Vestnik of Vitebsk State Technological University

18-27

Authors: Volha A. Dubrouskaya, Dzmitry B. Ryklin, Svyatlana E. Savanovich, Uladzislau U. Zaitsau

The need to protect people and sensitive electronic and electrical devices from the detrimental effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a pressing issue across various sectors, including medical equipment, aviation, telecommunications, electronics, and electrical engineering. Insufficient EMI protection can pose serious risks to the safety, reliability and operational efficiency of various industries and economic sectors. The study aims to assess the efficacy of applying two-layer fabrics for EMR shielding with the frequency range from 2 to 17 GHz. The findings suggest that the use of two-layer packages of shielding fabrics is effective only when the steel fiber content is relatively low. As the mass of steel fibers in the fabric significantly increases, due to a denser arrangement of the yarns containing them, the addition of layers does not considerably affect the ability to reflect EMR. Experimental results indicate that as the steel mass increases to 18 g/m2 of fabric, the effect of adding layers entirely diminishes. The most plausible explanation for this effect is a substantial increase in the influence of multiple re-reflection of electromagnetic waves in packages formed from such fabrics. The obtained results will contribute to the development of shielding fabrics and packages based on them, aiming to provide optimal protection within specified frequency ranges, taking while considering the specific operational requirements.

37-43

Authors: Natalia A. Gissek, Tatyana A. Samoilova, Petr A. Sevostyanov

The technological process can be studied based on data on the transformation of the distributions of characteristics of the processed fibrous material. The model of distribution transformation can be used as a tool for process control and optimization. We view the technological process as a heterogeneous discrete Markov probabilistic process. The authors proposed a probabilistic model for transforming the distribution of a particular quantitative characteristic of fibers in the flow of fibrous material in the technological process. The transformation of the fiber material distribution in this process is predicated on a weighting function relating the distributions of fiber and fibrous material characteristics before and after the process. Through discretization of the model, the transformation matrix was determined. The article discusses various methods for solving the problem of estimating the weighting transformation function. An adaptive random search is proposed as an algorithm for optimal estimation of transformation matrix elements. It has been established that the quality of the assessment depends on a priori information about the process. The formulated model for describing the transformations of the characteristics of fibrous material in the technological process enables the study of the features of the interaction of fibers with the working parts of machines and facilitated the control and optimization of the mode of this interaction.

51-60

Authors: Olga V. Meteleva, Lyudmila I. Bondarenko

Anticipated weather conditions should be taken into account when designing water protection products for employees whose professional activities are carried out outdoors. The dimensions of the protective elements are unified or standardized disregarding the most likely area of water impact on the parts of the products. The influence of the inclination angle of areas of the clothing surface, including those with seams, on the duration of their wetness was experimentally investigated. The experiment was conducted using a specially created and patented installation. Research findings indicate that the angle of the surface portion of the article in space, taking into account the direction of the water flow, significantly affects its resistance to blotting. The duration of the soaking time is minimal in those areas of the garment where water falls at angles from 60º to 90º to the surface. Joint seams shall not be located in these areas. Thread seams of all types of structures get wet faster than fabric. Vertical joints are more resistant to blotting. The relationships of the average rate of change of the wet area from the angle of inclination to the vertical on each of the investigated sections were analyzed. The analysis demonstrated that it is necessary to take into account the maximum angle of fall of water on the inclined surface of clothing. He showed that it is necessary to take into account the maximum angle of fall of water on the inclined surface of clothing. The minimum zone of probable wetness protected by pads has been determined: on the back it should include the shoulder section from the shoulder seam to the level of at least 25–30º to the vertical; on the front surface – the entire upper surface of the chest also to a level where the slope of the front surface is at least 8–10º to the vertical.

