Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

1-9

Authors: Akinpelu FO, Akinwande R

In this paper, Lassa fever disease model was formulated. The model was divided into five compartments susceptible (S), latent (L), infected (I), isolated (Is) and recovered (R) classes. The equilibrium states, basic reproduction number were obtained using generation matrix and their stabilities were analyzed using Descartes’ rule of sign and comparison test. The results show that the disease free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically stable when . Finally, sensitivity analysis was carried out and it was shown that the parameter is the most sensitive.

17-24

Authors: Peter, S. Ola, Abdulquadri, O. Alabere

Reservoir characterization and structural mapping using integration of well logs and 3-D seismic data was carried out to determine the prolificacy of OVU field, onshore Niger delta. The distribution of reservoir physical parameters (porosity, permeability etc.) and availability of traps that favour hydrocarbon accumulation in the field were evaluated. Four hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs were delineated out of several identified sands in the field out of which three horizons were mapped. Two major growth faults, an antithetic fault and five synthetic faults were delineated. Structural closures were identified as rollover anticlines with the trapping mechanism delineated as a Fault assisted anticlinal structure. The computed range of values for gross thickness, volume of shale, net to gross, water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, total porosity and absolute permeability with respect to each reservoir are: 18-125m, 9 -17%, 83-92%, 18–28%, 62- 82%, 21 – 23%, and 736-3965mD respectively. Hydrocarbon reserves calculations reveals a total reserve of 30.9 billion stock tank barrels of oil. With the very good to excellent calculated values of petrophysical parameters and high hydrocarbon reserve together with the suitable trapping mechanisms makes the study field prolific. Few wells exist in the southwestern corner of the field where a closure is identified in this study. The area should therefore be subjected to further evaluation with a view to increasing the number of wells there.

32-51

Authors: Consul, Juliana Iworikumo, Okrinya, Aniayam

This research is concerned with the Bayesian methodology of relaxing the proportional hazard model by having non-proportional hazard model such as a piecewise constant hazard model. The form of the baseline hazard was also relaxed using the piecewise constant hazard model. It will allow the form of the baseline hazard to change. In addition, the coefficients of the covariates can change over time and this allows for non-proportionality of hazards whereby the proportional hazard assumption will be inappropriate. We use the Bayesian approach to inference in incorporating covariates into the model using a breast cancer data.

59-66

Authors: UGBA T. PIUS, EZE C. ONYEBUCHI, OGIDI P. CHINASA, EKLE F. ADOBA

This paper develops a cloud-based data security using advanced encryption standard (AES) and blowfish algorithms to enhance information security in cloud computing. Cloud computing is a technology that offers hosted services over the Internet. It provides a distributed computing environment through which people can share resources, services and information among themselves through the use of internet. However, due to the high growth in the field of cloud computing, data privacy, data confidentiality, data security and data integrity became the major threats to the full adoption of this promising technology. These security challenges pose serious danger to cloud computing and need to be enhanced and resolved. The researcher proposed a new security system for cloud computing which introduces a mechanism through which information can be protected from unauthorized users. In this system, a combination of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Blow Fish algorithm and Short Message Service (SMS) are implemented to enhance data security in the cloud. Their combined features provide three way security: confidentiality, authentication and verification. AES encryption algorithm is proposed for confidentiality of data, Blow Fish algorithm for authentication and SMS for verification. The new security system addresses issues of privacy, confidentiality, security and integrity of data stored in the cloud. The resulting application is designed using Object Oriented Analysis and Design Method (OOADM) and is implemented using C# programming language and MYSQL database.

79-87

Authors: Utin U.E., Oguike P.C.

