjects. Conclusion: From the results we can conclude that there is inverse correlation between height and nerve conduction velocity of subjects.

153-155

Authors: Vijay Goplani***, Anup Patel*, Saurin Sanghavi**, Paresh Prajapati***,Jwalit Mehta ****,Jasmin Diwan*****

Abstract: Backgrounds and objectives: Excessive noise pollution is a worldwide occupational health hazard which has considerable social, psychological and physiological impacts, including noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) at higher frequencies. Whilst occupational noise induced hearing loss is entirely preventable if measures are taken, once acquired it is irreversible. Our aim was to evaluate and compare the Auditory functions in subjects exposed to noise with unexposed once (control groups) and to find out the correlation between duration of exposure with observed audiometry parameters. Method: Study was done in 100 food industry workers of them 50 were exposed to noise and remaining 50 were not. Pure tone audiometry was done in all of them and the data obtained was analyzed by Epi info software. Result: It is found that those who were exposed to noise had higher hearing threshold than control with significance. Conclusion: Most food and drink industries have processes which emit high noise levels exceeding the 80dB (A) and 85dB (A) levels which affect their hearing sense adversely, so measures need to be taken to prevent it.

265-268

Authors: Dr. Rizwan Qurershi, Dr. Paresh Prajapati *, Dr. Saurin Sanghavi **, Dr. Sajid Saiyad***, Dr. Jwalit Mehta**** Dr. Anju Mehta*****

Abstracts: Background and Objectives: Chronic hypertension has been found to be associated with altered Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs). However, alteration in PFTs and their association with antihypertensive drugs has not yet been established. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to find out relationship altered PFTs in hypertensive patients on an antihypertensive drugs for more than one year. Methods: Hypertensive patients were taken from OPD of Quresh Medical Trust, Ahmedabad and further divided into 2 groups, case group (n=50) those who were taking antihypertensive drugs for more than one year and control group (n=50) those who were not taking any antihypertensive drugs. PFT parameters (FVC, FEV1, PEFR & MVV) were studied in both the groups by using spirometer (Computerised Spirometer GMS-HELIOS 702).Results: The findings of Pulmonary Function Tests showing that FVC,FEV1, PEFR & MVV all were reduced in case group compared to control group and the difference was statically significant (p<0.01)Interpretation & Conclusions: Similar to earlier studies done in India and abroad we also found an impairment of the lung functions in hypertensive patients taking long term antihypertensive drugs especially Beta blockers1 . So, the antihypertensive drugs should chose according to the status of the individual patients. Antihypertensive drugs (Thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, newer beta1 blockers) which have less effect on airway functions are the drug of choice in hypertensive patients having airway dysfunction.2

12-15

Authors: Sanjeev Satpathy*, Aiswarya Kar**, Akshaya Mishra***

Background: Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. Pharmaceutical interventions like using inhalational bronchodilators and corticosteroids have grown like anything. These have a multisystem deleterious effect on body. Yogic exercise has been used to treat patient with asthma for over 50 years. The present study was an attempt to include yogic exercise into treatment modality of asthmatic patients and compare the Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) and inflammatory changes. Method: 71 patients with bronchial asthma taken and were randomized into two groups; Pranayama Group And Drug Group. Pranayama Group contained 37 subjects and DRUG GROUP contained 34. PFTs and Absolute Eosinophilic Count (AEC) were performed in all the subjects at baseline and after 6 weeks. The parameters were compared by using Paired t- test. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 16.0 software.Result: After 6 weeks, PRANAYAMA GROUP subjects showed a significant increase in percent predicted Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC% as compared to Drug Group. AEC showed significant decrease in eosinophil count in Pranayama Group as compared to Drug Group which showed insignificant increase. Conclusion: The yoga breathing exercise used adjuntictively with standard drugs significantly improves pulmonary functions and inflammation in patients with Bronchial asthma. Key Words: Bronchial asthma, Inflammation, Pranayama, Pulmonary functions

21-24

Authors: Priya Jangid*, N.D. Soni**, Jayant Kumar***, Raghuveer Choudhary****

Background: ISH is the most common type of hypertension in people over 60 years of age and increase in SBP being the principal characteristic in this population. Interestingly, data from a number of studies suggest that ISH is also prevalent in adolescents and young adults but findings from previous studies examining this question are inconclusive, so the aim of our study is to know prevalence and determinants of ISH in young healthy individuals. Method: We performed a cross section study on 400 young individuals between 18 to 30 years in western Rajasthan. The participants were then subjected to a set of questionnaire which included socio-demography determinants (age, sex, occupation and annual household income), personal habits (dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption), past history and family history of hypertension. They were then subjected to the measurement of height, weight, pulse rate, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and serum cholesterol level. Result: In our study 9.25% were hypertensive (systolic, diastolic or both systolic and diastolic) and from this ISH were 4.25%, IDH were 1.5%, SDH were 3.5%, systolic hypertension in 7.75% and diastolic hypertension in 5%. Conclusion: ISH have quite high prevalence in young adults and is more common than SDH. Female gender, rural in-habitants, non-vegetarian diet, low socio-economic status, family history of hypertension, smoking, alcoholism, BMI and Serum Cholesterol level are important determinants of ISH in young adults. Key words: Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), Isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), Systolic diastolic hypertension (SDH), Systolic blood pressure (SBP), Diastolicblood pressure(DBP).

30-34

Authors: Shaista Saiyad*, Parika Shah**, Mubassir Saiyad***, Swati Shah****

Background: In India, due to smoking, environmental pollution, use of bio mass as a fuel in rural areas etc, there is increase in incidence of pulmonary disorders. Hence, a review of pulmonary function tests is needed. This study has therefore been carried out to reassess the pulmonary function values in normal, Indian population and to check their variations in various obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disorders. Forced spirometry is one of the best test for assessing pulmonary disorders. This simple test provides written record of forced vital capacity (FVC), % forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1%) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Method: Ours is a cross sectional, comparative study in which we measured FVC, FEV1% and PEFR in 30 normal subjects with the help of computerized spirometer. We also measured the same values in patients of pulmonary disorders and collected data of 30 patients having restrictive and 30 patients having obstructive lung disease. Thereafter, we compared the pulmonary function tests, FVC, FEV1% and PEFR in three groups. Result: Our observations show that as compared to normal values, in obstructive lung diseases, FVC remained same but there is decrease in FEV1% and PEFR. And in restrictive group of lung diseases, FVC is less than normal but FEV1% and PEFR are same as that of normal subjects. Conclusion: By our study we can conclude that pulmonary function tests like FVC, FEV1% and PEFR can be used to distinguish between obstructive and restrictive group of diseases. Key words: lung diseases, obstructive, pulmonary function tests, restrictive.