69-83

Authors: Ryta N. Tomashava, Aliaksei N. Pryvalau, Iryna V. Karelina

The article presents the outcomes of industrial testing of technologies for final finishing of elastic leathers with natural and polished surfaces. The quality of technological processes for finishing leather was assessed using a comprehensive set of qualitative and quantitative indicators. The degree of adhesion of the resultant polymer coating to the leather surface was quantified. The impact of technological finishing processes on the alteration in the hygienic properties of semi-finished leather products was investigated. The physical and mechanical properties of the resulting leathers were examined for their technological appropriateness and compliance with the stipulations of regulatory and technical documentation. It was determined that the technologies tested for finishing the front surface of semi-finished leather products enable the production of high-quality finished leather, satisfying most criteria outlined in regulatory documents. Recommendations were formulated for optimizing the technology of finishing semi-finished leather products to enhance the quality attributes of finished leather. The industrial application of the tested technology will significantly augment production efficiency, expand the product range and generate additional profit from the production and sale of new products that are in demand on the market.

92-101

Authors: Julia A. Samolazova, Sviatlana V. Piatrova-Kuminskaya

Endowing textile materials with antimicrobial properties aims to achieve two main goals: protection of the material from the effects of microorganisms and protection from the effects of pathogenic microflora of objects in contact with textile materials. The most promising approach in the finishing process is the use of dyes or textile auxiliaries, the bactericidal activity of which is known and sufficiently investigated. An analysis of modern preparations, known in medicine as bactericidal or antiseptic, shows that many of them are similar in structure and other characteristics to preparations widely used in textile chemistry as intensifiers of the dyeing process of synthetic fibrous materials. This work is devoted to the study of the processes of dyeing hydrophobic textile materials with dispersed dyes using preparations with antibacterial properties (triclosan, hydroquinone, resorcinol, β-naphthol) as intensifiers. As a result of the work carried out, the influence of the nature and concentration of preparations on the color characteristics of fabrics and the kinetics of dyeing processes was studied; the optimal method of processing materials with the strongest intensifier – triclosan – was selected. The obtained results indicate the possibility of using considered representatives of phenols, which have antibacterial properties, as intensifiers for dyeing polyester, polyamide and acetate fabrics. This will increase the selection of dyes, reduce the dyeing temperatures and at the same time impart biocidal properties to fabrics, thereby reducing the stages of final finishing.

110-123

Authors: Iryna A. Bahatka, Alena V. Vankevich

In the context of accelerated digital transformation in the banking sector of the Republic of Belarus, in order to increase the customer base, banks have to transit from simple servicing in sales offices to building effective online communications. Individual communication is expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, communication with the client should be organized with the maximum possible reduction of human participation in solving issues. Most requests should be satisfied around the clock from the first online request. To track the index of consumer loyalty and customer satisfaction, it is necessary to receive feedback at every stage of communication. The purpose of the research is to develop directions for digitalization of communications used by commercial banks of the Republic of Belarus. Within the framework of this study, the foreign experience of digitalization of banking communications has been studied; the content of the official websites of Belarusian banks and the communication automation tools they use has been analyzed; directions for improving the efficiency of communications in the banking sector of the Republic of Belarus have been proposed. The study showed that commercial banks of the Republic of Belarus are at the initial stage of automation of communications, there is a significant variation in the levels of digitalization of communications of different banking institutions. The obtained results led to the conclusion that in order to improve the efficiency of communications in the banking sector of the Republic of Belarus, it is necessary to develop an omnichannel communication strategy, maintain a balance between automation of communications and a personalized approach, refine chatbots, organize feedback and ensure personal data protection.