Knowledge of water infiltration into soils is required in determining how much water is stored in the root zone for crops and for the design of irrigation systems. Therefore, infiltration models are useful tools in predicting water infiltration into the soil. A study was conducted to evaluate two infiltration models on soils derived from coastal plain sands (CPs), sandstone (SSt) and river alluvium (ALv) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The models were Kostiakov’s (KOS), and Philip’s (PHI) models. Ten observation points were selected from each of the three parent materials totaling thirty (30), where infiltration studies were carried out. Topsoil (0-20 cm) samples were also collected for laboratory analysis of some soil physical properties. Data generated were summarized using mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to determine the goodness of fit of the infiltration models with the field-measured data. Infiltration model with the highest R2 and NE as well as lowest RMSE was adjudged best in predicting water infiltration. Results showed that the highest means of infiltration model parameters were observed in SSt soil as follows: Kostiakov’s K (1.376 cm min-1) and α (0.893) and Philip’s S (0.667 cm min-1/2) and A (0.813 cm min-1). Alluvial (ALv) soil had the lowest mean values of the models’ parameters as follows: 0.067 cm min-1 and 0.800 for Kostiakov’s K and α, respectively as well as 0.068 cm min-1/2 and 0.018 cm min-1 for Philip’s S and A, respectively. In the CPs soil, Philip’s model with the highest R2, highest NE and lowest RMSE of 0.999, 0.999 and 0.013 predicted water infiltration better than Kostiakov’s model with R2, NE and RMSE of 0.998, 0.998 and 0.015, respectively. In the SSt soil, Kostiakov’s model, with R2, NE and RMSE of 0.999, 0.999 and 0.012, respectively gave better predictions of water infiltration than Philip’s model with R2 of 0.998, NE of 0.998 and RMSE of 0.018. In the ALv soil, KOS had R2, NE and RMSE of 0.998, 0.997 and 0.016 while the values for PHI were 0.997, 0.994 and 0.019, respectively, indicating that KOS predicted water infiltration better than PHI in this soil. Philip’s model gave the best prediction of water infiltration in CPs soil while the Kostiakov’s model was best for soils of sandstone and alluvial parent materials. The Philip’s model was therefore recommended for the prediction of water infiltration in soils derived from coastal plain sands while the Kostiakov’s model was recommended for sandstone and alluvial soils of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

97-107

Authors: Joseph Isabona, Kingsley Obahiagbon

In multiuser wireless communication systems, interference and fading are two key factors that impact the energy efficiency and user data transmission capacity which can be deal with by means of channel equalization. In this paper, the influence of linear and non-linear channel equalization on single cell MIMO system with equivalent dimensions of antennas at the receiver and transmitter is demonstrated. Specifically, the achievable rates and energy efficiency performances of four channel equalization algorithms which includes the minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE), zero forcing (ZF), Zero forcing successive interference-cancellation (ZF-SIC) and minimum-mean-square-error successive interference-cancellation (MMSE-SIC) are studied extensively through computer simulations. The results indicate that the non-linear MMSE-SIC and ZF-SIC equalization schemes outperform the linear ones by 24 to 29% in terms user achievable rates and energy efficiency. This can be justified by the fact that the linear channel equalization schemes does not fully suppress interference among users for enhanced data transmission compared to nonlinear schemes which exploit extra signal processing techniques by means of SIC to provide improved user information transmission thereby delivering higher performance gains at the receivers.

117-132

Authors: Bawa L.M., Akakpo W., Tampo L., Kodom T., Tchakala I. Ameapoh Y., Agouda K., Akpataku V., Ayah M., Gnazou D.T.M, Nambo P., Tozo E., Soncy M., Djaneye-Boundjou G.

Togo is a Sub-Saharan country with tropical climate and a great potential in water resources but the lack of water quality monitoring, data base on water quality and tools for water management caused many damages such as water availability. Lake Togo basin is the third watershed of Togo with costal localization in the south of Togo. This watershed is composed of three main sub-basins supplied by many tributaries and its waters are used for many purposes. This study was undertaken to explore water quality variability, potential factors which control water quality variability and candidate parameters for a future water quality index development. Four sampling campaign were performed in seven sites of permanent running rivers, Notsè dam and in Lake Togo. Water quality analyzes were performed in Laboratory of Water Chemistry using standards methods described by AFNOR. Factor analysis, statistical tests, descriptive statistics and diagrams for evolution trends of parameters were executed by Statistica for window 7.0. Globally water chemical quality agree criterions and standards for surface water quality except EC (Max EC= 32200 µS/Cm) during the dry period in Lake water. The microbiological quality doesn’t meet criterions and standards conditions for surface water in all sites and sub-basins. The target study had highlighted a seasonal variation (between dry season and rainy season) and spatial variation (between sub-basins) in the trends of evolution of parameters in Lake Togo Basin. Statistical tests confirmed at p < 0.05 a significant variability of fecal coliforms, E. coli, water Hardness, Temperature, pH and Electrical Conductivity according to seasons and sub-basins. Factor analysis has highlight four main factors (83.46% of total variance) which governed water quality variation in Lake Togo basin. The microbiological parameters (Total coliforms, fecal coliforms and E. coli) and water salinity parameters (EC, Hardness, Na, K and Cl) are strongly correlated (coef > 0.80) with the second and first principal component respectively. They are the most sensitive parameters for assessment of Lake Togo basin water quality. DO, CODMn, Turbidity and pH and water alkalinity are significantly correlated (coef > 0.5) with the third and fourth principal component and are other kind of sensitive parameters. At least ten water quality parameters are sensitively useful for a water quality index development in Lake Togo Basin