41-46

Authors: Asha Shrivastava*, Sanjay Wasnik**, Rashmi Dave***

Background: Present study aimed to investigate the correlation between poor glycemic control determined by glycosylated haemoglobin( A1C) and myocardial oxygen demand. Method: Case-control study comprised of three groups of 50 each age matched (30-45 yrs) normoglycemics, prediadetics and type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) as per American Diabetic Association 2011 (ADA) criteria. The haemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen demand measured were heart rate(HR), systolic blood pressure(SBP) and rate pressure product(RPP) Result: The observations revealed significant differences in the fasting plasma glucose(FPG) and glycosylated haemoglobin (A1c) in the three groups. The resting HR was significantly higher in patients with T2DM (91.06±4.72 bpm;p=<0.0001) in comparison with controls and prediabetics. The SBP values (mm Hg) were in prehypertensives range in prediabetics and T2DM patients (125.5±4.0; 130.6±5.2). The RPPwas estimated to be significantly higher in T2DM (11922.9±1091.2) compared to prediabetics and controls (10197.6±806.1;8186.8±635.3). Positive correlation was found between resting HR(r=0.97,0.98) and RPP(r=0.98,0.98) with FPG levels in prediabetic and T2DM patients. Similar positive correlation was established between resting HR(r=0.96,0.95) and RPP(r=0.97,0.95) with A1c values. Conclusion: Heightened resting HR and RPP in prediabetics and T2DM patients suggest increased myocardial oxygen demand. These haemodynamic derangements render them vulnerable to adverse outcomes. Key words-Resting heart rate (HR), Rate pressure product (RPP), Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

51-56

Authors: Sajid S Saiyad *, Alkesh Vara **, Samir Bhagora ***, Dharitri Parmar**** , R Dixit*****

Background: Pulmonary functions are significantly affected by the chronic smoking. Study has done to investigate relationships between heavy cigarette smoking ( 20 cigarettes/bidis per day) and pulmonary function in Adult men. Objective is to find out If Chronic heavy smoking start affecting the lung functions as early 5 years of habit. Method: A cross sectional study on 112 individuals , selected randomly from general population of Ahmedabad city was performed. A thourough history analysis (Height, Weight, BMI), Physical examinations Spirometry were done on all indivudials after explaining them procedure and taking their cosent. Parameters measured by the spirometer were FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEFR, MEF75, MEF50, MEF25, VC. Result: Among the measured parameters of PFT, smokers have significantly decreased values(p<0.05) of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC & PEFR. Conclusion: Chronic heavy smoking leads to significant decrease in pulmonary functions in smokers group, and It can be concluded that chronic smoking affects the health of the individuals. Therefore, smoking habit should be avoided for better health. Key Words: Smokers , Nonsmokers, Pulmonary function tests, Height, Weight, Body Mass Index(BMI)

63-66

Authors: Rajni Soni*, A. Kavishwar**

Background: Different Method are used to detect the time of ovulation. It is difficult to find out exact time of ovulation. Leucocytes have an active role in ovulation. In our previous studieswe have found that there in significant change in Absolute basophil count in peripheral blood at the time of ovulation. Present study was done to find out effect of oral contraceptive on absolute basophil count in different phases of menstrual cycle and establish a correlation between basophil count and ovulation. Method: Absolute basophil count and ultra sonography was done in forty four female subjects aged 20-40years. Result: Statistical significant fall in absolute basophil count was seen on 14th day (calculated date of ovulation) as compare to 7th and 21st day of menstrual cycle with signs of ovulation by ultra sonography in subjects with spontaneous ovulation. But no significant change was seen in absolute basophil count as compare to 7th and 21st day of menstrual cycle and no signs of ovulation were seen in ultra sonography on 14th day of menstrual cycle, In subjects having Anovulatory cycle and Anovulatory cycles induced by oral contraceptives. The significant fall in basophil count in peripheral blood in subjects with spontaneous ovulation was probably due to migration of these cells from peripheral blood toward the maturing follicle in ovary. While this change was not seen in subjects with anovulatory cycles and subjects in which anovulation induced by oral contraceptives. Conclusion: There is a significant fall in basophil count at the time of ovulation. The absolute basophil count can be used as an indicator of ovulation. Key words: Absolute basophil count, C.D.O.( Calculated date of Ovulation), Ultra sonography, Anova

72-78

Authors: J M Harsoda*, Geetanjali Purohit**

Background: Physical activity is a complex behaviour that is nurtured by environmental and biological factors. In day-to-day life, moderate level of physical activity has a number of positive influences on all systems, especially cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Few studies reported how the different modes of aerobic exercise influence the cardiovascular efficiency and physical fitness in sedentary subjects. This study was aimed to study the effect of whole body exercise, walking exercise, upper and lower limb exercise and combined exercise on sedentary males. Method: Seventy five healthy non-smoking males aged between 15-25 years were recruited for 12 week exercise training. Participants were divided into five groups, 15 in each. Each group performed different exercise for 12 weeks under the supervision of physical trainer. Interventions included respiratory rate, resting pulse rate, blood pressure, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), 6 minute walk distance (6 MWD), 12 minute walk distance (12 MWD), 6 minute bicycle ergometer (6 MBE) test and 6 minute arm ergometer (6MAE) test. Parameters were studied twice before and after exercise training. Data was represented as mean±SD. Students paired t test was applied for pre and post data analysis. Result: The increase in cardiorespiratory efficiency was found significantly higher in response to whole body, combined and walking exercise. The other mode like only upper limb or lower limb exercises are not as beneficial. Conclusion: In conclusion cardio-respiratory efficiency and exercise performance both are improved by regular exercise training and whole body exercise is the best among all. Lower limb exercise is least beneficial. Key Words: Key words: 6MWD, 12 MWD, 6MBE, 6MAE, FEV1.

83-87

Authors: Empreet Mangat*, Suchet**, L.S. Dashora***, Surjit Singh***, Swati Chouhan****

Background: Biomass fuel accounts for more than one-half of the domestic energy in most developed countries and as much as 95% in developing countries. As the combustion efficiency of biomass fuel is very low, it yields relatively high levels of products of incomplete combustion which may induce various harmful effects on the lung function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of biomass fuel combustion on pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and comparing the PFTs between biomass users and Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) users. Method: Three hundred healthy non-smoking women were randomly selected within the age group of 21-50years for this cross-sectional study. The study group comprised of 150 subjects who used biomass fuel for cooking (Biomass users) and 150 age matched subjects who were not exposed to biomass served as the controls (LPG users). A standardized respiratory questionnaire was administered to all the subjects and pulmonary function tests were evaluated by using spiro excel. Result: The lung function parameters were significantly lower the study group, exposed to biomass fuel than the controls FEV1 (p<0.001); FEV1/FVC (p<0.001) and PEFR (p<0.001), except FVC (p<0.338). The evaluation of PFTs suggested the increased risk to the obstructive type of pulmonary disease in biomass users. Conclusion: The reduction in the pulmonary function in the biomass exposed women could be due to high exposure to biomass pollutants with inadequate ventilation in cooking area leading to chronic pulmonary disease. Key Words: Biomass fuel, Liquefied petroleum gas, Pulmonary function test.