133-144

Authors: Tamara V. Kasayeva, Zhanna A. Kovalenko, Polina O. Nemkina, Oksana G. Chebotareva

The income and expenses of a commercial organization are one of the most important objects of economic analysis and are in the constant field of view of theoretical economists and practitioners. Recently, many economists have been paying attention to the need not only for a structural and dynamic analysis of the income and expenses of a commercial organization, but also for assessment of their quality. Appropriate criteria and indicators were developed. The application of the developed methods in the conditions of real economic entities does not always allow us to draw an unambiguous conclusion about the quality of their income and expenses incurred due to the divergence of the obtained values of indicators. The problem of assessing the quality of income in integration forms of associations is particularly relevant, which would allow for the ranking of individual organizations that are part of them, not only by size, but also by the quality of income received. This study attempts to develop a tool to solve this problem. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for the integral assessment of the quality of income and expenses of a commercial organization and its validation in the conditions of one of the integration forms of associations. The object of the study is the State Association "Vitebsk concern "Meat and Dairy Products". The scientific novelty of the research is an attempt to develop a methodology for the integral assessment of the quality of income and expenses based on the synthesis of a scoring model, taking into account the weighting coefficients of individual criteria and their point evaluation. The validation of the developed model in the conditions of the selected object of research has shown that it can be used not only to differentiate the structural units of the association, but also to identify the most problematic areas in the management of income and expenses of a particular commercial organization.

17-26

Authors: Veronika Marchenko, Dzmitry Ryklin

Reducing the electrifiability of fabrics for the special clothing manufacture is an urgent task. One way to reduce the specific surface electrical resistance of fabrics is to introduce into their structure antistatic yarns containing metal fibers. Under operating conditions, overalls are subjected to various influences, such as washing. After repeated washes, clothing may lose its original protective properties, which may put the life and health of the worker at risk. The aim of the research is to determine the change in the fabrics antistatic properties for overalls after repeated washings. During the study, the specific surface electrical resistance of two fabric samples with different arrangements of antistatic yarns was determined with an investment of 10 % Bekinox steel fiber before and after washing cycles. As a result of 20 washes, the studied fabric samples are characterized by a low value of the specific surface electrical resistance, which allows us to consider them antistatic. Based on the application of the Mann-Whitney criterion, it was found that the change in antistatic properties after each subsequent washing is statistically insignificant, however, there is an accumulation of minor changes in properties, as a result of which the specific surface resistance of fabrics increases almost monotonously. The results will make it possible to predict the change in antistatic properties during the use of workwear.

38-49

Authors: Anastasia Radyuk, Alexander Burkin, Victor Shapovalov, Sergey Zotov, Aliona Timofeenko

Currently, the processing of waste materials based on various wood fillers and thermoplastic polymers is considered to be an effective direction for producing new composite materials with a certain complex of properties. The aim of the study is to determine the possibility of using pulverized wood waste (wood dust) as a filler in polyurethane base for creating materials for shoe soles. The article describes the technology of producing granulate and materials, presents various formulation compositions for materials used for shoe soles manufacturing. Composite materials containing wood dust in the amount of 1–5.0 wt.% as a filler were produced, physical and mechanical properties were investigated and SEM data of the samples' shearing were presented. Addition of the filler allows to use rationally the wastes of sawing and milling, to cheapen considerably the composition, to receive acceptable strength characteristics at maximum filling. Using the wastes of various productions for making new products, it is possible to partially reduce environmental pollution and increase the utilization rate of expensive raw materials which are not produced in Belarus.

59-68

Authors: Ivan Tsimanov, Vyacheslav Sergeyev, Aliaksandr Hrachanikau

Protection of concrete and reinforced concrete structures against corrosion is an important and urgent problem, the solution of which is aimed at increasing the service life of structures and structures of various purposes. The purpose of this article is to study corrosion of concrete paving tiles as a result of the effect on it of an aggressive aquatic environment. The solution of alkali (NaOH) (Type I corrosion) was selected as the aggressive component and was replaced periodically (after 2, 7 and 14 days). The results of the investigation of the corrosion process Type I of paving tiles allowed to determine the main kinetic dependencies of corrosion processes and corrosion rate. Based on the obtained dependencies, it is determined that the diffusion kinetic corrosion area for concrete paving tiles occurs after 7 days. After 14 days, there will be a diffusion corrosion area. The fracture depth of the pavement concrete at the time of the end of the test (0.017 cm) and the predicted fracture depth for the life of the product (0.18 cm) have been calculated. As a result of experimental studies, it has been determined that the quality assessment of the product can be carried out not only on physical and mechanical properties, but also on durability and anti-corrosion properties. The appropriateness of different protection measures, the variation of components of the mixture composition in the manufacture of tiles and their effectiveness can be assessed by comparing the corrosion rate and the fracture depth of protected and unprotected concrete.

