Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

9

Authors: Michal PUŠKÁR, Pavol TARBAJOVSKÝ, Marieta ŠOLTÉSOVÁ

Engine emissions can be reduced by performing suitable modifications to the oil filter. Biomass medium served as the replacement for the standard paper fibres, which are used in common oil filters. The experimental analysis of 4 emission elements showed a moderate increase in the case of 2 emission characteristics, whereby a 10% increase in monoxide was present, and also, an increase of 2.5% of nitrogen oxides was observed. Further, there was a significant reduction of 2 other emission elements, namely the unburned hydrocarbons decreased by 61%, and the amount of particulate matter was reduced by 18%. Measured engine power increased by 1.2% using the modified oil filter, which proves the success of this filter. There was a decrease in oil pressure as well, the value dropped by 0.5 bar during the whole period of the measuring process.

11

Authors: Marek MARCISZ, Rafał MORGA, Eryk REMIORZ, Tomasz KRASOŃ, Bartłomiej MICHALIK, Paweł NALEPKA, Szymon POTEMPA, Kacper SAKS, Gabriel SZECÓWKA

Collecting water samples for laboratory analysis from hard-to-reach surface areas such as post-industrial reservoirs (for example, tailings depositories) or overgrown lakes and ponds poses several difficulties, and it is potentially dangerous for the persons carrying out such activity. This can be improved by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) while ensuring an adequate level of safety and full compliance with the requirements of PN-ISO standards. This article presents the possibility of using the BSP in the option of autonomous (automatic) operation, allowing for the collection of water samples intended for physico-chemical tests, from hard-to-reach surface reservoirs, following the provisions of the relevant PN-ISO standards.

12

Authors: Agnieszka DUDZIAK, Monika STOMA, Grzegorz ZAJĄC

Conducting research on the quality of service and customer satisfaction is currently necessary for the proper and effective functioning of any organization. One of the organizations that have changed in recent years is petrol stations. In this paper, the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) is used to measure the quality of services and customer satisfaction. This research was carried out with the use of a proprietary questionnaire in which the respondents assessed the level of service at petrol stations. The obtained results allowed identifying the most important areas for the customers of petrol stations. In addition, the developed quality map indicated areas that should be given special attention, improved and those that are least important to customers. The conducted analyzes indicate that the CSI method used in this study is a tool that enables the assessment of customer satisfaction in a complex organization such as a petrol station.

13

Authors: Fuad DASHDAMIROV, Ulvi JAVADLI, Turan VERDİYEV

With the growth of the population and the expansion of the territory of large cities, certain difficulties arise in meeting the needs of passengers for transportation. This article studied the satisfaction of users with the city's public transport system, especially the bus transport. Thus, a survey was conducted among passengers in Baku to assess their satisfaction with public transport. The survey covered all districts of Baku in general. The study was conducted in October 2021. The questions were aimed at identifying the weight, reasons for preferring the different types of public transport, the level of satisfaction of the population with these types, assessing the quality of services and the lack of urban bus transport. The level of satisfaction of survey participants with the work of public transport by gender and age groups was determined. Subsequently, this study showed that most of the population movements are carried out by bus transport. The analysis revealed factors that reduce the quality of service on bus routes. In addition, it examined the reasons why the population chose the bus transport, the shortcomings of the bus transport, the effectiveness of dedicated bus lanes, and attitudes toward the use of alternative public transport. Summarily, this study was successful in identifying the shortcomings of public transport in the city, improving passenger service to increase passenger satisfaction toward attracting more people to public transport.

13

Authors: Oleg ONISHCHENKO, Volodymyr GOLIKOV, Oleksiy MELNYK, Svitlana ONYSHCHENKO, Kostiantyn OBERTIUR

Every year, the dynamics of implementation of projects aimed at improving the efficiency of energy use is gradually increasing at different levels and in different industries. It has spread in the areas of design, modernization and reconstruction of energy-efficient buildings and structures, design and construction of elements of industrial infrastructure, and technological production processes. Introduction of such projects is a priority for enterprises and companies of various types of economic activity. Thus, the leading industries develop strategies to improve environmental safety and energy efficiency - shipping is no exception, where the process of improving energy efficiency is carried out through various mechanisms, ultimately leading to a reduction in emissions of pollutants, but having a negative impact on the performance of the commercial operation of the ship. Problems of ensuring energy efficiency along with increasing requirements for environmental safety of transport and strengthening the responsibility of shipowners become the focus of research of modern theory and practice of operation of means of maritime transport. The issues of improvement of universal principles of energy efficiency within individual shipping companies and development of tools for economic analysis of energy efficiency of own fleet, search for new ways of forming professional competencies of ship crew members in the field of energy efficiency continue to be topical as well.

