Pensamiento Americano

27-44

Authors: José Manuel Rivas Otero

This paper focuses on assessment of leadership style of political decision-makers between 1982 and 2014 who have played a central role in the development of public policies against the war and in favor of peace over more than fifty years of internal armed conflict. To do this, first, a theoretical framework is built. Secondly, a historical review is made. Third, the methodology of content analysis of interviews to assess leadership styles is set out. Fourth, results are analyzed. Finally, conclusions and future prospects are presented.

58-77

Authors: Miguel Ángel Gurbindo Marin

This paper focuses on analysis of children and adolescents who live in social conflict. Their identity has been formed in a severe and prolonged context of appalling neglect which does not cover their physical-biological, emotional and social needs. Therefore those human beings do not develop their skills to interact with their relatives and ensure the stability of the family unit. The extent of this phenomenon, as one of the many faces of social exclusion, is not so big in Navarra; however it must be taken into account that lack of protection, psychosocial impairment and permanent social conflict increases the risk that pubertal children suffer mental health problems.

110-120

Authors: Omar Huertas Díaz Nayibe Paola Jiménez Rodríguez

This article aims to show the development of the notion of femicide in Colombia. This document outlines its historical background by analyzing how the empowerment feminist movements have made the society aware of this phenomenon. It was the Supreme Court, the highest judicial body that used this notion to give a decision on an appeal. Finally the description of femicide as a separate offense was enacted as law in July, 2015, in Colombia.

143-155

Authors: René Reinier Hidalgo Ramírez

This paper is focuses on an analysis of the Spanish Constitution of 1812, especially the debates that occurred in the Constituent Assembly regarding the colonial problem. First, Cuban society status is characterized from a political, economic and cultural point of view. Second, significance of the Constitution in Cuba is assessed, taking into account some of the proposals made by representatives that are reflected in the articles of the Constitution. That’s why it is important to consider its first period of implementation and highlight the issue of slavery and its implications in order to identify possible changes related to colonial administration; however it is emphasized that there was no significant change in those aspects, although it produced a critical impact in the political and ideological aspects.

171-188

Authors: José Armando Santiago Rivera

This paper focuses on an explanation of a different pedagogical discourse on the teaching of geography in everyday school context. It is important for people to have knowledge about this field of science because they need to know about the complex issues related to environmental, geographical and social situation in today’s world. Training processes reveal an emphasis on the traditional foundations of descriptive geography that allow teachers to ensure the transmission of the educational program content. To do this research, an exhaustive literature review was conducted; the problem was clarified and determined in order to analyze the events related to this educational work, such as its impact in explaining the geographical reality. Therefore, there is an urgent need to show a pedagogical renewal in accordance with the realities of the globalized era. That is why a set of pedagogical guidelines are presented in order to encourage changes in the way geography is being taught so as to generate the transformation of educational approaches in school.

32-53

Authors: M.D.I. Miryam Georgina Alcalá Casillas

Freedom of information is essential to guarantee the right of people to be informed and to have equal access to various sources of information. Such freedom enables the citizen to have raw materials at hand to create his own opinions and start the debate process. From this freedom emanates the right and duty to inform both of the professionals of information and of the media; which, in a democratic state, should be available and accessible, since they are crucial to the process of formation of public opinion, to have the possibility to enhance, inhibit, create, and dissolve social demands, and to foster or afect democracy.

67-85

Authors: Alfonso Córdoba Baviera

Te concrete, ultimate aim of this paper is to make an expository and analytical clear-out to open the concept of marriage to meanings or realities never considered until the early twenty-frst century. Tat is, to create an access road to the institution of marriage to unions between people of the same sex. In the case of Spain, the subject of this study, such road has been created thanks to the application of judicial ethics by judges of the Constitutional Court. On the occasion of the constitutional change carried out by the ordinary legislator, they felt the obligation to provide a jurisprudential turn in response to the demands of a society whose reality is dynamic and changing. Te Constitutional Court no longer holds the title of negative legislator but rather, with a much deeper social function, it is in charge of conferring validity and legitimacy to the Constitution.

117-132

Authors: Anna María Fernández Poncela

Tis text presents a general refection on today’s education. It examines some contemporary educational trends. From the perspective of emotional intelligence, it analyzes some statements from students through qualitative exercises. Finally, youth does not seem as tamed as one may think. Nonetheless, education still needs to expand its perspectives, complementing reason and emotion, and focusing on a global balance.