82-94

Authors: Iryna Kalinouskaya

The issues of informatization and development of the digital economy in the Republic of Belarus are of particular interest to the state, legal entities and individuals. Belarus is actively developing a regulatory framework for the development of the digital economy, introducing modern digital technologies in all sectors of the economy, increasing the level of digital literacy among people. Digitalization is an important component of economic development, improving the quality of life and the efficiency of public administration. The purpose of the research was to make a picture of the level of digitalization of the Republic of Belarus and its regions using national and international evaluation criteria and rating determination. The methodological basis of the study was a general scientific, systematic and integrated approach, methods of analysis, synthesis, comparative and economic-statistical analysis. The information base of the study includes materials from the National Statistical Committee, data from the Hi-Tech Park and the results of international studies on the establishment of digitalization ratings of states. It is determined that the Republic of Belarus belongs to a promising group of countries in terms of the level of digital transformation of the economy, and its position on the main international indicators in the field of digitalization of the economy is defined as average. Minsk, the Minsk region and the Gomel region are singled out as the regions with the highest level of digitalization.

109-127

Authors: Vladislav Mironchik, Alena Vankevich

The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical approaches and practical recommendations for the organization of the functioning of university technoparks to increase their contribution to the development of youth entrepreneurship at the regional level. The analysis of theoretical approaches to the organization of technoparks allowed us to identify their main goals (promoting economic growth through the development of innovative entrepreneurship) and tasks. On the basis of generalization and systematization of positive foreign experience in the creation and development of technoparks, four organizational models of technoparks (American, European, Japanese, Chinese) are identified, the differences of which consist in determining the main element in the creation of a technopark (university, priority industry or region), which forms the directions of its development and support measures. It is proved that technoparks have a positive impact on the development of entrepreneurship and economic growth. Based on empirical data from the EU-27 countries for 2015–2022 a statistically significant, strong, directly proportional relationship between the dynamics of GDP and the development of entrepreneurship and the startup movement was revealed, which confirmed the author's hypothesis about the positive impact of entrepreneurship on GDP growth rates. The analysis of the development of technoparks in the Republic of Belarus allowed us to identify two organizational models – technoparks created by regional government bodies and university technoparks. Based on the author's expert survey of young people, the potential for the development of youth entrepreneurship in the region has been determined, priority activities (services, advertising), areas of support and existing barriers have been identified. It is shown that university technoparks are an effective tool for the development of youth innovative entrepreneurship in the region, but their functioning requires joint efforts of the government, regional authorities and the university. In the Republic of Belarus, local authorities assist in the development of only those technoparks whose founders are regional government bodies. At the same time, university technoparks practically do not have any additional benefits. Therefore, the commercialization of scientific developments of the university is carried out only by the efforts of the university itself. Practical recommendations are proposed to improve the conditions of economic activity and promote the sustainable financial and economic condition of university technoparks in Belarus (introduction of additional benefits and reduction of tariffs for electricity and heat, changes in the distribution of income from sublease, adoption of a program to stimulate researchers to carry out innovative activities).

18-25

Authors: Lisouski Dmitry, Yasinskaya Natallia, Kuznetsov Andrey

The classical technology of alkaline decoction followed by bleaching, used in the textile industry for the chemical cottonization of flax fiber, has a number of disadvantages. It includes the environmental impact of aggressive chemicals, high energy and water consumption, and negative environmental impacts. Using production facilities of Orsha Linen Mill, bioscouring of cottonized flax fiber was carried out by introducing various enzyme compositions based on pectinases. The biochemical method for producing bleached cottonized fiber includes the operations of biochemical and oxidative pulping. The produced scoured fiber had a smaller mass length, its decrease was more evident, and the diameter was 6.5 % smaller in comparison with the fiber produced by the traditional method. The pretreated with enzymes and bleached flax fiber showed a comparable diameter value with the fiber obtained as a result of alkaline scouring. The content of cellulolytic activity in the composition increased the content of short fibers, but contributed to a decrease in the average diameter by more than 35 %. It has been proven that pre-enzymatic treatment makes it possible to produce fine cottonized flax fiber suitable for the production of yarn with improved quality indicators.