94-98

Authors: Jayesh D Solanki*, Amit H Makwana**, Hemant B Mehta***, Panna Kamdar****, Chetan Desai **,Pritesh Gandhi**

Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are closely related and as such both affect components of body composition which can be studied by various non-invasive tools available. We try to study regional body composition of type 2 diabetics in comparison to matched controls and to correlate differences observed if any. Method: A heterogeneous sample of 60 under treatment type2 diabetics of either sex with known glycaemic and lipidaemic control and equal number of age and sex matched controls were taken from our city. After baseline assessment direct measurement was done by instrument Omron KaradaScan (Model HBF -510, Japan).Using principle of tetra poplar bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) we derive regional distribution of subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle in both groups and compare them for statistical significance. Result: We found significantly more subcutaneous fat in all regions ( mean values -trunk 27.30%,leg 36.63%, arm 39.36%) and significantly lesser mass of skeletal muscle in all regions (mean values -trunk 18.57%,leg 33.58%, arm 26.49%) in type 2 diabetics as compared to controls. Females had more subcutaneous fat in all regions as compared to males (average mean difference 10%) and lesser skeletal muscle in all regions compared to males (average mean difference 3%) with significance only for the previous and not the later parameter. Conclusion: BIA reveals that type 2 diabetics have excess subcutaneous fat in all body regions on expense of skeletal muscle with female disadvantage. Body composition analysis can be included as a strategy in managing metabolic derangements of type 2 diabetes. Key Words: Bio-electrical impedance, body composition, regional distribution, subcutaneous fat, type -2 diabetes.

104-108

Authors: Mitesh Sinha*, Archana H Patel*, Shobha Naik**, J.M.Jadeja***

Background:Medical definitions of PMS (Pre Menstrual Syndrome) are limited to a consistent pattern of emotional and physical symptoms occurring only during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle that are of "sufficient severity to interfere with some aspects of life. A number of medical conditions are subject to exacerbation at menstruation which leads the patient to believe that she has PMS, while the underlying disorder may be some other problem, such as anaemia, hypothyroidism, eating disorders and substance abuse.The aim of the study is to find the effect of anaemia on severity of symptoms of PMS. We would like to formulate a screening test to differentiate if the patient is having PMS or the symptoms are just an exacerbation of anaemia. Method: For this we have taken 40 females of age group 16-20 who have reported symptoms of PMS. Haemoglobin of each subject was measured and a questionnaire containing 15 symptoms were given to each one of themand asked to fill the severity of symptoms. During Period A at least 4 days before menstrualperiod and the first couple of days of starting of menses and Period B during rest of the month .The students in anaemic group were given dietary and iron supplements for 2 months and were again asked to fill the questionnaire. Result: The severity of symptoms of PMS in anaemic group (9.1, S.D. 0.91) is found to be more than non-anaemic group). (12.3, S.D. 0.86).Increase in symptoms severity was 127% among girls with anaemia while in non-anaemic group was 586% from period B to period A. After supplements for 2 months to anaemic subjects decrease in severity was profound in period B. In subjects whom the increase in severity from period B to A was less than 100%, experienced 73% decrease in severity score after supplements. Conclusion: Many symptoms of anaemia and PMS are similar. Anaemia can lead to increase in severity of PMS. In some girls anaemia can be confused with PMS. We observed that subjects having anaemia, symptoms were present throughout the month .Decrease in severity of symptoms after supplements suggest anaemia as an aggravating factor in PMS. Lesser the increase in symptoms from period B to A, more are the chances that the symptoms are caused due to anaemia rather than PMS. This can be used as a screening method to prevent misdiagnosis of PMS. Key Words: PMS(Pre Menstrual Syndrome), Anaemia, Screening, Iron supplements

114-117

Authors: Anup Patel*, Saurin Sanghavi**, Rachit Joshi***, Brijesh Patel****, Jignesh Harkhani*, Sadhna Joshi*****

Background: Nerve conduction velocity is being used as a widespread measure of diagnosis of nerve function abnormalities. Dependence of nerve conduction parameters on intrinsic factors like age and sex, as well as extrinsic factors like temperature is well known. Lateralization of various cerebral functions like speech, language, visuospatial relations, analysis of face, recognition of musical themes and use of hand for fine motor movements have also been studied. The aim of this study is to compare the nerve conduction velocity of different subjects with different height using median nerve and find out whether there is any difference in relation between motor nerve conduction velocity and height. Method: The study was carried out in students of B J Medical College by the use of standard 2 channel physiograph. Comparison of motor nerve conduction velocity between subjects of different height was done under equation of Pearson correlation. Result: There are several factors which affect nerve conduction velocity. Some skills like music, sports activities are also due to hemispheric difference. Age and sex affect nerve conduction velocity. Here we compare the relation between height and motor nerve conduction velocity. On comparison of motor nerve conduction velocity of median nerve with different height of the subjects the study shows that there is significant decrement in nerve conduction velocity with increase in height of subjects. Conclusion: From the results we can conclude that there is inverse correlation between height and nerve conduction velocity of subjects. Key Words: Height, Nerve conduction velocity, Median nerve

123-126

Authors: Hemangini Chaudhari*, R. Dixit**, J.M. Jadeja***

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a major health problem in our country especially in pregnancy. For accurate diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia we require accurate indicators based on which treatment can be given. Purpose of this study is to prevent unnecessary iron overload by accurate diagnosis in pregnancy as excessive iron can lead to oxidative damage. Method: Serum level of Iron and transferrin and total iron binding capacity and % saturation of transferrin were estimated in 70 women in their I, II and III trimester of pregnancy. Only healthy subjects (without infective, metabolic, and degenerative disease) on clinical examination were selected. The women were divided into three groups according to their hemoglobin level in normal, mild anemic and moderate to severe anemia. Result: In normal group serum iron levels were within normal range in all trimester, whereas in anemic groups serum iron level were lower. Serum transferrin level was raised in III trimester in all the groups and also raised in I and II trimester in severe anemic group. TIBC was increased with decreased in serum iron level. % saturation of transferrin was lowered with lowered hemoglobin level. Conclusion: Our study shows iron level can be well correlated with haemoglobin level but transferrin level cannot be well correlated. But % of transferrin saturation can be a better indicator then transferrin. Key Words: pregnancy, anemia, serum iron, transferrin, % saturation of transferrin

132-135

Authors: Saket Agrawal*, B.P.Tikariha**, P.K.Khodiar***

Background: The sickle cell disease is commonest monogenic disorder in India, affects all the major organs of the body. In India the rates of cardio vascular disease ( CVD ) among urban population have risen continuously and the major risk factor includes lipid abnormalities. Lipid metabolism may be altered in sickle cell disease patients hence present study was carried out to compare the serum lipid profile in sickle cell disease patients ( HbSS ) with normal person ( HbAA ) Method: A cross sectional study was done in 34 HbSS patients and age and sex matched normal 31 HbAA controls. Total Cholesterol ( TC ), High Density Lipoprotein ( HDL ), Low Density Lipoprotein ( LDL ), Triglyceride ( TG ) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein ( VLDL ) estimation was done. Mean, Standard deviation, Students T test analysis were used for analysis of results. Result: Mean value of TC, HDL and LDL were insignificantly lower than normal controls whereas TG and VLDL were insignificantly higher in both gender. Conclusion: Less degree of hemolytic stress leads to blunted rate of erythropoiesis which in turn is associated with an insignificant reduction in plasma lipids and lipoproteins. It appears that lipid profile in patients with sickle cell anemia poses an uncertain threat for coronary vascular disease. Key words: Sickle cell disease, Hypocholesterolemia, Total cholesterol, Cholesterol

142-144

Authors: Dhule Sunita S*, Kekan Dinkar R*, Bisht Nene Sunita**, Handergulle Sunita***

