International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research

444-450

Authors: Valenčáková, A.*, Dziaková, A., Hatalová, E.

Gene therapy of cancerous diseases provides new means of curing patients with oncologic illnesses. There are several approaches in treating cancer by gene therapy. Most commonly used methods are: cancer immunogene therapy, suicide gene therapy, application of tumor-suppressor genes, antiangiogenic therapy, mesenchymal stem cells used as vectors, gene directed enzyme/prodrug therapy and bacteria used as anti-cancer agents. Cancer gene immunotherapy uses several immunologic agents for the purpose of explaining effective anti-tumor immune response. Another method is suicide gene therapy, based on introducing viral or bacterial agents to tumor cells, allowing the conversion of a non-toxic compound to a lethal medication. The application of intact suppressor genes to cancer cells will avert their neoplastic behavior and will induce tumor regression. Inhibition of angiogenesis is also a promising strategy for treating oncologic patients. Mesenchymal stem cells can also be used as vectors in targeted gene therapy. An increasing list of experimental evidence shows, that therapeutically modified mesenchymal stem cells in “gene directed enzyme/prodrug therapy” can attack cancer tissue can kill tumor cells, cancer stem cells included. Bacteria are used as anti-cancer agents independently of in combination with conventional therapeutic methods.

456-464

Authors: P. K. Gupta1*, D. S. Rathore1, G. Mohan1, J. K. Pandit2

The transdermal delivery of Diclofenac diethylamine has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to a lot of significant properties. Transdermal delivery system exhibits very poor permeation through the skin. Thus, an attempt was made to enhance the transdermal permeability of drug using nanoemulsion as vehicle. The main objective of this study was to develop a potential of nanoemulsion formulation for transdermal delivery of Diclofenac diethylamine for inflammatory disease. Transdermal patches were prepared using solvent evaporation technique. In this investigation, the transdermal patches (control) and nanoemulsion containing transdermal patches were prepared, compared and characterized for different physicochemical parameters (moisture content, moisture uptake folding endurance, in-vitro drug release). The optimized batch was also subjected for in-vivo anti-inflammatory study, pharmacokinetics (Cmax, Tmax and AUC) study and skin irritation study. The physical evaluation indicated that the prepared batches were smooth, flexible and translucent. The transdermal patch having 1:5 ratio of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and ethyl cellulose, exhibited a 1.7 fold increase in skin permeation compare to Diclofenac diethylamine patch. Nanoemulsion containing transdermal patch showed a significant increase in permeation parameters such as steady state flux (Jss); 0.061 mgcm-2hr-1 and permeability coefficient (Kp); 0.025 cmhr-1, when compared to the control. The mean Cmax of drug for optimized transdermal patch (TD) and nanoemulsion transdermal patch (NETD) was 2.56µg/ml and 3.42µg/ml, respectively. The in-vivo studies revealed a constant plasma concentration of drug for long period. Thus, results indicated that the nanoemulsion containing transdermal patches can be a promising tool for enhancing the percutaneous delivery of Diclofenac diethylamine.

474-477

Authors: Rachita Chengappa1*, Mangala Rakaraddi2, Asim Mustafa Khan3, Veena Narayanan1, Jijin Mekaddath4, Krupashankar Rangaswamy1

Antibiotics form an intergral part in the management of odontogenic infections. Streptococci group of bacteria have been implicated as one of the important causative agents in dental caries and dental abscess. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and resistance of pathogenic facultative anaerobic streptococci to various routinely used antibiotics in odontogenic infections and also to determine appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for the orofacial infections of odontogenic origin. Primary culture was performed for duration of 48 hours with the samples obtained from the patient. A lawn culture from the primary culture was made and antibiotic sensitivity testing was done using commercially available antibiotic disks by disk diffusion method. Standard strain of Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 497) was subjected to susceptibility testing by the above mentioned method. Poor susceptibility was seen in amoxicillin (18.4%), amoxicillin clavulanic acid (14.3%), and erythromycin (26.5%). Maximum resistance was noted for metronidazole (89.8%). High susceptibility was observed in tetracycline (67.3%), streptomycin (61.2%) and ciprofloxacin (44.9%). Low resistance was also exhibited by gentamycin (22.4%) and doxycycline (40.8%). Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 497) too showed similar results as that of the test samples. Due to the evolving resistance to all major antimicrobial agents used for treatment of odontogenic infections, antibiotic susceptibility testing is important to direct therapy. Antimicrobial susceptibility helps in monitoring the changing patterns of resistance and can be useful for empirical treatment of odontogenic infections.

484-488

Authors: Pavan Kumar Kothapuvari1*, Swati Rawat2, Darna Bhikshapathi3

A simple, precise, rapid and accurate RP-HPLC method was developed for the percentage drug release estimation of Eletriptan Hydrobromide in oral film dosage form. Eletriptan Hydrobromide is used to treat severe migraine headaches and it’s associated to nausea and sensitivity to light. Eletriptan Hydrobromide oral films were prepared by solvent casting method. It is available in market as conventional tablets (Relpax). An Xterra RP18 (150 × 4.6 with 5 microns particle size) and the mobile phase, consisting of KH2PO4 and triethylamine in water adjusting the pH-7.0 with o-phosphoric acid: acetonitrile in ratio of 98:2 v/v & acetonitrile: methanol HPLC Grade (80:20 v/v) was used as mobile phase in isocratic mode. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the effluents were monitored at 225 nm. The retention time was 7.0 minutes and the detector response was linear in the concentration of 6.60-99.02µg/mL for Eletriptan Hydrobromide. The respective linear regression equation being Y = 11447 X + 5508 for Eletriptan Hydrobromide. The Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) were not applicable for dissolution parameter. The method was validated by determining its accuracy, precision, linearity and system suitability. The results of the study showed that the proposed RP-HPLC method is simple, rapid, precise, linear and accurate, which is useful for the routine estimation of percentage drug release of Eletriptan Hydrobromide in oral film dosage form.

493-497

Authors: Sharav A. Desai1*, Vipul P. Patel2, Dhara V. Patel3

The medicinal and pharmaceutical importance of currently available thrombolytic agents like urokinase, t-PA, streptokinase, staphylokinase and others, demonstrated repeatedly since 1970s, however sometimes they cause undesirable side effects like bleeding and allergic responds. The present findings reports isolation, screening and identification of soil bacterium for production of fibrinolytic enzyme. Samples for the study were collected from different locations were first screened for proteolytic activity using skimmed milk agar plate and lastly fibrin plate method was used to evaluate fibrinolytic activity. The strain capable of producing fibrinolytic protein was identified as Bacillus Spp. Using both Bergery’s manual of systemic bacteriology and biochemical characterization simultaneously. Selected strain was than subjected to the process of fermentation using basal media for 5 days, 37°C and at 180rpm. Protein content and fibrinolytic activity were measured by Biuret method using bovine serum albumin as standard and fibrinolytic assay respectively. Three stage purification was done, that includes salting out with ammonium sulphate, followed by gel filtration chromatography and finally separated by RP-HPLC, proteins were eluted in peaks with a retention time of 2.092, 3.188, 5.178, 7.295, and 11.32 minutes. The fraction with retention time 7.295 minutes shows a maximum activity. The enzyme found to be having an optimum pH between 7.0 and 7.5. Enzyme is also stable at the optimum pH and found to lose its activity on higher side of acidity or alkalinity. It is more active at 40°C and is stable at 37°C to 43°C with slight modification in activity.