36-48

Authors: Safonov Pavel, Levakova Natallia

The research is devoted to topical issues of designing, choosing a rational structure and studying the radio and technical properties of fabrics designed to shield electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range. The article shows that single-layer woven structures can provide effective protection against electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range due to a high degree of reflection (Cref = 88...99 %). If necessary, by alternating fabrics with different reflection and absorption coefficients in the package, the effect of multiple internal reflection can be realized. The conducted studies have confirmed that the shielding properties of fabrics can be varied by changing the geometry of the cell formed by the conductive threads of the warp and weft. The dependence between the length of the electromagnetic wave and the size of the side of the cell necessary for its reflection is confirmed. For effective shielding, it is proposed to use combined yarns with different percentages of steel fibers and combined electrically conductive threads, which should contain metal wire with low electrical resistance (copper and its alloys, steel). Fabrics with a surface density from 55 to 220 g/m2 have been developed, which have a transmission coefficient equal to or less than -30 dB at a radiation frequency from 300 kHz to 16 GHz.

59-66

Authors: Tumanov Vladimir, Kuznetsov Andrey, Murycheva Victoria

The article presents studies of the influence of scale factor on the strength properties of artificial leathers. The method of simulation modeling enables to determine general patterns of influence of linear dimensions of surface-retentive materials on their strength properties. Simulation was performed by the type and parameter of the law of distribution of the breaking load for specimens consisting of one section, the breaking load of which along the length is constant. In order to identify the influence of the geometric dimensions of the sample on the average value of its breaking load, the same experiments were simulated for man-made leather samples with variable length and width. In order to experimentally verify the preliminary conclusions, an experimental evaluation of the breaking load of artificial leather at various geometric dimensions was carried out. The object of the study was double-layered man-made leather, item Hongxin 11022-16. Sample thickness of 0.9 mm, surface density is 435 g/m2. Tests were conducted using TIME WDW-5 universal testing machine on samples of rectangular shape. As a result of this research, the possibility of practical use of the test simulation method for studying the influence of the scale factor on the strength properties of man-made leather was shown.

77-89

Authors: Hrachanikau Aliaksandr, Kauchur Andrei, Manak Pavel, Tsimanov Ivan

The purpose of the work was to assess the effectiveness of using a composite additive based on the sediments of chemical water treatment of thermal power plants and coal-containing components (peat) in the manufacture of ceramic bricks. The feasibility of using peat-containing components in combination with non-calcined sediments of chemical water preparation of thermal power plants as an additive to the ceramic mass in the production of various products is considered. Solution of technical problem is presented by additionally introducing peat with fraction of 0.5–5 mm in amount of 2–3.5 wt% and non-calcined sediments of chemical water preparation of heat and power plants in amount of up to 10 wt% into standard ceramic mass for production of building bricks. At Obolsky Ceramic Plant, prototypes of ceramic bricks with a composite additive of coal-containing components (peat) and chemical water treatment deposits were made. Studies of the physical and mechanical properties of the prototypes showed that the resulting ceramic brick corresponds to STB 1160-99 «Ceramic bricks and stones. Specifications ».