Background: A comparative study of endurance capacity between sports and normal college girls and to show the importance of sports in physical fitness among college students. Method: The present study was carried out in 120 college girls, Ambajogai. The cases (60 girls) were involved in sports like football, hockey, volleyball etc. and the controls (60girls) were not involved in sports. The parameters compared between cases and controls are -1) breath holding test, 2) 40 mmHg endurance test 3) maximum voluntary contraction by handgrip dynamometer 4) Vo2 max by using Harward step test and Astrand Ryhming nomogram. Result: All above parameters were significantly increased in sports girls than controls by applying ‘Z’ test. Conclusion: Endurance capacity is statistically increased in sport girls than normal. Hence, we suggest here that students should get involve in sports and it should be made a compulsory subject in colleges. So that students develop mental and physical health to overcome stress in education. Key words: Astrand Ryhming nomogram, Endurance test, Handgrip dynamometer, Vo2 max

150-157

Authors: Reshmi Raju*, Ambika . P**, Ramdas Pisharody***, Leena. P****

Background: The role of Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHomocysteine)as a risk factor for atherosclerosis in Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has gained much interest worldwide.The primary objective of the study was to ascertain the association between serum homocysteine levels and GFR. Method :This case control study was done in stage 3,4 and 5 of CKD (cases= 63 ,controls =21) to assess the association between Serum homocysteine (S.Homocysteine),Serum creatinine(S.Cr),Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR) and Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT). Result: Statistical analysis using ANOVA and pearsons correlation revealed a significant association between S.Homocysteine and stages of CKD (p=0.00),S.Homocysteine and GFR (p=0.00 ,rsq=0.3686) S.Homocysteine and CIMT (p=0.002, rsq=0.1429) and CIMT and CKD (p=0.00). Conclusion:On the basis of these observations ,it was concluded that HHomocysteineexists in CKD and that it produces atherosclerosis . Hence early screening and treatment for HHomocysteine and atherosclerosis should be done in CKD to prevent cardiovascular diseases . Key Words:Homocysteine(Homocysteine)Hyperhomocysteinemia(HHomocysteine),ChronicKidneyDisease(CKD),atherosclerosis,Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR),Carotid intima media thickness(CIMT).

163-166

Authors: Maulik Varu*, Yogesh Kacha**, Anup Vegad*, Chinmay Shah***, Hemant Mehta****

Background: Nowadays Air conditioners are one of the luxurious needs of human being and their use has been increasing day by day. According to few studies, inhalation of cold dry air leads to alteration in pulmonary functions. The present study was aimed at considering whether intensive use of air conditioner affected pulmonary functions. Method: 50 male subjects having age group of 25-50 years and using air conditioners since at least last 6 months and for a minimum duration of 6 hours per day were selected for the study. 50 males of same age group who did not use air conditioners at all were taken as control. In all the subjects, computerized spirometric parameters were measured by SPIRO EXCEL. The parameters between both the groups were compared by applying unpaired t test. P value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Result: There was statistically significant reduction in PEFR (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate), FEF25 (Forced Expiratory Flow at 25% of Forced Vital Capacity), FEF50 (Forced Expiratory Flow at 50% of Forced Vital Capacity), FEF25-75(Mid Expiratory Flow Rate), and MVV (Maximum Voluntary Ventilation) in air conditioner users as compared to that in non air conditioner users. Conclusion: Intensive use of air conditioner may predispose to respiratory dysfunction in form of early small airway obstruction. However further studies including a large sample size is indicated for in depth evaluation. Key Words: Computerized Spirometric parameters, Air conditioner users, Non air conditioner users

173-176

Authors: Rishabh Dangi

Background: Meditation is now recognized as a different physiological state scientifically as relaxed & calm mind with parasympathetic dominance.This study is performed on two expert meditators of sahaj yoga kundalini meditation. Objectives of this study is to find out whether regular meditation practice could lead to rapid “stress reduction” & control over autonomic nervous system. Method: Various physiological variables like heart rate, respiratory rate , galvanic skin response are measured before, during & after meditation & electroencephalography is performed during meditation. The following physiological parameters were assessed respiratory rate , heart rate & GSR by physio-pac instrument &elecroencephalography by neuropage plus before, during & after meditation. Result: Heart rate , respiratory rate are reduced during meditation session & GSR is increased suggesting parasympathetic dominance .EEG findings suggest relaxed state. Conclusion: This study shows a relaxed & calm state of mind during meditation with parasympathetic dominance. Key words: EEG , GSR , Beta-endorphin

182-188

Authors: Jagdeep Kaur S. Dani*, Archana H. Patel**, Mitesh M. Sinha**, Geeta B. Nair***, Sima K. Bhatt*

Background: Electrophysiological studies of humans with diabetes could be used to assess alterations such as dysfunction of ganglion cells and loss of colour and contrast sensitivity. Sensitivity of the full-field ERG is limited, precisely because it reflects the activity of the entire retina. In contrast, mfERG the ability to measure local ERGs in diabetes which would improve objective detection of early functional alterations and assessment of local change over time. Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify local retinal abnormalities in diabetic subjects with and without non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) using the mfERG. Method: This is a cross sectional study of patients who were clinically diagnosed and sent to us by M& J Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Ahmedabad, India. Subjects were divided into three groups as group A (normal), B (Diabetics without Retinopathy) and C (Diabetics with Retinopathy) on the basis of medical/ocular history, visual acuity and fundus. mfERG was done in all subjects and the responses were analysed using t test. Result: P1 response density was decreased in Group B and Group C subjects as compared to control in Group A. In subjects with diabetic retinopathy the N1 latencies were higher as compared to diabetics - no DR and control group. When compared the mean global P1 implicit time increased from normal to diabetics - no DR group and DR group. Conclusion: The presence of significant local response delays in eyes without clinically evident retinopathy suggests that such mfERG changes may provide a very early indicator of local retinal dysfunction in diabetes. Key Words: Diabetic Retinopathy, mfERG, N1 Latency, P1 Implicit time

192-196

Authors: Varsha Gupta

Background: Hyperlipidemia is very common in especially with the Indian diet context. So efforts are done time to time to find out the hypolipidemic ingredients in Indian diet itself, so with the use of those ingredients can neutralize the hyperlipidimia caused by a lot of fats used for cooking in India Objective: To assess and compare the hypolipidemic effect of Garlic and fenugreek. Method:A randomized control trial was conducted on hyperlipidemia induced rabbits in Department of Physiology,Dr S N Medical College,Jodhpur (Rajasthan) India. Inall rabbits experimental hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding cholesterol 500mg/kg body weight. Then they were divide randomly in to three groups v.i.z. Group (1)who was given grass hey diet, Group(2) and Group (3) who was given fenugreek extract and garlic extract as supplement respectively for four weeks. Mean changes of lipid profile from pre-intervention to post-intervention of each group were assessed and compared with Anova and Tukey-Kramer test. Result:It was observed that garlic as well as fenugreek group was having significant (P<0.001) hypolipidemia in comparison to control group. It was also seenthat garlic has significantly more (P<0.05) hypolipidemic effect than fenugreek. Conclusion: Both garlic and fenugreeks have hypolipidemic effect. Garlic is having more hypolipidemic effect than fenugreek. Key words: Fenugreek, Garlic,Lipid Profile, Hypolipidemia