137-139

Authors: Mehmet ŞENER, Duygu BOYRAZ ERDEM, Çayan ALKAN, H. İlker ÇELEN, Tolga ERDEM

Namık Kemal University Agricultural Faculty experiment area is where different crops are planting and monitoring in every year. This study includes an application for soil erosion in the experimental area of Namık Kemal University Agricultural Faculty by using UAV. The DJI Matrice 600 pro equipped with a multispectral camera was used for imaging. Plant losses due to soil erosion was tried to be determined by interpretation of multispectral images taken from 50 m elevation For this purpose, high resolution sub-decimeter level resolution orthomosaic images were obtained in Agisoft Pro by using multispectral images taken in February 2018. The NDVI vegetation index were used to detect damaged parcels due to soil erosion in the field. It was evaluated that UAVs serve as a very useful tool for identifying production problems in agricultural areas

143-148

Authors: Nizami Mustafa, Erdi AKBULUT

In this paper, making use of the Chebyshev polynomials, we introduce and investigate new subclasses of the analytic functions in the open unit disk in the complex plane. Here, obtained upper bound estimates for the initial second coefficients of the functions belonging to these classes.

157-163

Authors: FRANCIS OKOYE, TOOCHUKWU ASOGWA, GODWIN OZOR

Energy consumption optimization is the key to efficient use of the commodity called ‘energy’ in any given process or plant or center. Data center is an energy demanding infrastructures that runs large scale internet related services. Energy consumption optimization is vital to designing and development of an efficient model that reduces excessive energy demand and even forecast in data centers. This paper investigates the energy requirement of the ‘major’ components or units or modules of the data center infrastructure both at peak operations and idle state. The simulation results indicate significant energy management without compromising the quality of service.

179-186

Authors: Ojuh. O. Divine, Joseph Isabona

Wavelets are distinctive mathematical functions for analyzing data to scale or resolution. In this work, we present a comparative investigation and analysis of signal processing and denoising technique employing four distinctive wavelet shrinkage thresholding algorithms. The four wavelet thresholding techniques are Rigrsure, Minmax, heursure and Sqtwolog. Simulation based tests were conducted to explore the fitness of the four distinctive wavelet shrinkage thresholding techniques on simulated noisy sine and noisy block signal data, respectively. The results reveals that the denoising capability of each wavelet shrinkage thresholding technique depends largely on the type of noise present in the signal data. Specifically, for white Gaussian noise removal, the result reveals that the Rigrsure thresholding technique attained the best performance in terms SNR, SRER, PAD and COE values. This is followed by Minimax, then heursure and sqtwolog thresholding. But for white uniform noise removal, Minimax performed best compared to others.

195-198

Authors: Egbetade SA, Rafiu AA

We present a mathematical model of tuberculosis (TB) disease incorporating vaccination. The equilibrium points are obtained while we derive basic reproduction number (Ro) by next generation matrix method using reliable Jacobian matrices. It is shown that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when Ro < 1 while the endemic equilibrium is unstable if Ro > 1. The instability of endemic equilibrium suggests a wiping out of the susceptible population. Hence, vaccination coverage must be large enough to promote treatment and reduce the number of infected individuals. This would in turn decrease the basic reproduction number of TB disease so that a stable disease-free equilibrium would always be achieved in the host population.

217-227

Authors: Young E. Obioha, Gregory U. Sikakwe, Diogu O. Ikoro

Sandstones in Ihugh-Mede area, Lower Benue Trough, had been grouped into three based on locality/granulometry; Mede-1fossiferous feldspathic sandstones (FSS); Mede-2 arkosic sandstone (AKS), and Ihugh greywackes (GWK). They unconformably overlie Obudu basement, their main progenitors eastward. The FSS and AKS are characteristically pinkish white, the GWK is dark grey. They are all medium-coarse grained, moderately to well sorted, texturally mature as aquifer materials and petroleum reservoir sands, except the GWK. The grey wackes is massive, has > 25% matrix, chlorite as main cement, grades from fine-medium-coarse, shows numerous sink holes, and wood fragments, indicating deposition from continental turbidities. The AKS and FSS consist of 75-92% framework elements, 2-10% matrix and 10-14% cement respectively, characteristically laminated and trough cross-bedded, indicating deposition from fluvial continental environment. All the sandstones are enriched in quartz: GWK-60vol.%; AKS-82vol.%; FSS-94vol.%, with polycrystalline quartz i.e. monocrystalline quartz. Feldspar constitutes 10–15vol.% in the AKS and FSS, muscovite ~2vol.% in the AKS and FSS. All the sandstones are depleted in hematite, tourmaline, and chlorite, except the greywackes, which is relatively enriched in chlorite, corroborating its sub-mature character. Various discrimination diagrams classify the AKS and FSS as unimodal, well sorted, mature beach arenites, deposited under minor regressive-transgressive phases.

240-248

Authors: AGBANGNAN DOSSA C. Pascal, GNAWE Marcelline, BIGO AGADABA P. Houndekon, BOGNINOU G. S. Reine, CHABI N. Worou, YEDOMONHAN Hounankpon, WOTTO D. Valentin, Dominique C. K. SOHOUNHLOUE

This work aims to study the intervarietal variation of chemical and biochemical characterization and antioxidant capacity in fresh immature fruits of four varieties of Abelmoschus caillei and one variety on Abelmoschus moschatus. The phytochemical screening of fresh immature fruits powder was estimated using the experimental methodology of Houghton et al. [1]. Total phenolic content was determined by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu while total flavonoid and condensed tannins content were estimated using the AlCl3 method and vanillin method respectively. The antioxidant capacity in the forms of DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) analysis was evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. Protein and sugar contents were evaluated by the method of Gornall [2] and Dubois [3]. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for mineralogic analyses. The phytochemical screening revealed in fresh immature fruits of A. esculentus the presence of catechin tannins, mucilages, flavonoids, leuco-anthocyanins, reducing compounds, sterols and terpenes. Variety V61 seems to be the richest in total polyphenols (28.655 mg EAG/100mg of dry matter) and in flavonoïds (71.638 mg CQ/g of dry matter). However, condensed tannins contents are substantially low. Variety V58 of A. caillei had the highest content of condensed tannins (13.602 ± 0.220 mg EC/g of dry matter). The highest protein content is observed in the variety V61 (21.546 ± 0.017 g/100 g). The zinc and iron contents are relatively low. Varieties V58 (58 mg/kg) and V55 (36 mg/kg) showed the high contents of zinc and iron. The copper content varied from 10 mg/Kg to 12 mg/kg. At 1mg/ml, the inhibition percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from79.81 to 99.26%. The variety V61 had the highest DPPH scavenging capacity. The highest ferric ion reduction capacity was observed with the variety V55 (57.91 mmol EAA / g). Therefore, all varieties of okra studied are a potential source of nutrients and antioxidants that can be used in pharmaceutical and food preparations.