102-113

Authors: Maruschak Yulia, Yasinskaya Natallia, Skobova Natallia, Sergeev Vyacheslav

Polyurethane-coated fabrics (eco-leather) have become a popular material for the production of clothing and haberdashery. The authors have developed and implemented a technology for applying a polyurethane coating on a woven base at Baranovichi Cotton Production Association. The difference between the newly developed technology for the production of eco-leather and the existing ones is the use of a foamed polyurethane composition. The aim of the work is to determine the dependence of the physical and mechanical properties of eco-leather on the conditions for the formation of a polymer coating (foam ratio and drying time). To achieve these goals, prototypes of polyurethane- coated fabrics were prepared. The experiment was carried out using the Kono matrix with two repetitions of each series of experiments. With an increase in the expansion ratio of the foam from β = 1.25 to β = 1.75, the volume of liquid in it decreases, which leads to a decrease in the rigidity of the finished material, thus it improves its vapor and air permeability. It is advisable to use high-viscosity polyurethane compositions (β= 1.75), since low-viscosity ones (β = 1.25) penetrate too deeply into the structure of the woven base, while giving the coated materials increased rigidity. With a drying time of 10 minutes and a multiplicity of β = 1.75, the resistance of the eco-leather polymer layer to abrasion decreases. The obtained dependences must be taken into account in the future in the production of polyurethane-coated fabrics, depending on the area of their application and customer requirements.

125-138

Authors: Bandarenka Natallia

The innovative development of the economy of the Republic of Belarus requires the attraction of investment resources. Investments, along with innovations, are one of the factors in accelerating the social and economic development of the country. At the same time, investment flows largely depend on external factors, such as the closed borders, the presence of economic sanctions, financial interdependence between countries, etc. The purpose of the study is to assess the trends in attracting foreign investment to the economy of the Republic of Belarus under the current conditions of foreign economic relations. The article analyses the trends in the investment activity of the Republic of Belarus for 2014–2022. The factors influencing the formation of the investment attractiveness of the country, as well as the structure and volume of investment are summarized. The impact of the pandemic and external sanctions in the short term on the dynamics of the country's investment flows is determined. The analysis is based on data from the National Statistical Committee and the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus.

152-160

Authors: Zhang Feilong

The purpose of this work is to analyze the spatial relationship of economic development levels between prefecture-level cities (including prefecture-level administrative regions) in China from 2001 to 2019, and to study the impact of new urbanization policies on regional economic development. The results of the study show that, for a long time, the cities/regions along the eastern coast of China have a high level of economic development and close economic ties. They are located in: the Greater Bay Area, the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration, and the Central-South urban agglomeration in Liaoning Province. The level of economic development of western cities/regions is low, and the spatial relationship of economic development has weakened, but this trend has weakened in recent years. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in clarifying the spatial characteristics of China's regional economic layout and putting forward policy recommendations for improving new-type urbanization.

171-185

Authors: Yasheva Galina, Vailunova Yulia, Savosina Angelina

Clustering contributes to the achievement of sustainable development goals, as clusters allow: creating jobs, increasing labor productivity, enhancing innovation, developing small and medium-sized businesses. The cluster approach in the Republic of Belarus based on the ESG concept (Environmental (E) – environment; Social (S) – social development; Governance (G) – company management) is proposed to be improved. Clustering allows not only to increase the investment attractiveness of the region and the country, but also to form and develop mutually beneficial cooperation and partnerships between cluster members, the development of related economic activities, and the formation of innovative infrastructure. Therefore, clustering based on the ESG concept will contribute to sustainable economic growth, which confirms the relevance of the topic. The purpose of the study is to justify the directions of using the ESG concept to increase investment attractiveness and develop clusters in the Republic of Belarus. The concept of ESG for the formation and development of clusters is considered in the article. The analysis of investment activity in the Republic of Belarus was carried out. The processes of clustering in the Republic of Belarus are analyzed. The directions of using the ESG concept in clusters in the Republic of Belarus are substantiated, including education in the field of the ESG concept; methodological support of the ESG concept in the cluster; organizational support of the ESG concept in the cluster. Thus, the introduction of the ESG concept in clusters will increase their investment attractiveness for external investors; increase demand for cluster products by increasing customer loyalty and improving the image of cluster organizations; will improve the quality of the workforce through the development of the employer brand, which in general will contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals.