Nanotechnologies in Construction: A Scientific Internet-Journal

150-157

Authors: Abdrakhmanova L.A., Galeev R.R., Khantimirov A. G., Khozin V.G.

Introduction. The most effective binding agents in wood-polymer composites based on polyvinyl chloride are carboncontaining nanostructures, which improve the electrical, physical-mechanical, rheological properties, as well as the structure and durability of the composites. Their main disadvantage is a high degree of particle aggregation, which makes it difficult to mix and process them in polymer compositions. In this regard, an urgent task is to search for such carbon nanomodifiers that would have a low degree of aggregation and low cost. Methods and materials. The paper studies the effectiveness of mechanically activated petroleum cokes as binding agents in building wood-polymer composites based on polyvinyl chloride. Mechanical activation leads to the functionalization of carbon particles of coke with the formation of oxygen-containing groups on the surface. The effect of various amounts of coke (up to 10% of the mass of wood flour) is considered and the relationship between the nature of coke and their concentration in the polymer compositions with the main technological (melt flow) and operational (tensile and bending strength, high elasticity modulus, hardness, water absorption and thermal stability) indicators and supramolecular structure of woodpolymer composites has been identified. Results and discussion. With the introduction of cokes, a high degree of orientation of the supramolecular structures of the composites in the direction of extrusion of the samples is observed, which leads to an increase in the breaking strength and bending strength, as well as the high elasticity modulus. The optimal concentration of additives was determined from 0.1 to 5%. In relation to wood flour, the amount of which in the wood-polymer composition is 50 mass parts per 100 mass parts PVC. Conclusion. The introduction of mechanically activated petroleum cokes as binding agents in wood-polymer composites based on polyvinyl chloride has been carried out. Mechanical activation made it possible to reduce the aggregation of coke particles into larger agglomerates, which makes it possible to efficiently introduce the nanomodifier in dry form and to exclude the introduction of nanomodifier in the form of aqueous dispersions, which is a rather energy-intensive production operation.

171-180

Authors: Belozerov V.V., Voroshilov I.V., Denisov A.N., Nikulin M.A., Oleinikov S.N.

Introduction. At present, both abroad and in Russia, accidents, fires and explosions in the engineering systems of multiapartment residential buildings and individual residential buildings have become more frequent. At the same time, the "creators" of automated systems for monitoring and accounting of energy resources (ASKUE) did not attend to the solution of the problems of safety of engineering systems, since their goals were exclusively commercial tasks – "digitalization" of energy consumption metering and detection of illegal consumption of such sources. Therefore, in this article, an attempt is made to "eliminate clutter" in the automation of engineering systems in the residential sector. Methods, models and tools. Based on the analysis of engineering systems of multi-apartment residential buildings and individual residential buildings, as a result of the functioning of which not only the delivery of life support resources (gas, cold and hot water, electricity, communications, etc.) is carried out, but also fire-energy and environmental harm occurs, a methodology has been developed for the "intellectualization" of the means of accounting for the supplied resources, for the purpose of diagnosing and suppressing fire-energy harm using modern nanotechnologies and, thus, preventing accidents, explosions and fires in the residential sector. Results and discussion. The methodology of "intellectualization" is based on the dialectical unity of benefits and harms from consumed energy resources (electricity, domestic gas, hot and cold water), as well as to carry out a systemic synthesis of nanotechnologies and means of "detection and suppression" of fire-energy harm. The novelty of the research is protected by RF patents. Conclusion. The proposed approach makes it possible to "eliminate the disorder before the automation" of engineering systems of multi-apartment residential buildings and individual residential houses, by "intellectualizing" metering devices and optimizing nanotechnologies for suppressing fire-energy harm which leads to socio-economic losses.

193-200

Authors: Tuktarova I.O., Bolotov R.A.

Introduction. Unauthorized dumps are territories that are not permitted and not equipped in accordance with the current legislation of the territory, where waste products are disposed of. Most of the unauthorized dumps, both industrial and municipal solid waste (MSW), are objects of accumulated harm. In connection with the increase in the use of nanoparticles of various genesis in engineering materials, there is a need to assess their impact on environmental components and human health. One of the main marker substances that determine the ecotoxicological effect of dumps are heavy metals, including those entering the environment in the form of metal-containing nanoparticles. Their identification, determination of the processes of horizontal and vertical migration of pollutants (P), identification of the intensity of negative processes are necessary information for making decisions on the choice of methods and technologies for recultivation of disturbed areas. Currently, there are no legislative acts (LA) that take into account the specifics of such objects in the study of territories within the framework of environmental surveys (ES), which necessarily precede the implementation of project documentation for recultivation. A vital task is to develop a methodological approach to diagnosing the state of territories disturbed as a result of waste disposal, and to reliably determine the boundaries of soil pollution, taking into account modern trends in the development of nanotechnology. Methods and materials. The analytical study was based on the results of environmental surveys at four unauthorized dumps of the Republic of Bashkortostan (three dumps for municipal solid waste (MSW) and one dump for industrial waste), carried out in 2019–2020. Results and discussion. A study of the reliability and completeness of determining the level of soil pollution in the territory of the dumps was made. Deviations from the requirements of СS 11-102-97, GOST 17.4.3.01-83 in terms of the number of sampling points and their spatial location were revealed. It was found that the requirements of Article 1 and Article 80.1 of the Federal Law of 10.01.2001 No.7-FL “On Protection of Environment” on identifying negative environmental changes and establishing the ability of pollutants to migrate to other components of the environment were not taken into account. Conclusions. The existing methodological approaches to establishing the boundaries of soil pollution in the areas where unauthorized dumps are located require revision and specification.