254-259

Authors: Godwin-Oberhiri Orumah, Shonubi J. Oluwafemi

Technology in the 21st century has brought about immense and unquantifiable ease of actualizing purposes and producing effective communication means which cuts across all walks of life. The growth of every sector in Nigeria is highly attributed to the impact of technological advancement. The advent of Information Communication Technology (ICT) has now placed huge demands on librarians and library managers in ensuring that they are not left behind in this fast moving train of technology innovation. Educational improvement and development in Nigerian higher institutions of learning is proportional to the implementation of digital library in such higher institutions of learning. This paper unravels the factors such as regular power supply, low budgetary funding amongst others negating the implementation of a digital library in Oil and Gas Polytechnics and other oil and gas related institutions located in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Recommendations are made on appropriate improvement of digital libraries in oil and gas polytechnics such as increased budgetary funding, adequate training and re-training and joint digital library development. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need for digital library in oil and gas polytechnics.

265-275

Authors: Amadi O.K., Ekuma, F. K ., Ngwu, C.M., Ekwenye G.

The potential of Pilinut (Canarium Ovatum) seed in adsorbing Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution was investigated in a batch adsorption process. Various physic ochemical parameters such as adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration and temperature were investigated in the study. The adsorbent employed exhibited high efficiency in the removal of the metal ions from the solutions. The equilibrium adsorption data were described by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The coefficients of determination (R2 values) of the four models were all high with Dubinin-Radushkevich providing best description for the experimental adsorption data. The maximum adsorption capacities of Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions were found to be 58.82 mg/g, 18.18 mg/g, 17.24 mg/g and 13.51 mg/g respectively at the study temperature of 303 K. Different thermodynamic parameters, viz; Gibbs free energy of adsorption (∆Gads), enthalpy of adsorption (∆Hads) and entropy of adsorption (∆Sads) were evaluated. The negative values of ∆Gads indicate the feasibility of the process while the positive values of ∆Hads confirm the endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The positive values of ∆Sads observed suggest increased randomness at the solid-solution interface. These results indicate that the biosorbent studied could be a promising alternative for the adsorption of Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution. The trend of the heavy metal adsorption follows thus: Cd(II) > Co(II)> Ni(II) > Cu (II), indicating that the biosorbent has high affinity for Cd(II).

284-289

Authors: Jacob Kwaku Nkrumah; Andrews N. Nyedeb; Samuel Assam Passim

Bad roads are very prevalent in the Northern Region of Ghana .The study sought to investigate whether the deplorable nature of the roads in the Northern Region contributes to the frequent breakdown of Metro Mass Transit (MMT) Limited buses at the Tamale depot. A survey research Design was used to collect data from twenty (20) Mechanics, thirty (30) drivers and 200 passengers using questionnaire. The findings of the study revealed that the roads linking the towns and villages in the Northern Region were in a deplorable state and was contributing to the frequent breakdown of the MMT buses at the Tamale depot. The study therefore recommended that, the central Government of Ghana and the District Assemblies within the enclaves of the Tamale depot should liaise with the Department of Feeder Roads to make it a deliberate policy to at least grade and gravel the roads linking their respective districts.

299-309

Authors: Omojola Samuel Oludare, Ojo Stephen Okunola, Olugboyega Oluseye

The management of Construction Supply Chain has a profound effect on profitability and project expectations in terms of cost, time, and quality and risk reduction. Large numbers of suppliers involved in project delivery and complexities of business processes have also necessitated the studying of Construction Supply chain management systems in the Construction Industry. However, there is limited research on the construction supply chain in Nigeria. To address this, a questionnaire survey was conducted in Lagos State to identify construction supply chain management systems in use. In total, 100 questionnaires were administered randomly to selected medium and large-sized firms with a response rate of 54%. The data was analysed using frequency distribution and Relative Importance Index. From the analysis of results, personal relationship was revealed as the most commonly used systems with 63.0%. It was also found that, 42.6% of respondents are discouraged by lack of trust for suppliers and that long-term relationship between contractor and supplier is the most likely systems of improving contractors-suppliers relationships.