15

Authors: Aldona KUŚMIŃSKA-FIJAŁKOWSKA, Zbigniew ŁUKASIK, Jacek KOZYRA

One of the priorities of the EU economy is to create the best possible conditions for the design and implementation of innovative solutions within the scope of energy efficiency. In recent years, there has been quick technological progress in the field of devices having controlled motor drive used for air purification, and from heating plates, which are applied in the eating places, including restaurants and zones for preparing meals in various means of transport. The research conducted by the EU on EcoDesign requirements showed that range hoods at the stage of their use have a considerable potential of saving energy. The introduction of energy efficiency labels to the market has improved the energy efficiency of these devices and accelerated the transformation of the market to implement energy-saving technologies, which according to the experts, may lead to an annual primary energy saving of 27 PJ/year in 2021, which may increase in 2030 to 60 PJ/year. The authors of this publication researched the fluid dynamic efficiency of a selected range hood, showing the necessity of investments in new technologies. Patented original solutions of the range hoods that can be applied, among others, in such means of transport as passenger ships, cargo ships, and submarines having a zone for preparing meals were presented in this article. An environmental aspect in the context of energy consumption was shown during the phase of using the device for air purification, providing many premises and arguments for future constructional solutions for energy management in various branches of transport and more.

16

Authors: Zohra GHAFOURI FARD, Mohammad Mahdi KHABIRI, Pouya AFKHAMI MEYBODI

Today, the increasing development of urbanization and climate change and its resulting issues, including the occurrence of urban floods, is one of the important issues facing city managers. One of these problems that seriously affect lives today is the occurrence of floods and the inundation of urban thoroughfares. Among the problems of floods in urban areas are the disruption of the urban transportation system, reduced transportation safety, inundation of thoroughfares, and consequently, the poor appearance of urban roads. One of the successful strategies in controlling urban runoff is the use of porous pavements in urban thoroughfares. The two capabilities of permeability and evaporation of a porous pavement lead to reduced runoff and a resultant lack of occurrence of inundation of thoroughfares; therefore, accurate measurement of these two parameters is of special importance. This study aims to introduce two devices for measuring the permeability and evaporation of porous asphalt with an innovative method that can measure the permeability and evaporation of asphalt and porous concrete with appropriate accuracy.

19

Authors: Sulaimon Olanrewaju ADEBIYI, Oluwagbenga John AKINRINMADE, Bilqis Bolanle AMOLE

Evaluation of Bus Rapid Transportation (BRT) based on service quality criteria and customer satisfaction can never be overemphasized due to its derivative, such as optimizing the performance of the transportation industry. Thus, this study employs the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method for the evaluation of service quality and customer satisfaction of the BRT system in Nigeria using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and visekriterijumska optimizacija i kompromisno resenje (VIKOR), which are components of multi-criteria optimization and compromise solution to evaluate notable factors responsible for the user’s perspective. Research design is quantitative and analytical in nature through a survey of experts who are users of BRT services. Samples were drawn through a multi-stage sampling procedure and a total of 402 copies of questionnaires were administered to BRT users based on their experience with the system. Hence, VIKOR and FAHP methods are applied to analyse data retrieved from the field on services quality and performance level. The service quality (SERVQUAL) model (a multi-dimensional research instrument designed to capture consumer expectations and perceptions of service) was modified thereby generating six dimensions and thirty-six service criteria for this research. The FAHP method was employed to determine the weights of the decision criteria because there is a need to measure commuters’ perceptions and expectations based on numerical linguistic variables due to the vague, imprecise and complexity related to the nature of services. The criteria weights and responses of the survey analysis (data) related with the BRT are input for the VIKOR method for ranking. As measuring the perception of service quality based on crispy value can often be misleading, hence, the use of the fuzzy MCDM method can give a more realistic measurement. The result of the multi-criteria decision analysis revealed that pricing quality is the most relevant service quality dimension to users’ satisfaction, followed by the empathy quality dimension. The summary of strength and weakness areas of service quality discovered through the research and its managerial implications with recommendations were related to the appropriate authority in charge of the BRT system for improved performance.

31

Authors: Zineb ACHETOUI, Charif MABROUKI, Ahmed MOUSRIJ

This paper aims to provide a performance measurement system for the automotive spare parts supply chain. We focus on an independent distributor belonging to an independent channel. The framework encompasses different performance aspects for a high supply chain visibility, as well as the required categories, subcategories and key performance indicators for the automotive spare parts supply chain performance measurement. The framework is the first contribution that advances the performance measurement in the automotive aftermarket and allows assessing the performance of the automotive spare parts supply chain as a whole.

8

Authors: Bożena SZCZUCKA-LASOTA, Tomasz WĘGRZYN

Telecommunication, transport and civil engineering play an important role in new research areas. New antennas based on innovative materials are being developed. At the same time, the methods of antenna mounting with the use of high-strength materials to ensure high structural rigidity with the lowest possible weight are being planned. These materials include AHSS steels with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) up to 1700 MPa and elevated yield point (YS); however, welded joints made of these steels have much worse mechanical properties, compared to the native materials. In this paper, it was planned to test the MAG welding of DOCOL 1400M steel (AHSS group). Directly after welding, a micro-jet joint cooling was applied. It was determined to create thin-walled joints that could be used in the formation of antenna mounts.

10

Authors: Igor Alex VAKULENKO, Leonid VAKULENKO, Dariy BOLOTOVA, Bulent KURT, Hangardash ASGAROV, Ömer ÇÖLOVA

When simulating the operating conditions of the rim of a railway wheel, an analysis of change in the structural state from the possible degree of plastic deformation and the heating temperature of steel near the rolling surface was carried out. The development processes of spheroidization and coalescence of cementite during heating of the cold-worked steel change its ability to strain hardening. Substructure changes during heating to temperatures of 500-550°C deformed steel are accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in its ability to strain hardening and the level of plasticity. When heated above 500-550°C, the development of ferrite recrystallization processes provides a gradual transition of the metal from substructure hardening to hardening from grain boundaries with large angles of disorientation. It is shown that regardless of the nature of the main structural element, the ability of steel to strain hardening and the level of plasticity after heating are related by a proportional relationship.