151-176

Authors: João Areosa

Social and technological risks can be understood as a kind of antechamber to the occurrence of accidents or other unwanted events. Te debate about the multiple forms and treatments of risk seems to have become crucial nowadays, although the risk has always been present throughout the history of Mankind. We do not know, however, if the world is now more risky than in the past, but we know, for example, that Western citizens have increased their average life expectancy, infant mortality has dropped dramatically and we are now healthier than in the past, due for instance to technological development. Despite all the benefts it provides, technology also simultaneously generates new serious and terrifying risks. For example, our ancestors did not have to live with nuclear power plants, air transport (aviation), oil platforms, genetic engineering, and so on. Tis paper discusses the ambivalence of technology from the notion of risk, including its positive and negative aspects

27-40

Authors: Francisco Augusto Laca Arocena

This paper begins making a contrast between what philosophers stated in the last centuries about the search for satisfaction with life, as well as the discussion over the criteria to organize our own lives aimed to that purpose, and what the recent positive psychology or the subjective well-being are finding. The number of thinkers chosen among those who dealt with the subject in the past had to be limited to those the author considered the most representatives of this reflect on the conditions that influence the satisfaction with the existence having in mind limitations of narrative space. Subsequently, the author describes his research findings in the field of positive psychology placed in the context of discussion between the hedonic and eudemonic perspective that occupy nowadays the thinking in the scope of psychology of satisfaction with life and subjective well-being.

56-66

Authors: Zoilo Emilio García-Batista Antonio Cano-Vindel Solmary Xiomara Herrera-Martínez

This paper is focused on an analysis of the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Situations and Response Anxiety (ISRA) in a Dominican sample (n = 80), composed of 40 women and 40 men who are 18-year-old medical students, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of not being diagnosed by any anxiety disorder. Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anx- iety-ISRA (Miguel-Tobal and Cano-Vindel, 2002) and State Anxiety Inventory – STAI (Spielberg, Goursch & Lushene, 1994) ventory STAI -) were applied. The results show that the psychometric characteristics of the Dominican sample are similar to those obtained in the original Spanish version. We conclude that ISRA is reliable and valid to assess anxiety in three sets of answers in Dominican population. .

79-98

Authors: Gabriella Soares de Oliveira Negre, Adriana Lira

This work is part of the Youth Internet Sociabilities and Learning [YISL] research, developed by the UNESCO Chair in Youth, Education and Society at the Catholic University of Brasilia, during the period of 2011 to 2013. In this survey, the main goal was to investigate the perception of undergraduate students on the use of the internet in their learning processes. This is a quantitative and qualitative study in which the data was collected through questionnaires and focus groups conducted among students in the departments of Education, Literature and Mathematics of a private university in the Federal District, Brazil. It was found that the Internet is the means that college students use the most in their academic research, although the information to which they are exposed is of dubious quality. For most of them, the use of the Internet vitiates the writing capabilities of those who do not use cultural norms to communicate in the virtual space, favoring, thus, grammatical errors in academic works. From this study, it is concluded that this tool, if not correctly used, may negatively affect college students.

108-120

Authors: Cruz García Lirios , Javier Carreón Guillén , Jorge Hernández Valdés , José Alfonso Aguilar Fuentes , Francisco Javier Rosas Ferrusca , María de Lourdes Morales Flores , Erle García Estrada

This paper aims to study corruption from a multicultural approach in which the state is the principal axis of political institutions and the media about public safety, in connection with that its boundaries are analysed from an intercultural approach in which society is organized in order to observe and undertake joint actions in favour of public peace. A cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 330 residents of a town in central Mexico is conducted. By using a structural model [χ2 = 14.02 (18 gl) p <0.001; GFI = 0.995; RMSEA = 0.000], it is determined that the attitude is the leading indicator of the socio-political legitimacy (β = 0.91). The null hypothesis of setting hypothetical relationships dependence on observed data is accepted and possible relationships between multicultural and intercultural policies in different scenarios are described.

146-175

Authors: Diego Domínguez

In the context of the intensification of processes of concentration of land and private appropriation of natural resources and control of agro-alimentary systems by transnational companies, the peasant activism on a global scale in 1996 launched a slogan calling “food sovereignty”. Food sovereignty-as has been presented as right-horizon to be reached, but also designates a set of experiences already in place in different countries. This article reflection (type II) present an analysis of the political platform, taking the main documents issued by the international congresses alliance of organizations that wield. From this we deploy a set of interpretations about the explanatory power and consistency disruptive underlying commitment to food sovereignty. Food sovereignty seeks to operate both as an analytical approach “agrarian question” and deploying alternative to capitalist agriculture as the base material of the industrial civilization paradigm.

14

Authors: Joan Ridao Martín

El presente artículo constituye una reflexión que aborda las diversas y apreciables acciones emprendidas recientemente en España para implementar cambios regulatorios en ámbitos como la financiación de los partidos, la transparencia de la actuación pública o la esfera jurídico- penal de los ilícitos conexos con la corrupción. El objetivo del estudio ha consistido en la realización de un análisis exhaustivo de cada una de estas propuestas para evaluarlas a la luz del derecho comparado. Así, el resultado del mismo arroja como conclusión que, además de que las reformas legales llegan tardíamente, debido a que se encuentran aún en fase de tramitación parlamentaria y falta menos de un año para finalizar la legislatura, resulta evidente que la ardua tarea de regenerar la democracia requiere un ejercicio más complejo y en más frentes, sobre todo el de ensanchar la democracia, revisando los excesos del actual modelo de democracia representativa vigente en España.

17

Authors: Petra Poskočilová

El presente artículo de reflexión trata de la representación de las mujeres en el poder ejecutivo en los sistemas presidenciales, especialmente en el gabinete presidencial del Perú donde el número de las mujeres entre 2001 y 2014 aumentó del 11 a 50 %. El objetivo de este trabajo es el de examinar el impacto que otros elementos del poder, como el presidente o el parlamento, y los estereotipos de género, que posiblemente tienen sobre el nombramiento de las mujeres. El análisis de datos se concentra en la ideología política del presidente, si es de izquierda o de derecha, y el número de las mujeres en el parlamento. En conclusión se revela el impacto de las cuotas de género para las elecciones legislativas y el número creciente de las mujeres en parlamento como los factores más influyentes sobre la representación de las mujeres en el gabinete.

19

Authors: Carles Rodríguez-Domínguez; Llull Marina Roustan

La creciente conflictividad en las relaciones sociales llevó a la Unión Europea a la creación de un libro verde (COM 2002/196) para hallar soluciones implementando instrumentos alternativos a la resolución judicial. Por diversas razones se ha advertido un fracaso de las políticas de mediación en Europa entre las que se han destacado deficiencias en la formación. En base a ello, el presente estudio analiza la comunicación en la intervención en mediación familiar, y presenta una revisión de las investigaciones sobre la comunicación en la misma para abrir un debate acerca de los criterios necesarios que puedan optimizar la actividad profesional. El objetivo del estudio es una propuesta de criterios elaborada por los autores para tratar de favorecer la formación del profesional en la facilitación de la participación comunicativa en el espacio de la mediación.

23

Authors: Beatriz Kalinsky

Se intenta reflexionar sobre el papel que los padres encarcelados, en especial las madres, asignan a los hijos. La ley de ejecución penal argentina les permite estar con la madre en la cárcel hasta que cumplen cinco años. Luego tienen que ser dados a otros cuidadores. Los hijos previos mayores a esa edad quedan fuera y es frecuente que las mujeres tengan hijos dentro de la cárcel, ya sea que han entrado a ella embarazadas o que son propiamente hijos de la cárcel. A los hijos se les otorga una valoración (positiva o negativa) ambigua, intermitente y circunstancial en el imaginario de la madre durante su período penitenciario y post-penitenciario. Hay lapsos en que se les considera como figuras del sentimiento con un sentido de trascendencia existencial y también, en forma simultánea o alternativa, se les usa como herramientas para el mejoramiento de las condiciones de encierro de sus padres. Debido a que la maternidad está a mano y es ampliamente aceptada, mostrarse como mamás permite a muchas mujeres acceder a una compatibilidad cultural valiosa en especial dentro de la cárcel donde se considera que por haber cometido un delito se es “mala mujer” y “mala madre” por no haber cumplido con los mandatos culturales de la maternidad. Ser nuevamente madre provee un conducto para una identidad positiva en un contexto social desfavorable y de encierro. Los estándares actuales indican que la madre debe estar comprometida con la crianza de los hijos y dedicada a satisfacer sus necesidades sacrificando las propias. Como ellas no lo han cumplido ahora lo desean para mostrarse con una identidad nueva y más cercana a la índole de ser madres, convencidas de que podrán, ya en libertad, deshacerse de los calificativos desfavorables (estigmas) y durante el encierro, además, mejorar sus condiciones de vida carcelaria.

12

Authors: Adriana Lira; Denise Maria Soares Lima

This case study conducted at the Catholic University of Brasilia in the first half of 2014 aimed to evaluate student’s perceptions of how far the study discipline ‘Introduction to Higher Education’ has achieved its overriding objective of preparing students for the elaboration of academic papers and articles. It is now a mandatory subject for university entrants in the new curriculum and part of an effort to change an increasingly common reality in the academic medium, that of committing plagiary. Results reveal a high level of satisfaction expressed by respondents regarding the proposal to raise students’ awareness of authorship responsibilities and the need for fidelity in regard to consulted literature.

19

Authors: David Terrazas Tello

La imagen del diablo que trajeron los evangelizadores, junto con la espada del conquistador, fue el resultado de un largo proceso socio-histórico-político-cultural. La espada y la cruz necesitaban herramientas de control ideológico a través del miedo, la culpa, la amenaza del infierno. Esta imagen fue utilizada por las órdenes monásticas para emprender la lucha contra la idolatría, cuya premisa fue la total extirpación del “paganismo”; usando como estrategia la satanización de los dioses del Mesoamericanos. El Mal tiene una de tantas encarnaciones dentro del contexto festivo actual en el calendario de la mixteca oaxaqueña, a través de la puesta en escena de la Danza de Diablos. Para el análisis de esta danza se propone la categoría transdisciplinaria de estéticas-rituales- comunitarias, la cual muestra como se reproduce lo simbólico en la memoria ancestral de la cultura, y como la figura del mal está presente en las cosmovisiones mixtecas contemporáneas.

20

Authors: António Pedro de Andrade Dores

The recent interest in the sociology of violence has arisen at the same time that western societies are being urged to consider the profound social crisis provoked by global financial turmoil. Social changes demand the evolution of sociological practices. The analysis herein proposed, based on the studies of M. Wieviorka, La Violence (2005), and of R. Collins, Violence: A Micro-sociological Theory (2008), concludes that violence is subject to sociological treatments centered on the aggressors, on the struggles for power and on male gender. There is a lack of connection between practical proposals for violence prevention and the sociology of violence. It is accepted that violence as a subject of study has the potential, as well as the theoretical and social centrality, to promote the debate necessary to bring social theory up to date. This process is more likely to occur in periods of social transformation, when sociology is open to considering subjects that are still taboo in its study of violence, such as the female gender and the state. The rise of the sociology of violence confronts us witha dilemma. We can either collaborate with the construction of a sub discipline that reproduces the limitations and taboos of current social theory, or we can use the fact that violence has become a “hot topic” as an opportunity to open sociology to themes that are taboo in social theory (such as the vital and harmonious character of the biological aspects of social mechanisms or the normative aspects of social settings).

25

Authors: Augusto Hernández Vidal

Los estados son garantes de los derechos indígenas al mismo tiempo que deben facilitar la explotación de los recursos naturales para mantener el crecimiento de las economías nacionales. Hoy los pueblos indígenas andinos utilizan el lenguaje de los colonizadores en los espacios políticos para expresar sus propias ideas sobre el desarrollo y resistir la explotación de los recursos naturales. Hay un proceso de coordinación política entre los pueblos indígenas que fomenta resistencia en contra de los cambios que promueve el desarrollo. En este artículo se propone una posición crítica frente a la consulta previa según la cual ella se constituye como una estructura que promueve el asentamiento progresivo de los paradigmas del desarrollo en territorio indígena. Tiene como objetivo llamar la atención sobre el carácter neutral de la consulta previa.

28

Authors: Francisco Javier Alatorre; Andrés Valdez Zepeda; Jaime Bernardo Novoa Rojas

La construcción de la confianza entre los jóvenes electores en los candidatos a un puesto de representación popular y a los partidos políticos que los postulan, ha sido un tema relativamente poco investigado. Este estudio, busca llenar este vacío y pretende identificar los principales factores que impactaron la confianza de los jóvenes en las elecciones presidenciales del 2012 en México. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo utilizando regresiones para encontrar los factores significativos, basados en las emociones percibidas por los jóvenes estudiantes del Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico-Administrativas. Se encontraron cuatro variables que afectaron la confianza de los jóvenes en Josefina Vázquez Mota, seis para Enrique Peña Nieto y seis para Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Se concluye que la confianza es un constructo y una variable muy importante en la política que define un destino, por lo que debe ser estudiada en sus diferentes perspectivas y modalidades.