Biogeosystem Technique

104-137

Authors: Valery P. Kalinichenko

Models of the Earth's climate dynamics are unstable. Climate engineering is focused on the transformation of Earth's climate, but its methods are largely inconsistent concerning the nature of the Biosphere. The cycles of matter on the Earth are mostly closed in the oceans, geological deposits, which leads to the impoverishment of the Biosphere and periodic catastrophic end of its next cycle. Actual industrial technology platform tends to raise the degree of uncertainty of the Biosphere and the Earth's climate, including incorrect application of economic instruments. systemic weaknesses of modern simulating industrial technologies of ecology, land use and nature use, industry, agriculture, urbanization, focused on solving particular problems of bottlenecks and unable to resolve the problem of stabilizing climate. It causes man-made degradation of the biosphere and the probability of loss of life on Earth The Biogeosystem technique is proposed. It is the scientific and technical branch, precluding a confrontation between the Humanity and the Biosphere. Biogeosystem technique allows you to correct the status of disperse system of soil, manage its material composition, including moisture content, aggregate properties, to improve the conditions of the plants, minimize the consumption of energy and matter per unit of biomass due to the correct management of biological processes. It is possible to renew and multiply the resources to expand and increase the biosphere biomass to produce more food, raw material and biofuels, reduce the cost of energy and material by robotics. On the basis of Biogeosystem technique is proposed the algorithm for damping Earth's climate uncertainty. The main motive of the algorithm – to strengthen and evenly disperse the photosynthesis in the Earth's biosphere, which will reduce the feedback time of greenhouse gases recycling directly in photosynthesis (carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere (air ionization by photosynthesis enhance the natural oxidation of methane in the atmosphere), to extend the biological phase of carbon and other substances.

153-163

Authors: Vjacheslav S. Anisimov, Lidia N. Anisimova, Ljudmila M. Frigidova, Dmitry V. Dikarev, Ruslan A. Frigidov, Ilja V. Kochetkov, Nanalia I. Sanzharova

Zinc migration patterns in the soil–plant systems were studied in the pot experiment as dependent on soil type, as well as metal concentrations. The quantified values of Zn migration were determined with use of fodder beans (Vicia faba L.) as a test culture. Threshold concentrations of Zn were established in the sod-podzolic sandy loam, peat swamp low-lying soils and chernozem leached silty clay loam, which manifest itself in phytotoxicity. It is shown that edaphic factors play an important role in regulating the mobility of Zn in the soil - plant system as physiological characteristics of the plants. The different approaches to rationing of Zn in soils are also presented.

172-184

Authors: Vitaly I. Pichura

The study presents the results of systemic application of а basin approach, geoinformation and neurotechnologies for spatial inhomogeneity modeling and prediction of changes in the content of potassium in the steppe and dry steppe zones (the Kherson region of Ukraine as an example). It shows that among the three types of basins coastal and river basins have the least homogeneous structure of soil and granulometric composition. The modeling has determined a general regularity in changes in potassium content in the 0 ... 40 cm deep layer over the past 42 years and shown a continuous process of gradual depletion of potassium in arable soils. Lack of regular and uniform chemical fertilization in required amounts, water erosion, including irrigation-caused erosion, and soil deflation, as well as continual irrigation resulted in potassium content reduction by an average of 18 % (from 442.8 mg/kg to 363.8 mg/kg) in 1970-2012. For 4450 points of observation, spatial and graphical analysis revealed a decrease in variability and a rising quadratic dependence of higher content of potassium in the direction from west to east, and its lower content from south to north. Autocorrelation analysis determined the minimum and maximum radii of typicality of potassium formation: 2.5 (r = 0.413) and 12.5 km (r = 0.170), respectively. This indicates a significant spatial heterogeneity of potassium distribution both within the boundaries of individual basins and within the contours of various soil types. Using the tools of multivariate statistics the study pioneered in obtaining spatial functions of potassium distribution and availability in the soils of the main basins of the Kherson region (with a correlation of 0.46 and 0.96, respectively). For the first time for the steppe and dry steppe zone, the study, based on geostatistical methods and regression analysis, approximated a linear dependence (r = 0.83) of exchangeable potassium and content of physical clay fraction (particles <0.01 mm) in soil texture. As a result of neurotechnological modeling, there was created a three-layer artificial neural network for spatial-temporal modeling of potassium content in the soils. The approximation reliability of the neuromodel is 85–94%. The study predicts an irreversible process of soil potassium depletion on rainfed lands by 1.9 mg/year, and on irrigated lands by 3.1 mg/year by 2025 if the current agricultural practices continue. The research results determine territorial priorities of regional policy allowing the use of differential effectiveness of soil conservation practices in farming systems.

189-207

Authors: Valeria M. Telesnina, Michael A. Zhukov

Particularities of some biological cycling indexes and humus condition indexes dynamic due to natural post-agrogenic re-afforestation in south taiga were studied. By post-agrogenic succession, total plant biomass in ecosystems increases due to tree stand renewal, biomass growth rate by arable land overgrowing exceeding biomass growth rate by hayfield overgrowing. Total carbon stock in ecosystems increases by post-agrogenic re-afforestation mainly due to perennial plant parts. The part of soil carbon, conversely, decreases in spite of absolutely increasing. Especially clearly, carbon accumulation takes place in overgrowing arable land, formed on sandy soil. For overgrowing arable land, essential increasing content and stock of carbon in topsoil is observed. For overgrowing hayfield, decreasing these indexes is observed on initial stage of succession. The particularities of organic carbon content and stock post-agrogenic dynamic depends on soil reclamation history, vegetation dynamic and native soil features, including soil texture.