Bulletin of Science and Practice

20-34

Authors: Tashpulatov Y., Nurniyozov A.

Aquatic and coastal aquatic plants are one of the most important components of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, at present, much attention is paid to the issues of rational use and development of the country's inland water bodies. Together with phytoplankton, this group of plants participates in the trophic cycle of biocenosis, providing various stages of the links of the food chain with appropriate products. For example, the plants of reservoirs serve as food for representatives of different taxonomic groups of animals, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, birds and mammals. With moderate overgrowing of water bodies, favorable conditions are formed for the development of the phytophilous fauna of invertebrates. The flora of higher aquatic and coastal plants of the Samarkand region has not yet been fully studied. The species composition was not studied, taxonomic and floristic analysis was not carried out. In addition, it is very rare to find detailed information about the use of aquatic plants in the national economy, information about useful species and rare species common in this territory. The article presents the results of research on the study of aquatic and coastal plants of reservoirs of the Samarkand region. It was revealed that 72 species of aquatic and coastal plants, which belong to 51 genera, 34 families and 5 classes, grow in reservoirs of various types on the territory of the Samarkand region. Representatives of the families Potamogetonaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Polygonaceae make up 43% of the total number of plants of this group growing in the studied region. In terms of life forms, about 12.5% (9 species) are annuals, and 77.8% (56 species) are perennials. It was found that 7 species of aquatic mosses grow in the studied water bodies.

44-47

Authors: Rzayeva A.

During scientific research in July-August 2019 between 40°53ʹN and 49°25ʹE widths in the Khizi territory (Azerbaijan), adaptations of the structure of the juniper leaves were studied. The leaves of the red juniper have a lancelet appearance and easily vary in different environmental conditions, for this reason, we selected red juniper as the object of our studies and measured the length of leaves taken from different tiers. It was revealed that there is an inverse correlation between leaf lengths and altitude from the sea level.

61-72

Authors: Talybov T., Mamedov I., Fatullaev P., Kuliev S.

Since 2006, with the support of WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) and IDEA (International Dialogue for Environmental Action), remote research of leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock, 1927 = P. p. ciscaucasica, Satunin, 1924). The main research is carried out on the eastern slopes of the Zangezur Mountains in the Aliyev Zangezur National Park of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. To study the leopard, photographic traps of the Cudde Back (17 pieces), Panthera (5 pieces) and Bushnel (64 pieces) brands in the amount of 86 pieces are used. In 2019 alone, 373,622 photos and 45,553 videos were taken. On 340 photos and 71 video materials, adult leopards were recorded, and on 20 photos and 5 video materials, a female leopard with cubs was filmed, and a photo of a female and a male was found on 7 photos and 4 video materials. During this period, 12 adults and 3 calves were identified.

95-110

Authors: Korzhov Yu., Lobova G., Starikov A., Kuzina M.

The origin of hydrocarbon deposits in Jurassic and pre-Jurassic complexes of the Khanty-Mansiysk area, located within the Frolov depression, in the local compression zone of the West Siberian plate — the suture zone, is established. The core and crude oil of Jurassic and pre-Jurassic complexes from prospecting wells of the Khanty-Mansiyskoe field is studied. The content and molecular mass distribution of hydrocarbons, including n-alkanes, n-alkylbenzenes, naphthalene’s and phenanthrenes, is determined in bitumen of rocks and oils by chromatography-mass spectrometry. Lithological and petrographic characteristics of rocks is determined by optical microscopy. For oil deposits of the pre-Jurassic complex “source of hydrocarbons” is not reliably established, the parent rocks were not clearly identified in this research. In the lower horizons of the Jurassic section, there is a layer of highly permeable gritstone of the Gorely formation, in which organic matter is localized, presumably making the main contribution to the hydrocarbon deposits of the lower Jurassic and pre-Jurassic complexes. As a possible “source of Paleozoic oil”, it is proposed to collect hydrocarbons from scattered organic matter of Paleozoic rocks at a significant depth (not covered by core drilling) in the areas of tectonic block crushing of foundation.

118-123

Authors: Aslanova E.

Location of the thermal electric stations in Azerbaijan, noxious gases they emit into the atmosphere, their influence on the ecosystem and human organism have been analyzed in the presented article. The energy which is extracted and used by the electric stations in Azerbaijan was shown and the ways of the prevented ecological imbalance were shown.

130-134

Authors: Erofeev S., Vetrova S., Makarov M.