12

Authors: Elshan MANAFOV, Islam ISGANDAROV, Farid HUSEYNOV

This research was devoted to the creation of a protection system for electric motors used in industry and transport, based on modern and traditional sensors. In the course of operation, the malfunctions of electric motors have been investigated and it was found that the accident modes occur mainly due to exceeding the permissible values of the current, voltage and temperature parameters. Modern sensors of current, voltage, and temperature have been compared and the most effective ones were selected for use in electric motors. Based on reasoning from these sensors, a protection system for a low-power electric motor has been developed in the laboratory. In addition, in the Multisim application software package, a simulation of the operation of the protection system at different voltage and current values was performed, and a circuit of the sensor control unit and the power source for powering the protection system was constructed. It has been proposed to apply such a multi-parametric complex protection system for electric motors, especially in transport.

14

Authors: Evgeny MIKHAILOV, Stanislav SEMENOV, Hanna SHVORNIKOVA, Ján DIŽO, Miroslav BLATNICKÝ, Paweł DROŹDZIEL, Kateryna KRAVCHENKO

This work is focused on the possible ways of improving the running safety of a railway vehicle, which uses IRWs (independently rotating wheels) in a bogie. It discusses the main positive and negative properties of an application of IRWs for a railway vehicle while it is running in a curve. There are evaluated running properties of a railway vehicle in terms of safety for IRWs and a standard wheelset (SW). It is assumed that a wheelset design with IRWs will reduce the risk of derailment of a railway vehicle in a curve with a smaller radius because it will be reached a more favourable distribution of decisive forces in the wheel/rail contact. A designed wheelset with IRWs differs from other IRWs designs; in this case, only a flange can rotate independently from a wheel treat surface about the axis of rotation. Further, this research presents an analysis of a friction forces distribution of the friction forces in a contact of a flange and a rail head and a comparison with an SW. The obtained results allow concluding that it is advisable to use the wheels with the perspective wheel design (including independently rotating) to reduce the resistance to movement and improve the running properties of a railway vehicle for safety.

14

Authors: Yağmur ÖZİNAL AVŞAR, Ercan AVŞAR

Estimation of the state of road traffic conditions is gaining increasing attention in recent intelligent transportation systems. Accurate and real-time estimation of traffic condition changes is critical in the management and control of road network systems. Thus, efforts are been made to predict short-term traffic conditions based on measured traffic data such as speed, flow and density. In this work, the state of the traffic is estimated through a three-step process. First, both speed and flow predictions for 15-minute ahead are made for a particular freeway segment. Four different regression models are used for the prediction task, namely, multi-layer perceptron neural networks (MLPNN), support vector regression (SVR), gradient boosted decision trees (GBDT), and k-nearest neighbors (kNN). Next, the breakpoint (BP) flow is calculated using the distribution of these predicted speed and flow values. In the final step, these predictions are classified as belonging to a “stable state” or “metastable state” by using the calculated BP as the threshold between these states. According to the experimental results, the values for MLPNN are the highest for speed (0.8564) and flow (0.9862) predictions. An identical BP, 1050 pc/15min, is calculated for actual data as well as all prediction methods.

16

Authors: Sandeep YADAV, Amit KUMAR, Abhilasha CHAUDHAR

Extensive research is being conducted to create and use a wide range of alternative fuels to accommodate the world's growing energy needs. The objective of this experimental investigation was to analyze the effects of Karanja biodiesel blends on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine vis-a-vis neat diesel. Important physical parameters of Karanja oil were examined experimentally after transesterification and determined to be within acceptable limits. BTE of Karanja biodiesel blends was about 3-8% lower than diesel. For Karanja biodiesel blends, BSFC was about 2-9% higher than diesel but exhaust gas temperature and volumetric efficiency were lower. Emissions characteristics such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide were also analyzed for various tested fuels. Karanja biodiesel blends resulted in lesser CO and HC formation. Nonetheless, NOx emissions were around 10% greater than diesel. Peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and maximum rate of pressure rise versus crank angle were among the combustion characteristics parameters considered in this study. Combustion analysis revealed that for Karanja biodiesel blends heat release rate and peak cylinder pressure were lower than for neat diesel. Findings indicate that Karanja biodiesel can be considered a viable diesel engine fuel.

17

Authors: Zbigniew ŁUKASIK, Aldona KUŚMIŃSKA-FIJAŁKOWSKA, Sylwia OLSZAŃSKA, Mateusz ROMAN

Today, route planning requires freight forwarders to make a conscious effort to identify unloading points such that the transport process is both cost- and time-efficient. At the same time, operational parameters that help to determine the validity of the chosen route must also be considered. This article aims to present the key metrics and ways of attaining them to provide a reliable determination of a transport company’s performance. Based on a selected transport company, the authors collected data on the transport routes implemented in 2020. Interpretation and analysis of the extracted information of the concerned sections were carried out and followed by alternatives. We present in this article the results of research concerning the exploitation parameters of the vehicle set. The evaluation of a given route section was indicated using selected indicators adapted to the specificity of the enterprise. The results are aimed at locating the components that have a destructive impact on the entire process. The proposed solutions serve to introduce factors that will pave way for improving the services provided. An in-depth analysis of all sections and key parameters was performed. Because of the conducted studies, abnormal parameters were identified, efficient sections were distinguished and new routes were developed in the case of previous routes that were not highly efficient and which had a possible alternative corridor. The obtained results of the research can comprise, for logistics managers, vital elements in the transport process, to which attention should be given in the course of overseeing these processes.