316-325

Authors: Mahécor DIOUF, Saïdou NDAO, Mamadou S. DIALLO, Abdoulaye DIEDHIOU, El Hadji B. DIAW

This article studies the vulnerability of the Quaternary sands of the northern Senegal aquifer coastline to saline intrusion using an index mapping method, the GALDIT method. The analysis of the vulnerability map allows us to distinguish four zones of gradual vulnerability: a very high vulnerability zone located in the extreme north of the study area, which is characterized by high chloride concentrations and a very high electrical conductivity; areas of strong vulnerability located in the northern part of the study area, and the south of Kayar characterized by relatively low hydraulic gradients (1 and 3 m); areas of medium vulnerability located in the South, on the coastal fringe, and in the North characterized by average hydraulic gradients (4 and 6 m) and an area of low vulnerability located in the center of the study area with piezometric head up to 28 m that control the flow of the aquifer. The study showed that at a very high vulnerability areas, measurement points revealed very high electrical conductivities with an average value of 15,802 μS/cm, and chloride concentrations above 500 mg/l. Moreover, in the north of the study area, the impact of salt intrusion is evident. High concentrations of chloride and electrical conductivity have made this water aquifer unsuitable for irrigating vegetable crops. Nowadays, this part of the aquifer is very little exploited because of its proven sensitivity to saline intrusion. Optimizing groundwater exploitation will involve promoting water-efficient irrigation methods such as drip irrigation with an irrigation efficiency of over 95%.

333-341

Authors: Nizami MUSTAFA, Mustafa ATEŞ

In this paper, we introduce and investigate a new subclass of the analytic functions in the open unit disk in the complex plane. Here, we give sharp estimates for the first three coefficients for the functions belonging to this class. Also, we give sharp estimates for some initial coefficients for the inverse function and for the function ln (f(z)/z).

349-359

Authors: O. Onazi, N. S. Gaiya, E. O. Ola-Adisa, Y.P.E. Mangden

This paper examines waste management practices in peri-urban communities. Using Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria as a case study, the difficulties faced in localizing the sustainable development concept in Greater Karu metropolis have been identified and the waste management practices in Greater Karu assessed through a rigorous review of existing literature and an analysis of waste management practices in Karu, Nasarawa State. The study revealed a lack of proactive and sustained political support exacerbated by limited human resources and knowledge base further restricting capacity to build support and consensus amongst stakeholders. Using case study method, the paper examines the effect of waste management strategies on sustainable environment suggesting more effective roles for stakeholders and it concludes with a section on lessons learned and necessary steps for sustainable waste management of the environment.

367-376

Authors: Gofwen CN, Nimyel BD, Daniel AA, Ola-Adisa EO

This research investigates and compares the strength properties of termite’s mounds for building construction. Samples of mound hills were collected from the different geo-political regions of Plateau state. Field test (smell/washing/toughness test), moisture content test, particle size distribution test was carried out on mound soil samples. Also, the following tests were done on the compressed bricks, compressive strength test, water absorption test, abrasion test. The results of the test showed that termite mound soils from the northern zone do not contain organic matters while samples in the central and southern regions contain organic matter. For particle size distribution, 83% particles of the northern zone are within the silty sand region, samples from central 88% are within the silty sand region, and sample from the southern region, 83% are within the silty sand region. For moisture content determination, 36.2% of moisture was found from the northern sample, while an average of 40% from the central and 33% from the southern region. Compressive strength test at 7days was 2.7N/mm2 for the northern sample, 2.5N/mm2 from the central and 3.1N/mm2 from the southern sample. At 21days, the northern sample showed no strength while the central sample showed strength of 1N/mm2 and the southern sample showed 3.4N/mm2. For water absorption, all the samples showed remarkable swelling and dissolution in water at 24hours. The bricks are prone to abrasion. Recommendation such as stabilizing the soil of the termite mound material by affecting the soil texture was made. Also the bricks should be protected from direct contact with water.

386-393

Authors: Gofwen CN, Ola-Adisa EO, Daniel AA

This paper examines the development of contemporary architecture in Nigeria using a case study approach. The study reveals how the practice of architecture has evolved in some aspects and declined in others. The case study of a contemporary style, New Classical Style has revealed the positive and the negative sides of this architecture. The study suggests that globalisation of styles through creation of a cultural and technological bridge contributed by evolving Nigerian contemporary architecture through modern technologies and ideas. On the other hand, the decadence in the lowered standard of living due to non-affordability of decent housing in comparison to the traditional setting is on the other side. Porters five forces were examined and the study suggested ways at addressing the five forces that act against evolution of architecture and have entrenched design decadence as the order of the day.