The article presents the results of long-term research on the creation of high oil and large-fruited sunflower varieties for use in 5 (Central Chernozem) and 7 (middle Volga) regions. Increasing the yield of sunflower oilseeds and improving their quality largely depends on targeted breeding work. Agricultural production needs highly productive precocious and early maturing varieties that are adaptable to local agroecological conditions and tolerant to the main common pathogens. Agroclimatic conditions of the region do not allow growing foreign-selected sunflower hybrids here, as they do not reach economic maturation (full ripeness). Breeders created a new high-oil (53.3%) variety of sunflower Chakinsky 100 with a yield potential of up to 50 centners per hectare in the Tambov research Institute (a branch of the I. V. Michurin Federal Research Center). The variety is included in the state register of breeding achievements in 2018 (patent no. 9648).

143-148

Authors: Abbasova N.

The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of inorganic fertilizers on the structural indicators of Helianthus annuus crop yield in the western part of Azerbaijan. As a result of the studies carried out, it can be concluded that there was a positive effect when fertilizer application. So, there was an increase in the diameter of the basket by 0.8–2.3 cm, the number of achenes in the basket — 54.7–204.6 pcs, the mass of seeds in the basket — 5.5–24.1 g, and an increase in the mass of 1000 seeds — by 3.5–13.7 g in comparison with the non-fertilizer control. To obtain a high and high-quality sunflower seed yield and restore soil fertility on the irrigated chestnut soils of the Ganja-Gazakh zone, it is recommended that farms use inorganic fertilizers annually at the N120P120K120.

156-163

Authors: Guliyeva Ye.

The article deals with the soils of winter pastures of the Shirvan steppe. Indicators of humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, absorbed bases of these soils were found. The main and final bonitet points of light gray-meadow, light gray-brown, meadow-gray, meadow-gray light, and swamp-meadow soils of winter pastures of the Shirvan steppe have been calculated. An agro-industrial grouping of these soils was created, which divided them into three groups: the first group — lands of high quality (81–100 points), the second group — lands of good quality (61–80 points), the third group — lands of average quality (41–60 points).

169-173

Authors: Akhmadоva S., Adigozalov P.

The article presents the results of research on the effect of inorganic fertilizers on the structural indicators of winter rye crop yield in the western zone of Azerbaijan. The western region is one of the most important economic regions of Azerbaijan in terms of the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. To obtain a high and high-quality winter rye grain yield and restore soil fertility on irrigated chestnut soils of the Ganja-Gazakh zone, it is recommended that farms use inorganic fertilizers annually at the N90P60K60.

179-185

Authors: Evseev A.

The paper deals with the issue linked with thyroid malfunctions, in particular, the incidence of hypothyroidism. Iodine deficiency statistics are presented; the study proposes the possible ways of solving the issue. The author draws special attention to a specialized hypothyroidism diet plan which may help patients to treat metabolic disorders.

206-233

Authors: Bulgakova S., Romanchuk N.

The availability of innovative technologies, such as next-generation sequencing and correlated bioinformatics tools, allows deeper investigation of the cross-network relationships between the microbiota and human immune responses. Immune homeostasis is the balance between immunological tolerance and inflammatory immune responses — a key feature in the outcome of health or disease. A healthy microbiota is the qualitative and quantitative ratio of diverse microbes of individual organs and systems, maintaining the biochemical, metabolic and immune equilibrium of the macroorganism necessary to preserve human health. The studies of P. I. Romanchuk found that the microbiota is a key element potentially capable of influencing antigen functions to induce a protective immune response and the ability of the immune system to adequately respond to antigenic stimulation (vaccine efficacy) by acting as an immunological modulator as well as a natural vaccine adjuvant. The mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the immune system play a crucial role, especially at an early age (early gut microbiota forms immunological functions). New interactions, along with other genetic and environmental factors, lead to a certain composition and richness of the microbiota, which can diversify the individual response to vaccinations. Variations in microbial communities may explain the geographical effectiveness of vaccination. Modern technologies for quantifying the specific and functional characteristics of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, along with fundamental and new concepts in the field of immunology, have revealed numerous ways in which the interaction of the host and microbiota proceeds favorably, neutrally or unfavorably. The gut microbiota has a strong influence on the shape and quality of the immune system, respectively, the immune system determines the composition and localization of the microbiota. Thus, a healthy microbiota directly modulates intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis. The new managed healthy microbiota and personalized functional and balanced nutrition of the “brain and microbiota” is a patient's long-term medical program that allows the combined use of nutritional epigenetics and pharmacepigenetics, and most importantly, an increase in the protective mechanisms of immunity.