18

Authors: Jan WARCZEK, Rafał WÓJAK

Increasing exports of goods between countries over long distances and increasing amounts of cargo generated by ports and transported on roads and railways require the organization of cargo transportation using several modes of transport, forcing the construction of places (container terminals) where it is possible to reload them to other means of transportation. An important aspect of cargo transportation by intermodal transport is its proper securing with the use of properly selected packaging and a loading unit. This article shows how to properly prepare cargo for transport. It also presents a diagram of the correct calculations of the permissible masses that may be in the container during transport to prevent overloading of the container and evenly distribute the load so that the reloading devices located in container terminals are not damaged during reloading to another mode of transport. Therefore, appropriate securing of the load against its displacement and damage was also selected.

25

Authors: Lidiia SAVCHENKO, Mariya GRYGORAK, Volodymyr POLISHCHUK, Yuriy VOVK, Oleg LYASHUK, Iryna VOVK, Roman KHUDOBEI

A methodical approach for the determination of economic and socio-environmental costs in the application of the city consolidation center at the micro level was proposed and tested on real data. Two options of urban delivery of small shipments are considered, in particular, for e-commerce - direct delivery and delivery through the micro-consolidation center. The system of indicators proposed in this work allows a detailed assessment of the economic component of direct and consolidated delivery, including transportation costs, the functioning of the consolidation center costs and costs for pedestrian delivery to the residential district customers. Socio-economic indicators allow considering the interests of other residents of the city, suffering from a dense traffic flow and harmful emissions from freight vehicles. The proposed method of integrated assessment was tested on real data of a micro district of the city. The results made it possible to estimate the proportion of each component of expenditures in the economic, socio-environmental and total costs for both delivery options. The analysis of the sensitivity of costs to changes in the input parameters showed the difference in the strength of influence, and the rating of influencing factors. The proposed method allows us to estimate the economic costs of all participants in the urban delivery process for small shipments, as well as to prove the rationality of using micro-consolidation to serve a micro district of a large city.

9

Authors: Blerina BEQAJ

Water is one of nature’s resources. As urbanisation grows, new roadways and highways are constructed for the transport sector and development. Due to roadway infrastructure, the development of the quality of surface water bodies in close proximity to roads is deteriorating and has become a major environmental challenge. Considered as one of the major nonpoint pollution sources, the construction of new roadways can have short and long-term effects on water quality conditions. This study revealed that road construction activities may be responsible for introducing pollutants in nearby water sources, leading to the deterioration of water quality. The roadway expansion activities affect both the surface and groundwater quality. Furthermore, this study was conducted to assess the effects of a road construction project situated in the southern part of Albania, on physic-chemical parameters of surface water by collecting water samples from Skotini stream. The analysed parameters included pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity (ECw), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, nitrites (NO2-), ammonium (NH4+) and total phosphorus (Ptot). The results revealed that all physic-chemical parameters analysed in the laboratory are between the normal standards classifying these waters as very clean. Further surveillance for quality assessment of water sources near roadway’s construction activities is needed. Various best management practices have been developed and implemented to prevent negative environmental impacts in the transport sector and roadway construction activities. Results of the water quality help strengthen the theory that roadway construction projects in the transport sector, using appropriate best management practices, could yield minimal impact on the overall water quality of surrounding water bodies.

11

Authors: Agata KUREK, Elżbieta MACIOSZEK

Currently, more inhabitants use a car for their travels. The consequence of the increase in traffic on the roads is the deterioration of road conditions, decrease in the level of road safety, increasing air pollution, as well as the problem of finding a place to park a vehicle. This article analyzes the daily variability of the use of parking spaces in the Paid Parking Zone (PPZ) covered by Dynamic Parking Information (DPI) in Gliwice before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the first stage of the work, the daily variability of the use of parking spaces and the rotation indicator were analyzed in parking spaces at PPZ covered by DPI before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Wilcoxon test was performed to verify whether the differences are statistically significant. The results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the decrease in the use of parking space and the rotation indicator in the parking spaces at PPZ. In addition, the research shows that collecting fees for parking a vehicle in a parking space increases the use of space and the rotation indicator. Due to this, parking spaces are available for more drivers.

11

Authors: Oleksiy MELNYK, Yuriy BYCHKOVSKY, Andrii VOLOSHYN

The maritime industry is a high-risk industry, which constantly has to make decisions in a rapidly changing environment. Therefore, understanding the essence of "situational awareness" is very important for making the right decision. In this regard, it is obvious that a correct situation analysis, based on a theoretical basis, creates the proper prerequisites for making the right decision in a developing situation, and vice versa. Considering this fact, this article proposes to study the factors that influence this phenomenon, their regularities and connections. It presents the data of a survey among seafarers to determine the level of understanding of situational awareness as a predominant component of the human factor in most accidents in the maritime industry.

12

Authors: Radka JÍROVÁ, Lubomír PEŠÍK

Air conditioning systems in vehicles require long-term reliability during their entire service life. Especially, a good sealing function is needed for the prevention of coolant leaking. Unfortunately, in specific cases, after a particular time, screw connections of the air conditioning circuit lose their tightness, and the coolant starts to leak. Therefore, this paper focuses on the analysis and design optimisation of screw connections. We used the finite element method for describing the sealing, screw and disc spring behaviour. Then, we proposed a new design of the disc spring to obtain the proper force-deformation characteristics of the connection and ensure the tightness of the screw connection.

12

Authors: Vladimir NEKHOROSHKOV, Sergey VAKULENKO, Peter KURENKOV, Evgeniy NEKHOROSHKOV, Grigoriy DERUZHINSKIY, Alexander IGNATENKO, Alyona AROSHIDZE, Alexey ASTAFIEV, Irina SERYAPOVA, Irina SOLSKAYA

The development of international cargo transportation has been relevant since the emergence of the international division of labor. Billions of tons of goods of various names, values and volumes are transported across the borders of the Russian Federation every year. This paper examines the Eurasian Economic Union international transportation system, its transport system integration, and the formation of a common transport space. The authors analyzed the international transport market state and conditions and the level of containerization. The transport system is considered the country's economy "circulatory system", which makes it a key link in the implementation of economic reforms in the country. The transport industry has social significance, which also determines the specifics of the phased market transformations. The development of international multimodal container transportation is becoming a new trend in the development of the transport service market.

12

Authors: Kanala Teja Vinay Kumar REDDY, Surya Prakash CHALLAGULLA

Unexpected delay on freeways is the prime cause of dissatisfaction in road users. Increasing traffic, adverse environmental conditions, accidents, time, season, location and many more factors influence travel time and cause delay. There is no direct method to estimate delay. It is calculated from trip time estimates. Thus, it is a very big challenge for transportation professionals to develop a model that accurately estimates the trip time for a trip at a particular time, by a specific mode of transport. Subsequently, the reliability of the delay calculated from those trip time estimates is often doubtful. Further, the measurement of delay using the trip time data is another big thing. This paper is a step toward measuring the delay in an accurate way using travel time reliability measures. The study was conducted on the two modes of public transportation (City bus and Auto) in an urban corridor of length 16.3 km, in Hyderabad city, India. In this study, a license plate survey was conducted for data collection, travel time-based statistical analysis was employed for estimation of trip time and by making use of travel time measures, the delay was measured. The approach was validated graphically to portray its accuracy.

14

Authors: Greg WHEATLEY, Arash BABAMIRI, Bronson PHILIPPA

Airlie beach houses are quite common in the coastal areas of Australia. These houses, similar to other buildings, provide comfort for their residents. House comfort is not limited to temperature or sound pollution, vibration can be considered as another equally important factor. In this article, the vibration of an Airlie beach house was investigated. The base steel structure was modeled in SolidWorks and Space Gass for evaluating stress distribution and nodal displacement, respectively. To find the root cause of the distressing vibration of the house, which was felt with dwellings, the axial acceleration of the house’s structure was determined. Some feasible solutions such as adding a fiber-reinforced polymer joist hanger, inserting additional rubber padding to the joist hanger, and attaching additional bracing, were discussed and a cost analysis was considered for the solutions. Eventually, the nature of the best solution, which was adding rubber, was tested experimentally.

16

Authors: Mulugeta GIRMA, Berhanu WOLDETENSAE

Rapid urbanization has resulted in a slew of issues, including urban transportation, in most emerging countries' cities. Public transportation provides transportation for the community and plays an important role in the daily lives of the city's citizens, particularly the urban poor, by reducing travel costs and providing job opportunities. Thus, evaluating public bus service performance from the perspective of users is critical for identifying service operators' strengths and deficiencies. Consequently, the primary goal of this research is to determine the level of consumer satisfaction with public bus service in the city and identify the most important factors that influence satisfaction. Hence, a survey was carried out between December and January 2020. Stratified sampling approaches were used to obtain data from 500 travelers. Factor analysis and customer satisfaction index were used to analyze the data collected. Lastly, the findings show that users were quietly satisfied (0.54) with the quality of the bus services supplied in the city. Moreover, travelers were better satisfied with attributes that related to availability (0.64) and less satisfied with attributes under timeliness (0.50) and security (0.48). Therefore, service operators and other concerned stakeholders should give urgent attention to attributes under timeliness and security to enhance users’ satisfaction in the provision of bus service in the city.

17

Authors: Michał ZIĘTALA

This paper presents the stability of the GPS and GLONASS system clocks’ stability. It describes the construction of these two systems and calculated four different Allan variances (AVAR), based on the MGEX (the Multi-GNSS Experiment) clock products. Four used variances allowed making a better analysis of each GNSS system clock. The results are shown at different averaging times from 5 s as successive multiples to 655,360 s in a monthly period. The stability of GPS and GLONASS clocks is included in the range of 10-12~10-14 s. The results showed that GLONASS clocks are stable (10-12~10-14 s) and are affected with white frequency noise (WFM). The GPS clock stability models have more fluctuations for τ > 40,960 s and the mean stability is concluded between 10-12~10-13 s. Mean frequency accuracy for GPS clocks is related with WFM and Random Walk Frequency (RWF). The differences in clock stability are caused by several factors – block type, type of clock and the time of a satellite in orbit. These factors have an influence on stability results.

8

Authors: Leszek MINDUR, Maciej MINDUR

The excessive increase in transport intensity is one of the negative impacts on the economy. The costs borne due to transport activities are indirectly expressed by the volume of carriages (in tons) and by the scope of transport activity (in ton-kilometers). The result of social and economic activities are global product values and national incomes. This article shows the research on transport activity expressed through transport activity (in ton-kilometers) for all means of transport in total, the results of social and economic activities expressed using the gross domestic product, as well as shaping transport intensity of national economies in selected European countries. The analysis of the course of the exponential function curves, as well as polynomial curves has been carried out, and conclusions have been formulated on their bases.

10

Authors: Radka JÍROVÁ, Lubomír PEŠÍK

Vibroisolation systems of base desks for machine and testing facilities usually cannot effect efficient changing of their own frequencies according to operating conditions. Especially in the case of the automotive industry, the possibility of changing natural frequencies is very desirable. During varying operating conditions, the vibroisolation system needs to be regulated easily and quickly regarding the minimisation of dynamical forces transmitted to the ground and to ensure the stability of the testing process. This paper describes one of the options of tuning the base desk at a relatively short time and by sufficient change of own frequencies, which decides the dynamical behaviour of the whole system.

11

Authors: Elżbieta MACIOSZEK

Transport plays an important role in the economy of any country. Efficient and developed transport infrastructure of various modes of transport significantly affects the availability of transport services, and consequently, the well-being of citizens. This article presents an analysis of the volume of passengers and cargo transport using rail and road transport in Poland in 2009-2019. These analyses were carried out based on data obtained from the Central Statistical Office. All data concerns Polish entities that provide services in the field of passenger and freight transport in Poland and focuses on such information as the volume of passengers and cargo by individual means of transport, broken down into domestic and international transport. Further, the presented analyses concern the length of the available rail and road routes, tracks, the size of the rolling stock as well as the groups of transported loads.

12

Authors: Siarhei AZEMSHA, Irina KRAVCHENYA, Yuriy VOVK, Oleg LYASHUK, Iryna VOVK

Schedule optimization is a proven strategy to improve service quality for public transport networks. However, current research mostly optimizes schedule design using prior knowledge of users’ routings, ignoring the optimization of public transport schedules on duplicating stretches of route vehicles. This article presents a new alignment technique of time intervals between consecutive vehicles of different routes on duplicating stretches, considering existing public transport networks in attaining optimization of public transport schedule. Scheduling technique of route vehicles on duplicating stretches includes some steps: analysis of public transport network and determining a lot of duplicating stretches, calculation of the optimal time intervals among arrivals of route vehicles and alignment of these intervals among consecutive route vehicles on duplicating stretches, realization simulation model of urban passenger transport within the simulation modeling system of GPSS World. Furthermore, testing the optimization technique of route vehicle scheduling, analysis of the quality of adjusted schedule with route vehicles of different kinds included, and determining the optimization efficiency for duplicating stretches. The adjusting technique of urban passenger transport schedule allows to increase movement steadiness of consecutive vehicles of different routes on duplicating stretches, adjust traffic intervals for each route, shorten the traffic load on stations, reducing idle time and queue lengths of route vehicles in front of transport stops and also minimize waiting time for route vehicle by those passengers who can be transported along several routes. Improving the bus schedule on duplicating stretches in Gomel is illustrated demonstrating the technique developed. This scheduling technique can be used by carriers and transport operators to improve the quality of services provided.

13

Authors: Mulugeta GIRMA, Berhanu WOLDETENSAE

Due to its low fares, public bus transportation as a means of urban road mobility is a popular choice, particularly among city inhabitants. However, owing to its high level of crowdedness, it poses a greater risk of security and safety, particularly during peak hours. Moreover, passengers have continued to voice their dissatisfaction about the services offered, as well as the criminality that occurs in the station and on the bus. The problem is exacerbated in developing countries due to increased travel demand and a lack of appropriate and integrated solutions. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to evaluate commuters' perceptions of their concerns about using public bus transportation in the city, with an emphasis on security and safety in bus operations. A questionnaire survey was used to obtain data from 500 users in the city for the study. Using the SPSS software, the data was analyzed. To find out what they think, a descriptive analysis was used. Overcrowding of buses, personal insecurity, and infrequent bus service are the three biggest concerns in using public bus transportation in the city, according to the results. Furthermore, most of the respondents were concerned about crime; specifically, pickpockets, inappropriate touching, and disrespectful language of drivers and conductors are the three top types of crime that concern passengers who use public bus transportation in the city. Additionally, most people felt more insecure while riding the bus and getting on/off the bus, particularly in the evening and between 9:00 and 12:00 p.m. local time. Thus, it is advised that the Addis Ababa City Transport Authority, the Public Bus Transport Enterprise, and other interested parties place a strong emphasis on security and safety when providing public transportation in the city. Furthermore, it is critical to perform regular victim surveys of passengers (as well as operators) to establish whether they have been criminally victimized on the bus system and by what type of crime. Equally important, regularly assess the likely usefulness of new crime prevention measures for reducing bus-related offenses and prepare an annual bus crime reduction strategy.