203-207

Authors: Pravin Rabari*, Manjula Jamliya **, H.B.Mehta***, Ashok Vala****, Pritesh Gandhi *****, Gunvant Zinzala******

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is an easy, non-invasive, accurate and reliable tool in assessing autonomic function. Aim: Aim of this study was to determine whether the patients with generalised anxiety disorder have lower heart rate variability compared to healthy controls or not. Objective: To determine and compare heart rate variability in generalized anxiety disorder patients and in age and sex matched healthy controls. Method: Study had been done in 2 groups: 1st group comprises adult patients of generalized anxiety disorder (n=50) & the 2nd group of healthy controls (n=50). It was carried out on instrument windows based Heart rate variability analysis system Variowin-HR at Govt. Medical College, Bhavnagar. Heart-rate variability was studied using the standard protocol and was statistically analyzed. Result: Significantly reduced variability of the heart rate was observed in both the time domain parameters like SDNN (Standard deviation of all NN interval), RMSSD (The square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals), SDSD (Standard deviation of differences between adjacent NN intervals), NN50count (Number of pairs of adjacent NN intervals differing by more than 50 ms in the entire recording), pNN50 (NN50 count divided by the total number of all NN intervals) as well as frequency domain parameters like LF( low frequency), HF (high frequency),LF/HF ratio in the disorder group as compared to the control group which are statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to this study, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with significantly lower Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Key Words: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Heart Rate Variability, Time Domain parameters, Frequency Domain parameters.

213-218

Authors: JagdeepKaur S. Dani*, Mitesh M. Sinha**, Archana H. Patel**, Anju B. Mehta ***, Geeta B. Nair****

Background: Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) based on the m-sequence stimulation technique which allows quick simultaneous recording of many local electroretinograms from the posterior pole. The multifocal ERG is a powerful tool in patients with an affected cone system, especially when defects are localized and therefore not detectable with full field electroretinography. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate and describe differences in regional dysfunction between groups of patients with impaired vision due to diseases affecting predominantly the posterior pole. Method: This is a retrospective study of patient who were clinically diagnosed and sent to us by M&J Regional Institute of Ophthalmology,Ahmedabad, India. 31 patients were divided into 4 groups including Stargardt’s macular dystrophy (SMD), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cone dystrophy (CD), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and 11 normal subjects were taken as control. mfERG was done in all subjects and the responses were analysed using t test. Result:In patients with SMD or with AMD functional defects were mainly at the foveal region and extended to eccentricity only in advanced cases. A reduction of response amplitude even in the most peripheral ring was found in cone dystrophies and moderately in patients with central retinal vein occlusion. Prolonged implicit times were found in all but in the patients of SMD and they were maximal in patients with CRVO. Conclusion: The multifocal electroretinography provides detailed information of local activity of the cone dominated retina. In most of the patients with maculopathies, the photopic Ganzfeld ERG was normal, so that multifocal ERG can be valuable in diagnosing these diseases. Key Words: Multifocal ERG, Maculopathy; Cone dystrophy; Central vein occlusion

224-228

Authors: Fozia A Patigaroo*, Anwar H Siddiqui*,Rajiv Gulati*, ZehraMohsin**

Pre-eclampsia is one of the most frequent complications of pregnancy, however, little is known about its aetiology. Insufficient adaptation of the decidual and intramyometrial portions of the spiral arterioles in preeclampsia results in reduced utero-placental blood flow, leading to local placental hypoxia. Pre-eclampsia is pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) of unknown etiology. Pre-eclampsia can be quite serious as it can lead to various complications both for the mother and the baby. In fact, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, severe forms of PIH, are the leading cause of infant and maternal death in India. Hypertension complicates an estimated 6-8% of all pregnancies. Significant risk factors identified in univariate analysis included pre pregnancy body mass index (BMI > 25) (OR = 11.27), history of chronic hypertension (OR = 8.65), history of diabetes (OR = 11.0), history of renal disease (OR = 7.98), family history of hypertension (OR = 5.4), history of pre-eclampsia in earlier pregnancy (OR = 9.63), and multiple pregnancy (OR = 4.85). Cytokines are major contributors in pathogenesis of pre eclampsia. Several studies confirm a significant increase (p<0.01) in circulating TNF-α levels in the last trimester of pregnancy, compared to the non-pregnant status. Significantly increased serum concentrations (p<0.001) were also found in pregnant patients with preeclampsia, compared to normotensive pregnant women. Conclusion: Preeclampsia is an exacerbation of a generalized inflammatory response, physiologically present in the third trimester of pregnancy. TNF-α pro inflammatory cytokine can be a potential marker of the severity of the preeclamptic syndrome, without being an indicator of the fetal status at birth. Key Words: Preeclampsia, TNF alpha, Cytokines.

235-239

Authors: Swapnil J. Paralikar

The olfactory system is uniquely essential for life. Olfactory receptor cells, located in the olfactory mucous membrane.project to the olfactory glomeruli where they synapse with the lateral dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells. This mechanism of lateral inhibition sharpens the olfactory signal enabling differentiation of odours. From the olfactory glomeruli, second –order neurons project to the olfactory cortex which has evolved over millions of years. It consists of an older system (concerned with primitive responses to olfaction) and a newer system ( concerned with the conscious analysis of odour). The intriguing question as to how human beings can detect 10,000 different odours was solved by two scientists Drs. Richard Axel and Linda Buck. They unravelled the 1000 different olfactory receptors, each activated by a combination of different odours Genes coding for the olfactory receptors form the largest gene family in humans, larger than the T-cell receptor gene family. Key Words: Olfaction, olfactory receptors, olfactory cortex

258-267

Authors: Minal C. Patel, S.K. Singh

Obesity is highly prevalent in the modern world and it is associated with the development of a number of serious medical complications, like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Earlier, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was regarded as a disease occurring in adults, while type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) occurs in children and adolescents. This is true that T2DM is still more prevalent in adults, but there is increasing evidence that onset of type 2 diabetes in youth is frequently observed. Obesity increases the risk of T2DM by causing insulin resistance and directly or indirectly affecting the ability of the pancreas to secrete adequate amount of insulin. However, several risk factors have been identified as contributors to the development of type 2 diabetes in adolescents. These factors include ethnicity, genetic, unhealthy diet, inadequate sleep, physical inactivity and increased body fat and abdominal fat. There is no clear explanation of how these factors increase risk, but they appear to act in an additive fashion and create problems during the critical period of adolescent development. So efforts should be done to reduce the obesity will lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Key Words: Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Adolescent

14-18

Authors: Solomon Sathishkumar*, Rashmi Vyas**

The gastrointestinal tract releases several hormones in response to oral food intake and absorption. The increased secretion of insulin in response to oral glucose administration when compared to intravenous glucose administration is called the Incretin effect. This is due to release of certain gut hormones which in turn cause an increased glucose stimulated insulin secretion. The incretin effect is due to two main hormones: Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypetide (GIP) and Glucagon-like Peptide – 1 (GLP-1). The insulinotropic effect of GLP-1 is preserved in type 2 diabetic patients. Since GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by the plasma enzyme Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP-IV), GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-IV inhibitors are now being used to treat type 2 diabetes.

22-25

Authors: Geetanjali Purohit*, JM Harsoda**, GV Shah***

Sumandeep Vidyapeeth incorporated a new teaching method in medical education probably 1st time in India. It was a move towards evidence based education system (EBES), which requires utilizing of existing evidences and establishing new evidences, where current evidences are insufficient. Method: 15 EBES learning sessions were conducted by trained and professional teachers for first year MBBS students in 2011. EBES was not only included in curriculum but also, evaluated to see student’s attitude towards this new teaching method. 50 students were given a project related to Physiology. This project was about the use of basic science knowledge in various clinical conditions. Results: Evaluation of project showed satisfactory results. Project submission was followed by the written evaluation in the form of examination of 150 students. Written exam syllabus included the prior EBES learning. Theory exam evaluation showed that about 46% students got more than 80% marks, while about 34% students got 60-80% marks. Interpretation & Conclusion: 1st time incorporation of this new system on medical undergraduates showed outperformed results. This educational setting paving a new way for development of a successful international teaching methodology in Indian medical education Keywords: Evidence Based Education System, E-learning, MBBS

30-35

Authors: Pinaki Wani*, Shobha Kini **, Vrinda Dalvi***

Traditional clinical examination (TCE) mainly focuses on the “knows” and “knows how” aspects, while Objective structured practical examination (OSPE) focuses on the “shows how” aspect in ‘Miller’s pyramid of competence’. The current study was designed to understand the faculty’s perception of the OSPE in comparison with the TCE in Physiology and whether it would be feasible and what needs to be done to make it acceptable. Method: The study was conducted in the Department of Physiology at the K.J. Somaiya Medical College, Mumbai, India after the approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee with 50 first year MBBS medical students. At the end of the 4 days of TCE- OSPE session, the faculty members answered an open ended questionnaire regarding their experience on objectivity, reliability, validity and feasibility of TCE and OSPE as the assessment tools. Results: All the faculty members felt that the OSPE is a relevant, unbiased and a fair tool for the formative assessment which emphasised on the aspects of objectivity and structured checklist standardization. OSPE actually helped students understand what they really need to do in the clinical skills performance testing and what skills are important. OSPE highlighted the areas of weaknesses and fallacies during the clinical skills setting. Overall the OSPE was perceived as a relevant tool along with TCE for overall assessment of students. Participating faculty members also felt that the successful incorporation of a new assessment tool could positively motivate other faculty members towards innovations in the field of medical education. Interpretation & Conclusion: We conclude that the objectivity, reliability and standardization of OSPE along with the comprehensive global assessment approach of the traditional clinical assessment are required for an overall judgement of the performance by the medical students.

42-48

Authors: Asha Shrivastava, Sanjay Wasnik

Prehypertension is a precursor of clinical hypertension and is closely related with the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. Atherogenic lipid profile contributes to cardiovascular risk. We studied the prevalence of pre hypertension and its association with cardiovascular risk and biological markers of atherogenicity. Method: A total of 132 adults (age 30-50yrs) were enrolled. Based on the reported prevalence of prehypertension (38%) and hypertension (38%) in Madhya Pradesh, 50 prehypertensives and 50 hypertensives were selected for the study. Age and sex matched 50 normotensives served as control. Anthropometric measurements, fasting blood glucose and lipid variables were recorded. Lipid risk ratios were calculated and 10 years general cardiovascular risk was assessed by Framingham’s heart scale. Results: High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (General obesity 60%,66%,.Central obesity 60%,72%,Metabolic syndrome 39%,50%,Prediabetes 34%,44%,) in prehypertensives and hypertensives were noted. Prehypertensives having high normal blood pressure (130-139/85-89mmHg) carried higher cardiovascular risk (CVR 7.88±7.17) as compared to low prehypertensives (120-129/80-84mmHg, CVR 3.22±2.38). Hypertensives carried higher cardiovascular risk then prehypertensives. AIP was positively correlated with CVR. Interpretation & Conclusion: A high prevalence of prehypertension (66%) was observed. Major risk factors were male gender, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Atherogenic lipid profile in prehypertensives and hypertensives enhanced the cardiovascular risk.

53-55

Authors: Deepa R. Nair, Rupali U. Magare, Dhangauri N. Shenvi

Maximal aerobic capacity (V̇O2max) is regarded as the gold standard for the assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness level. Borg’s rate of perceived exertion (RPE) is another parameter used to assess the physical fitness and regulation of exercise intensity. The objective of the study is to assess and evaluate the correlation between Borg’s RPE & V̇O2max in young Indian male medical students and to validate the Borg’s RPE as a criterion to regulate the exercise intensity. Method: 100 subjects from a tertiary care hospital of Greater Mumbai, in the age group of 18-22 years were included in the study. Subjects undertook the Queen’s College step-test for 3 minutes. After each minute, the subjects were asked to rate their exertion on Borg’s RPE scale. After the test, heart rate was recorded and V̇O2max was computed indirectly employing the Queen’s step test formula. The correlation between Borg’s RPE, heart rate and V̇O2max was evaluated using Spearman Correlation Test. Results: Borg’s RPE showed significantly positive correlation with heart rate (ρ= 0.715; p<0.0001) and significantly negative correlation with V̇O2max (ρ = - 0.715; p<0.0001). Interpretation & Conclusion: Hence, Borg’s RPE can be considered a valid criterion to assess and regulate exercise intensity in young Indian male population.

61-65

Authors: Rinki Hada*, Sangeeta Vyas**, Chandrajeet Singh Chandel***

Clinically less severe obesity like overweight is not generally thought to have significant effect on ventilator function. The purpose of our study is to explore effects of body fat percentage and its distribution on ventilatory functions. We hypothesized that there is significant difference in Pulmonary Function among normal and overweight young healthy adults. Objectives: To assess & compare the difference in Pulmonary Function Tests among normal and overweight young healthy adults and to detect the correlation between Pulmonary Function Tests and Body fat percentage if any. Method: The study underwent in one forty eight young healthy medical students (74 male & 74 female) of 18-25 years of SMS Medical College, Jaipur categorized into 4 groups - Normal weight (37 males and 37 females) & over weight (37males and 37 females) on the basis of BMI. After measuring skin fat thickness with the help of Lange calliper, body fat percentage was calculated by Durnin and Womersley method. Body fat distribution was also estimated by measuring waist hip ratio and then pulmonary function tests were recorded by spirometer(Medspiror) in all groups. Results: Analysis done by using SPSS window. Simple regression was used to determine correlation and ‘r’ is coefficient of correlation. In males and females overweight groups forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1 were decreased significantly (P<0.05). In males group body fat % showed significant negative correlation with FVC (r = –0.2), and FEV1 (r = –0.20). It is seen that body fat % in females also had negative correlation with FVC (r = –0.2) and FEV1(r= –0.24). Whereas WHR with FVC in males shows(r= –7.3) and with FEV1(r= –7.4). In case of females subject WHR also shows negative correlation with FVC(r= –11.6) and FEV1 (r= –10.5). Interpretation & Conclusion: Our study shows that increase in body fat percentage itself and the way of fat distribution have sovereign effects on pulmonary functions.

70-78

Authors: Prerna Agarwal, Jayendrasinh M. Jadeja, Geeta B Nair, Anju S. Mehta, Shobha S. Naik, Jagdeep Kaur S. Dani

Hypertension is a leading cause of the global burden of disease. Obesity and weight gain are strong independent risk factors for hypertension. The prevalence of both hypertension and obesity is increasing rapidly. The present study was done to assess the relationship of anthropometric indices of adiposity and BP in people of urban community of Ahmedabad. Material and method: Data about BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist hip ratio (WHR), waist height ratio (WHtR), and blood pressure in terms of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was obtained by cross sectional survey of 85 people aged 40- 79 years by simple random sampling. Results & Discussion: The prevalence of hypertension was 58.82% and of obesity was 40% according to WHR but only 15.29% according to BMI. Obesity was more prevalent among hypertensives (48%) than non hypertensives (42.86%). Significant difference was seen among hypertensives and non hypertensives with regard to BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR (p<0.05). These findings are comparable to the results of earlier studies by A. Ramchandran et al in 2002 (hypertension), R. Gupta et al in various studies in early 2000s (obesity) and P. R. Deshmukh et al in 2005(WHR better marker) Conclusion: Obesity and hypertension are both widely prevalent. WHR, marker of central obesity is a better determinant of raised blood pressure than BMI. Substantial reduction in blood pressure can, therefore, be obtained by decreasing central obesity.

83-87

Authors: Karishmabanu Kazi*,Anju Mehta**, Mansur Mulla***

COPD is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide1. Due to COPD hypoxaemia occurs which can cause negative effect on peripheral nervous system. The main aim is to evaluate nerve conduction velocity in patients with COPD to find out neuropathy if present and also to find out correlation among Stages of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, severity of hypoxemia, Smoking and peripheral neuropathy. Method: For this study 50 cases of COPD having no other apparent pathology that can affect peripheral nerves were included. Their clinical neurological assessment was done and nerve conduction velocity was measured for ulnar, median, sural and peroneal nerves by RMS electromyography. The patients were grouped according to stages of COPD, PaO2 level and smoking history. Results: In this study we found strong positive association of stages of COPD2 and neuropathy. By electromyography, 96% patients were found to have neuropathy, commonly sensory and most commonly affected nerve was sural nerve. Interpretation and conclusion: In this study I found that as severity of disease increases, COPD patients suffer from subclinical neuropathy, so drugs causing neuropathy as adverse reaction should be avoided.

93-97

Authors: Chetna H. Patel*, Vishal R. Mishra**, Shobha S. Naik*, Sonal Dayama***, Jayendrasinh M. Jadeja*

To study correlation between exercise, body mass index (BMI) and heart rate. Material and Method: A total of 57 individuals of age group 19 to 39 were selected for the study. Out of these, 45 individuals went to gymnasium for exercise, while the other 12 did not go to gymnasium. An informed consent was taken, a questionnaire was administered to the participants and required measurements were made. Results: There was a significant effect of exercise on BMI and weight. (p value is significant by paired t test for both weight and BMI before and after exercise). There was statistically significant reduction in BMI of females as compared to males. Correlation between reduction in BMI and exercise duration of 45 to 60 minutes per day was significant. There was no correlation found between exercise done for more than 60 minutes and BMI reduction. No significant correlation was found between duration (months and years) and how many days a week exercise done with BMI. Statistically significant correlation was also noted between total duration of exercise (number of months) and heart rate. Conclusion: Exercise helps in bringing BMI towards normal as regular exercise helps to increase BMI in underweight persons and to decrease BMI in overweight individuals. Up to 45 minutes to 1 hour exercise for longer duration is beneficial for weight and cardiovascular benefit.

103-108

Authors: Sanjit K. Kar*,Seema Ghosh**, Reshmi Paul**, Sujaya De**,Prakash C. Dhara**

In the present investigation efforts have been made to assess the occupational problems including musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and other job related problems in relation to different rice cultivation tasks. Method: About 375 women workers are selected at random from the different districts in West Bengal state (India). MSD and other problems of the agricultural workers are evaluated by the basis of Nordic questionnaire method. Results: The results of the MSD in agricultural workers reveal that the shoulder problem is highly prevalent (97.6%) among the rice cultivation workers. This is followed by the problems in low back (95.2%), in thigh (91.6%) and in neck (88.4%). It has been noted that MSD is related to the inappropriate working postures, duration of jobs and repetitive movement of the body parts. The results of the other health hazards reveal that digestive disorders (66.8%) are also prevalent among the women agricultural workers. About 56% of female agricultural workers have different types of menstrual problems. Interpretation & Conclusion: The MSD is more prevalent in uprooting and transplantation jobs than in other rice cultivation jobs. It can be concluded that job related problems may be reduced by modifying work methods, work rest cycle and by providing some hand tools for different rice cultivation jobs.

114-119

Authors: J D Solanki**, A H Makwana*, H B Mehta*****, P A Gokhle****, C J Shah***, P B Hathila*

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a manifestation of Diabetes Mellitus that is asymptomatic to begin with. There is always a need of cost effective non-invasive technique to quantify this problem. The aim of the study was to determine its prevalence in diabetics of this region by a cross sectional study using Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) as a non-invasive tool. Method:-110 diabetic patients of either sex presenting to medicine OPD were evaluated subjectively by questionnaires .Vascular Doppler was used to derive ratio of ankle pressure to brachial pressure (ABI) using standard protocol.ABI<0.9 was defined as PAD. Results: - Result revealed 46% prevalence of symptoms for PAD in study group. Low ABI prevailed in 35% of subjects more so in females (39 %) than males (31 %), more in symptomatic (55 %) subjects than asymptomatic (17 %) and further lowering of ABI with increasing duration of disease. Interpretation & Conclusion:-This study showed high prevalence of PAD in our region in diabetics with female disadvantage, positive correlation with presence of PAD symptom and cumulative effect of disease. It proved ABI as a non-invasive and reliable screening tool for PAD in our region requiring further larger study for its consolidation.

123-126

Authors: Santosh Kumar Jha, P.S. Kudachi and S. S. Goudar

There is general agreement that adolescence is a challenging period of life, during which significant physical, psychological and social changes take place. The adolescents are in a chronic state of threatened homeostasis and their adaptive responses are crucial for a successful adulthood. Dysregulation in adolescence, could be the reason behind the emergence of a number of disorders.1 The present study was intended to know is the effect of severity of perceived stress on the academic performance. Further a comparison of performance in male & female students was also studied. Method: The present cross sectional study was conducted among150 first year medical students during their preliminary examination. Ethical clearance was obtained before initiation of the study. Self-evaluation questionnaire was given to the students to assess stress severity. The performance in examination was compared in these 3 groups of perceived stress groups. Results: The study revealed that there is decreasing performance in the theory, practical and viva-voce examination from low stress group to high stress group of students, however the decrease in performance was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Interpretation & Conclusion: Performance of examination reduces along with the severity of stress. Examination performance among female students did not get affected along the severity stress level. Females showed better performance with increase in stress levels compared to males.

132-136

Authors: Rupali U. Magare, Deepa R. Nair, Dhangauri N. Shenvi

Despite its obvious advantages few studies have examined health outcomes of exercise schedule of regular staircase ascent and descent which is included in physically active lifestyle in the maintenance of good health. Here we compared cardiovascular changes and recovery time between staircase ascent and descent, between male and female. Method: 64 male and 64 female of age group 18-22 were told to perform staircase ascent and descent exercise with rest pause in between to assess changes in blood pressure and pulse rate immediately after exercise compared to resting condition. Results: The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version17 software and Student’s t-test was applied. Mean changes in systolic blood pressure and pulse rate were significantly more after ascent as compared to descent, mean recovery time for blood pressure and pulse rate was significantly more after ascent as compared to descent in both groups(p<0.05). Significant rise in mean systolic blood pressure was found more in males as compared to females. Interpretation and Conclusion: As staircase descent is less stressful to the cardiovascular system compared to ascent, the former can be used as an activity that may be beneficial for individuals who were previously sedentary and can be applied at the beginning stages of an exercise training program.

143-145

Authors: Rishu Segan*, Lily Walia**, Naveen Mittal***

The mechanisms of silent death in diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy is unclear. Objective: An insight into resting rate pressure product, indirectly reflecting myocardial oxygen demand, in such patients in attempt to explain sudden adverse cardiovascular events. Method: Resting rate pressure product was recorded in forty age matched type 2 diabetics, twenty with / twenty without cardiac autonomic neuropathy and twenty controls (n = 60) between the age group of 40 – 60 years. Results: The results using one way ANOVA demonstrated (‘SPSS’ software) that resting rate pressure product was significantly increased in cardiac autonomic neuropathy patients compared to non neuropathy patients and controls ( p<0.01) (95%CI). Resting rate pressure product was highest in neuropathy patients. Conclusion: We conclude that diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy significantly increases resting rate pressure product and indirectly reflects increased resting myocardial oxygen demand in such patients.

151-154

Authors: Savina O.George, Lalita M. Chandan.

The inhalation of cold, dry air affects the lung functions. Because of the increased usage of air conditioners in the society, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of air conditioners on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), Respiratory Rate by comparing the subjects who were exposed to AC and the subjects who were not exposed to AC. Method: The study group comprised of 96 healthy males & females between the ages of 20-50 years, working in air-conditioned & non AC environment in tertiary Medical centre. Their PEFR was recorded using mini-Wright peak flow meter, the Respiratory Rate also recorded. Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test was used to analyse the PEFR & Respiratory Rate. Results: There was a significant decrease in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate [PEFR] and a significant increase in the Respiratory Rate of those Subjects Working in AC Environment. Conclusion: The parameters of Lung Function assessed showed significant difference in these two groups. Thus AC users are more prone to respiratory disorders than those not using AC.

159-161

Authors: Chetan B Desai*, Divyesh L Prajapati*, Pradnya A Gokhale**, Hemant B Mehta***, Chinmay J Shah****, Tejas P Ghuntla*****

Reaction time is the time interval between onsets of a stimulus to the appearance of response which is purpose by voluntary movement by subject. Reaction time is important for our everyday in life and requires sensory motor association, cognitive processing and performance of an individual. It has physiological significance and is a simple and non-invasive test for peripheral as well as central neural structures Method: The study was carried out on 73 young healthy subjects (46male & 27 female) in the Department of Physiology, Government medical college, Bhavnagar after obtaining informed written consent in prescribed format with anthrological measurement & physiological measurement by use of instrument Multiple Choice Reaction Time Apparatus, Inco Ambala Ltd (Accuracy ± 0.001 Sec). Inclusion Criteria: Age 15-25 Years. Subject, Both sex, Normal hearing, Normal Sighted vision, No any medical or surgical illness.Exclusion Criteria: Participants who fail to give consent. Musculoskeletal disability & any type of neuropathy, Hearing problem which affect on reaction time Results: student paired t- test was applied for before & after 3 hours lecture for significance difference in male & female. The simple & choice auditory reaction time was significant (p value <0.05) on prolonged mental activity. Conclusion: Reaction time was prolonged because of disturbance of sensorimotor activity.

167-170

Authors: Chinmay Shah*, Vinay Kumar**, Craig Knoche***

Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time. Simulation can be used to show the eventual real effects of alternative conditions and courses of action. Simulation is also used when the real system cannot be engaged, because it may not be accessible, or it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it is being designed but not yet built, or it may simply not exist. Simulation can be used to resemble existing curricular Material. The simulated scenarios are realistic enough to engage the students emotionally, thus providing a unique learning experience, where the high fidelity simulator "patient" actually talks, breathes, blinks, and moves like a real patient. Simulation can be adapted to accommodate the need of various medical specialties such as anesthesia, emergency medicine and trauma, intensive care medicine, obstetrics, pediatrics, and radiology as well as for the use of other professionals such as nurses, paramedics, and respiratory therapists. Innovative simulation training solutions are now being used to train medical professionals in an attempt to reduce the number of safety concerns that have adverse effects on the patients. Use of simulation starting from first MBBS is helpful to teacher for teaching, student for understanding and patient in terms for increase safety.

175-181

Authors: Rashmi Vyas*, Solomon Sathishkumar**

Teaching and learning of Physiology has been challenging both for the teachers and the learners. Different educational strategies are being used for teaching and learning of Physiology. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the need for and the process of implementation of Early clinical exposure and Integrated teaching- learning, two of the curricular reforms proposed by the Medical Council of India, in the Physiology curriculum for the first year medical students. Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) is a teaching learning methodology, which fosters exposure of the medical students to the patients as early as the first year of medical college. In a medical college, ECE can be introduced to the first year medicalstudents,thus providing relevance and context to Physiology teaching and learning in the Class room, Hospital and Community settings. An integrated approach to teaching medical subjects is an effective educational strategy. Yet, this has not become popular in medical colleges in India. Some of the ways Integrated Teaching and Learning can be developed includeProblem based learning, Case Based Learning, Self Learning Modules, Integrated Lectures and Early Clinical Exposure. The key feature that is critical is that the focus is not on the teachers but on the students, thereby ensuring their Integrated Learning of the subject matter. Wide spread faculty development programs are essential for successful implementation of ECE and Integration modules.A scientifically rigorous educational research is crucial to provide evidence for the efficacy of these strategies in the Indian setting and for quality assurance.

192-201

Authors: K. Saranya*, G. K. Pal*, S. Habeebullah** Pravati Pal*

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the commonest cause of infertility, is a heterogeneous syndrome with a significant alteration in autonomic modulation in the form of increased adrenergic drive and a depressed vagal activity. The various co-morbidities associated with PCOS such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hyperandrogenism and altered thyroid profile, are known to cause significant alteration in autonomic dysfunctions. Assessment of autonomic functions has proved to be a sensitive tool in diagnosing the early features of CV dysfunction in PCOS. When detected early, it enables an early intervention to yield a better cardiovascular health to these patients. The simplest approach of restoring the sympathovagal balance would be the life style modifications in the form of regular exercise and practice of yoga. Regular exercise decreases adiposity and improves the sensitivity of insulin in the peripheral tissues and yoga improves general cardiovascular health. Thus, these alternative therapies can supplement the medical therapy advocated to these patients and would lead to better outcome in both reproductive and cardiovascular health. Key words: Cardiovascular dysfunctions, sympathovagal imbalance, PCOS