244-252

Authors: Matbabayev M.

This paper discusses the main characteristics of atmospheric air, the selected closed object on which the relative humidity depends to a certain extent, as well as a laboratory installation for studying the principle of constructing an optoelectronic sensor for measuring relative humidity. A description and diagram of the air humidity sensor, a block diagram of the installation for continuous monitoring of air humidity in the controlled object, a device for calibrating humidity sensors, and an algorithm for calibrating humidity sensors are given.

258-265

Authors: Ubaydullaev K., Alimov A.

This article addresses a number of challenges related to the complexity of industry research. The points of view in solving these problems were studied, and methodological bases for the development of the industrial sector were developed. It is proposed to create in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya large centers of the oil and gas chemical industry, mining industry with non-ferrous metallurgy, industrial bases for the agro-drainage cycle of production, light and processing industries. The first priority should be the formation of the foundations of the market environment in industries. This process is currently taking place in two directions: the creation of new private, joint-stock and other forms of enterprises, as well as through the modernization of industries, the second priority area of economic reforms in industry should be the creation of enterprises that are technologically advanced and have the ability to produce innovative products; the third priority area is the development of infrastructure industries that produce life support products for the population and the service sector, as well as the creation of quickly recouped industrial enterprises that provide deep processing of agricultural raw materials and mineral resources.

271-277

Authors: Jiemuratov T., Jenisbaev M.

The features and prerequisites for the development of the digital economy are highlighted. The factors of its significance for economic growth are determined. The fundamental element of the digital platform is the openness of its architecture. The creation of a single digital platform will allow society to be involved in government management. A feature of the digital platform is the implementation of the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital, and labor, as well as the implementation by the state of a unified policy in the sectors of the economy.

299-338

Authors: Nemtsov A.

The article attempts to theoretically comprehend the transformation of liberal values in the process of economic and political reforms carried out in Russia after collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the collapse of the world system of socialism. Some approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the “cold war”, as well as its results and outcomes, are analyzed. The article describes the main problems faced by Russian society and the Russian government in connection with the abolition of the Communist ideology. Based on the analysis of these approaches, we propose a hypothetical model of coexistence and confrontation between “two worlds” and two types of man within the framework of the Cristian worldview paradigm, in essence, two concepts of humanism. The author reveals the specifics of Russia’s modern opposition with what took place during the cold war. An attempt is made to understand this confrontation in a more General way.

367-371

Authors: Gerasimova K.

The article contains the results of study research to determine the cultural and ethnic characteristics of the experience of Chuvash in extreme conditions. Also, given their psychological characteristics and their manifestation in extreme conditions.

379-386

Authors: Yakovleva E.

In the conditions of rapid growth of new scientific and application information, the volume of knowledge that a graduate of a higher school has to master is constantly increasing. Educational standards, curricula, educational and methodological resources, textbooks and teaching aids despite being constantly reconsidered aren’t able to catch up with all the current changes. In this context a large gap between scientific achievements and the content of university courses arises which reduces the quality of training students. The solution to this contradiction is the development of students’ need for self-studying along with the improvement of the methodology and methods of teaching certain courses at the university. Based on the analysis of psychological and pedagogical research and personal experience, the characteristics of three levels of students’ readiness for self-studying are revealed. Potentialities of teachers’ activity for the organization of students’ controlled cognitive activity are determined. It is proved that the need for independent acquisition of certain subject matter and modules of the course under study inevitably leads to a shift in priorities from memorizing and reproducing the acquired knowledge to their independent acquisition and mastering. Particular attention is drawn to the need for organizing independent laboratory research and virtual laboratory experiments in physics which provide a supportive environment for the formation of students’ need for self-study.

410-414

Authors: Tobakalov Ch.

Kyrgyzstan strives to strengthen and deepen mutually beneficial cooperation in all sectors of the national economy. When forming economic and social ties, the Kyrgyz Republic also primarily paid attention to the development of relations with the CIS countries, especially with Central Asia and Kazakhstan. 90’s. in the first half of the year, Kyrgyzstan’s export-import relations were Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Belarus, followed by Kazakhstan.

422-429

Authors: Allamuratov Sh.

This article describes the history of the emergence and development of water transport on the Amu Darya waterway, their importance on the waterway, as well as the role of these vehicles in the transportation of commercial goods on the banks of the Amu Darya. In addition, the article analyzes such issues as the development of shipping, the construction of ships in the Bukhara Emirate and Khiva Khanates.