14

Authors: Zbigniew STANIK, Andrzej KUBIK, Damian HADRYŚ, Csaba CSISZÁR

This article presents two methods of testing bearing hubs, which may supplement the existing subjective and unreliable methods of diagnostics of rolling bearings used in wheel bearing hubs of motor vehicles and other means of road transport. One of the most important elements responsible for the safety of a vehicle is the bearing hub. Regular monitoring of the technical condition of bearings should become an obligation at vehicle inspection stations when carrying out a technical inspection of a vehicle, authorising it to travel on public roads. This article presents the results of vehicle tests with signs of damage to rolling bearings, using two test stands: one on which the dynamic balancer acted as a device for accelerating the wheel, and the other, which was designed as a test dedicated to automotive rolling bearings, where a dynamic weighbridge was used as the wheel drive, made it impossible to test the wheel at lower rotational speeds. The newly designed and manufactured bearing testing device eliminates the disadvantages of the previous stand, and additionally, enables the measurement of a fully loaded bearing hub, which enables the simulation of real operating conditions on the bearing hub.

15

Authors: Monika BLIŠŤANOVÁ, Michaela KEŠEĽOVÁ, Ľubomíra BRŮNOVÁ

Safety is generally characterised as the state of being “safe”, the condition of being protected from harm or other non-desirable consequences. One effective way of achieving it is to implement a safety management system (SMS). SMS should be seen as an aggregate strategic aspect of standard business management, understanding its high priority to safety. This article describes and illustrates SMS in aviation, focusing on the similarities and differences in the system approaches adopted by selected Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs) with the primary focus on the safety level. The main goal is to provide a structural comparison of the system framework within individual CAAs and its explanation in safety-related documents. This article also dealt with the chosen safety approach (reactive, proactive and predictive) and safety performance indicators (SPIs), forming a quality and effective safety system that maintains an acceptable safety level. Finally, this article is mainly based on datasets publicly available through the International Civil Aviation Organisation, Transport Canada, Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia, Federal Aviation Administration, UK Civil Aviation Authority, Civil Aviation Administration of China and Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand websites and documentation related to safety.

16

Authors: Piotr GORZELANCZYK, Ida POLAK

The main purpose of this article is to make a forecast of the load on the night lines using the Municipal Transport Company in Piła (MTC) as a case study. This article characterizes the concept of urban logistics and mobility, and then proposed a mobility model that considers the preferences of residents when choosing a means of transport. Finally, it ends with a survey and the appropriate conclusions drawn.

17

Authors: Vladimir SHPACHUK, Aleksandr CHUPRYNIN, Tatiana SUPRUN, Andriy KOVALENKO

Mechanical models of a transport system “carriage - track” while crossing a joint irregularity are proposed. An investigation was conducted on the peculiarities of static, shock and dynamic interaction between the four-axle car and the track, considering tram wheelsets motion features over joint irregularity. A method to solve the equations of a mathematical model of static, shock and dynamic interaction is developed. Numerical analysis is used to determine deflections of the facing rail under the first sleeper for each phase of motion depending on motion phases, and car load and speed.

8

Authors: Igor Alex VAKULENKO, Sergey PLITCHENKO, Bulent KURT, Hangardas ASKEROV, Svetlana PROYDAK, Ahmet Emrah ERDOGDU

During a study of the combustion process of a direct polarity electric arc, a directly proportional dependence of the electric current value on the degree of cold plastic deformation of carbon steel used as an electrode was found. To calculate the value of the electric current during arc burning, in the indicated ratio, it was proposed to replace the surface tension force of the liquid metal with the surface tension of ferrite of plastically deformed carbon steel. Calculation of the ferrite’s surface tension value on the deformation degree of the steel under study through the size of the coherent scattering regions was used to explain the observed dependence of the electric current during arc burning. From the analysis of the considered correlation ratios, it was found that with an increase in the cold deformation degree, the refinement of the coherent scattering regions results in the ferrite’s surface tension increase and consequently, to an increase in the electric current during arc burning. Comparative analysis of the obtained results of calculating the value of electric current during arc burning through the surface tension of ferrite of cold-deformed carbon steel showed a fairly good coincidence with experimental data. The differences did not exceed 9%.

9

Authors: Janak TRIVEDI, Mandalapu Sarada DEVI, Dave DHARA

We present vehicle detection classification using the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) of the deep learning approach. The automatic vehicle classification for traffic surveillance video systems is challenging for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) to build a smart city. In this article, three different vehicles: bike, car and truck classification are considered for around 3,000 bikes, 6,000 cars, and 2,000 images of trucks. CNN can automatically absorb and extract different vehicle dataset’s different features without a manual selection of features. The accuracy of CNN is measured in terms of the confidence values of the detected object. The highest confidence value is about 0.99 in the case of the bike category vehicle classification. The automatic vehicle classification supports building an electronic toll collection system and identifying emergency vehicles in the traffic.

10

Authors: Elżbieta MACIOSZEK

Nowadays, air transport is treated as a dynamically developing sector of the world economy. The technological solutions used in this kind of transport are highly advanced; thus, generate high costs, ranging from research through production to the implementation phase. Due to its technological advancement, air transport has several significant advantages over other kinds of transport. This paper presents the characteristics of selected airports in Poland together with statistical data characterising the functioning of the airports. In addition, the plans in recent years regarding the development of air transport infrastructure in Poland were summarised.

11

Authors: Piotr GORZELANCZYK, Bartlomiej SEWERYN

The rapid increase in the number of vehicles in cities and the intensity of their movement necessitates the use of appropriate transport management solutions. Various telematics techniques are used in logistics transport management in cities, which are the basis for the functioning of telematics systems. This article analyses selected telematics techniques used in logistics transport management in cities and presents the developed concept of changes in logistics transport management in the city of Piła, including the use of appropriate telematics techniques. The existing telematics system in the city of Piła and the proposed solutions were subjected to appropriate examination. This study aimed to verify the quality of the current state of the system and learn opinions on the proposed solutions that could be implemented in Piła, considering the effects that could be achieved as a result of improving the existing system. The survey method was used to obtain relevant information. The questionnaire developed, containing the elements assumed in this study, was addressed to respondents residing in Piła and its environs. The survey was conducted in December 2020 and January 2021.

12

Authors: Ali Payıdar AKGÜNGÖR, Elif Zahide MERCAN

Intersections, for vehicles coming from different directions, are conflict points in road networks. When a driver approaching a signalised intersection encounters the yellow light, he/she is in a dilemma either to safely stop or to pass through the intersection during clearance time. The decision to stop or to pass may change depending on some factors such as duration of yellow light, deceleration and acceleration rate, width of intersection, speed and length of vehicle, etc. This study aims to put forth the effects of some related factors affecting the length of the Type I dilemma zone. To perform this study, five factors including vehicle speed, maximum deceleration rate, perception-reaction time, clearance time, the total intersection width-vehicle length were considered and a total of 648 different traffic cases were investigated. The study results showed that the Type I dilemma zone length increased with the increase of speed, total intersection width-vehicle length and perception-reaction time, but decreased with the increase of clearance time and deceleration rate.

12

Authors: Mohammad Mehdi KHABIRI, Pooya AFKHAMY MEYBODI, Ali Mohammad MONTAZERI

Skip resistance of asphalt is an important parameter that can influence the safety of drivers on roads. Although there is a linear relationship between slipping on road surfaces and accidents, the impacts of pollutants for decreasing friction of roads is clear to researchers. Moisture and temperature influence friction and safety. In this research in SMA samples, three different gradations with the maximum nominal sizes of 19, 12.5 and 9.5, based on international standards were used. For polluting the surface, five materials that are found on roads were used, including fine-grained soil, sand, oil, soot and rubber powder. To measure the skip resistance, the British pendulum tester was used and for analysing macro-texture, the sand patch method was used. The results of this research showed that by increasing the maximum nominal size of aggregates, the depth of macro-texture in surfaces are grown and this is due to the decrease of fine aggregates in larger gradations. Because of the higher flexibility of pure bitumen, the applied compression pressure on rigid aggregates can cause indentations in the substrate and result in declining the roughness height of aggregates in the mixed surface. This leads to declining the hysteresis part of friction by increasing temperature.

13

Authors: Tomasz KĄDZIOŁKA, Kazimierz OPOKA

Steering systems are one of the most important components of a car and have a direct impact on safety and driving comfort. Therefore, high reliability is required of them. One of the methods of object reliability estimation may be the grey system theory. This method can be used not only to calculate the number of failures, but also to calculate the wear of mating parts, and the vibrations of engines and rolling elements. This work presents the use of the grey system theory for the examination of motor vehicle steering system reliability. The forecast number of failures was calculated for the various components of the steering system and the grey system accuracy was assessed. This is aimed at finding out how useful this theory is for forecasting the number of steering system failures.

15

Authors: Jacek CABAN

Transport has a great impact on human activities but contributes to many negative phenomena occurring in road traffic, for example, road traffic accidents, emission of toxic exhaust fumes into the atmosphere and a high share of cars in road traffic. For the above reasons, many initiatives have been taken in the field of road traffic management and urban logistics. Based on a literature review, it was found that the problem of the phenomenon of traffic congestion in urban areas remains an ongoing issue. In the first part of this article, the theoretical issues of traffic flow and congestion formation in the city road networks were presented. While the second part outlines the situation of transport congestion in 10 Polish cities based on the worldwide TomTom Traffic Index in the years 2008-2018. This study is a brief analysis of the trends relating to transport congestion based on the TomTom Traffic Index in these cities.

19

Authors: Obioma R. NWAOGBE, Somtochukwu P. ODIOBULU, Victor OMOKE

This study assesses the operational safety and security of a category one airport in Nigeria, using the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, Abuja (NAIA) as the case study airport. Data were sourced using structured questionnaire and oral interviews. A total of 180 questionnaires were administered and 165 questionnaires were retrieved, amounting to a 91.7% rate of response. The structured questionnaire used aimed at identifying various safety and security parameters in the study area. This study examined the trend of the effectiveness of safety and security variable in airport operations, safety and employee’s attitude towards safety risk management using the Multicriteria Decision Analysis model to achieve this objective. The results show the weighty level, satisfaction index and effective index of the safety and security parameters used in the analysis with their score and effective index graph. Recommendation on how to improve the airport safety operations were made following policy implication on how to improve the safety management system of the airport.