Scientific Horizons

9-15

Authors: Bogdan Sheludchenko, Iryna Slusarenko, Oleh Pluzhnikov, Vladyslav Shubenko, Victor Biletsky, Viktor Borovskyi

Modern pipeline systems, both main and industrial, allow transporting a wide range of liquid and gaseous substances, including a variety of solid bulk materials, minerals, building materials and mixtures, etc. However, the development of pipeline transport systems today is hindered by the lack of theoretical developments in the implementation of practical engineering projects for the creation of both main and industrial product pipelines for various purposes. Therefore, the further development of the theory of flows of various substances in pipelines and the creation of universal methods for engineering calculations of design parameters of pipeline systems based on this theory are priority tasks for the further development of product pipeline transport. The studies were carried out in accordance with the condition of stochastic transformation of the coagulation-thixotropic structure of the gel flow into sol. Such a stochastic transformation of the coagulation-thixotropic structure can be observed both when reaching the mode that determines the turbulent motion of a viscous colloidal solution, and somewhat earlier – at the stages of the laminar flow regime of the solution. Based on the formal phenomenological analysis, it has been determined that during the transition of the laminar mode of motion of the Newton fluid flow in a cylindrical tube to the turbulent mode, the transported structured gel flow is guaranteed to collapse into a colloidal sol. Based on the example of a typical design calculation of a technological (production) pipeline for the transportation of motor oils of the SAE-10 and SAE-40 grades, the optimal conditional internal diameters of the product pipeline were determined. The compliance of the design structural parameters of the pipelines with the corresponding physical and mechanical properties of the transported liquids was established. The proposed methods of engineering calculations of design parameters for technical objects of pipeline transport should expand and supplement the regulatory documentation for the preparation of projects for the construction of both main product pipelines and technological "interoperable" production pipelines

27-36

Authors: Siarhei Rabk , Aliaksandr Kozel, Ivan Kimeichuk, Vasyl Yukhnovskyi

For a more efficient and rational use in the production of Scots pine wood of various geographical origin, it is necessary to know its physical and mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of wood of 17 climatic ecotypes of Scots pine and to carry out a comparative analysis of the indicators obtained for the studied climatypes separately and when they are grouped into subspecies in accordance with the classification of L.F. Pravdin. The range of the geographical origin of the places of seed procurement is from 47 to 62° north latitude and from 22 to 85° east longitude. The modern density universal testing machine MTS INSIGHT 100 was used for research. As a result of the research, it was found that the density of wood in an absolutely dry state varies from 370 kg/m3 (Kursk climatype) to 524 kg/m3 (Volgograd climatype), and at 12% humidity – from 397 kg/m3 (Kursk climatype) to 550 kg/m3 (Volgograd climatype). The index of the strength of wood of the studied climatypes for compression along the fibres was from 32 MPa (Kursk climatype) to 54 MPa (Volgograd climatype), and for static bending – from 55 to 92 MPa for the Vologda and Ulyanovsk climatypes, respectively. Distribution of Scots pine climatypes into subspecies in accordance with the classification of L.F. Pravdin and the obtained data on the physical and mechanical properties of wood have a certain pattern. The maximum density of wood at 12% moisture is typical for the European Scots pine subspecies is 497±8 kg/m3, the minimum value of this indicator for the Siberian Scots pine subspecies is 423±30 kg/m3. An intermediate position is occupied by the subspecies of Lapland pine and Forest-steppe pine with values of 483±16 and 464±12 kg/m3, respectively. The strength index of wood in the studied subspecies for compression along the fibres ranged from 47±1 MPa (European subspecies) to 33±4 MPa (Siberian subspecies), in the Lapland pine subspecies – 44±2 MPa and somewhat lower in the Forest-steppe pine subspecies – 42±2 MPa. The maximum value of the static bending strength of wood is typical for the European pine subspecies – 78±4 MPa, and the minimum – for the Siberian pine subspecies – 61±14 MPa. This indicator turned out to be equal in subspecies of forest-steppe and Lapland pine and amounted to 72±4 MPa. The practical value of the work lies in identifying the existing differences and variability among climatypes according to the studied physical and mechanical properties of wood and selecting the most promising of them for further breeding purposes.

47-53

Authors: Alina Shuliar, Alona Shuliar, Valerii Andriichuk, Svitlana Omelkovych, Volodymyr Tkachuk, Vitalii Latka

On the territory of Ukraine, for decades, the pig industry has traditionally remained one of the main reserves for ensuring the financial well-being of the population. Among the factors contributing to the profitability of pig breeding enterprises, a significant role is played by the breeding capacity of sows, since it guarantees the receipt of livestock for rearing and fattening. An indisputable condition for ensuring the efficiency of pig production is to increase the fattening and meat characteristics of pigs. With this in mind, the purpose of the study is to investigate the above-mentioned economic traits of pigs, which is currently an urgent task. The research was preceded by the establishment of three groups of sows and young stock, numbering 10 animal units each, located in similar economic conditions. According to the investigational plan, three groups of pigs are provided depending on the genotype: control group 1 – Large White (LW); experimental group 2 – Landrace (L); experimental group 3 – 1/2LWx1/2L (maternal base – Large White, paternal – Landrace). As a result of the conducted studies, it was found out that the local pig population obtained from crossing purebred animals of the Large White and Landrace breeds prevailed in terms of productivity over the original parent forms. From them, on average for three farrowing operations, the largest number of piglets at birth and the highest multiplicity were obtained. An unreliable correlation was found between the characteristics of the reproductive ability of sows and the number of farrowing. The correlation coefficient between the farrowing number and the number of piglets at birth had a negative value – -0.013; for fertility – positive – +0.038; for the offspring size – +0.014; milking capacity – +0.044. At the age of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 months, local young stock had the highest live weight, and the Large White pigs had the lowest values with significant differences (P≤0.05-0.001). The Landrace pigs had the highest live weight at birth and at the age of 4 months, and the Large White pigs had the lowest live weight (P≤0.05-0.001). The findings allow increasing the efficiency of the pig industry and prove the expediency of interbreeding in order to increase the economic traits of pigs.

62-68

Authors: Sergey Masliiov, Natalia Korzhova

Today, an increase in the real potential of grain crops, including spring barley, is a necessary condition for elements of crop cultivation technologies. Therefore, given the limited resource potential of spring barley crops, their fastidiousness to the soil, considerable attention should be paid to the photosynthetic potential of plants and the standardised application of mineral fertilisers. The aim of the study was to improve the elements of the technology of growing promising varieties of spring barley by establishing the mineral nutrition effect on the photosynthetic activity of plants in the conditions of the Luhanska Oblast. This study provides examples of improving some technologies for growing promising varieties of spring barley and determines the optimal norms for applying mineral nutrition to ensure the high photosynthetic potential of these plants in the climatic conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine. It was found that the use of ammonium nitrate had a positive effect on the leaf area, increasing it by 1-2.2 thousand m2/ha compared to the control for all varieties studied. The combined use of diammonium phosphate and ammonium nitrate contributed to an increase in the leaf area by 2-4. 4 thousand m2/ha compared to the control variant. Simultaneous application of ActiBION increased the total leaf area for all samples studied by 3.8-6.4 thousand m2/ha. The best indicators among the studied varieties were observed on the six-row variety Helios and the double-row variety Stalker. The six-row variety Vakula and the two-row variety Adapt showed slightly lower results. Further research implies the study of the influence of photosynthetic activity of promising varieties of spring barley on crop productivity in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The findings can be recommended for production as one of the elements in the technology of growing spring barley in the climatic conditions of the Luhanska Oblast.

77-83

Authors: Viktor Didora, Mykhailo Kluchevych

Over the past decades, intensive farming has operated under conditions of progressive degradation of the soil cover, maintaining production levels only at the expense of inadequate expenditure of non-renewable energy resources. The soils have acquired irreversible excessive compaction in the sub-arable part of the profile, and the dehumification has acquired a threatening status. The humus content in the soils of Ukraine decreased by almost 25%, and the average annual losses amount to 0.6-0.7 t/ha. Therefore, the search for ways to guarantee the reproduction of soil organic matter, reliable control and restoration of the optimal humus status is extremely relevant. The purpose of the study is to activate natural nitrogen-fixing systems using a mix of green manure and by-products of agricultural crops of short-term leguminous crop rotation. Field experiments were conducted on light grey soils during 2018-2020 in the experimental field of Polissia National University in a leguminous short-term rotation system. This study uses general scientific methods to establish the area of research, plan and lay experiments, conduct observations and analysis; visual – during the implementation of phenological observations; field – to study the relationship with abiotic factors; physiological – to determine the symbiotic effectiveness of preparations of biological origin. The technology of growing agricultural crops in leguminous crop rotation, which ensures the supply of raw materials of organic origin and the accumulation of air nitrogen by root nodule bacteria, has been theoretically substantiated and improved. It is established that one hectare of crop rotation area receives 6.8 tonnes of dry organic raw materials, which corresponds to 78.3 kg/ha of biological nitrogen. It is found out that inoculation of soybean seeds with a preparation of biological origin – Optimise 400, and treatment of soybean crops at BBCH microstages 60-63 with a complex microfertiliser on a chelated basis Nanovit Super+Magnesium Sulphate contributes to the active development of nodule bacteria, the number and weight of which is 81-89 pcs per plant and 510-572 kg/ha. Thus, the active symbiotic potential was 34.2-38.9 thousand kg/day. It is proved that during the growing season soybeans generate 357-400 kg/ha of biological nitrogen in the air, which provides a seed yield of 2.96-2.64 t/ha and leaves 117-160 kg/ha of nitrogen in the soil. The practical value of this study lies in the possibility of enriching the soil with organic matter and the biological form of nitrogen.

93-98

Authors: Roman Yakovenko, Petro Kopytko, Vadym Pelekhatyi

An indicator of the condition of plants, depending on the growing conditions, is the state of their leaf apparatus, which is described by the content of chlorophyll and nutrients in the leaf. The leaf of an apple-tree provides synthesis of organic substances, productivity of fruit trees depends on features of its vital activity. As a method of diagnosing the mineral nutrition of fruit crops, the chemical analysis of the leaves is important, the indicators of which reflect the levels of plant nutrients. The results of studies of chlorophyll content and nutrients in the leaves of apple trees of Calville Blanc d'hiver on seed and Idared on seed and vegetative M4 rootstocks in re-grown plantations on mineral nutrition, created by long-term (over 86 years) application of various systems of comfort podzolized soil. Long-term use of organic and organo-mineral fertiliser systems contributed to an increase in chlorophyll content (a + b) in the leaves of Idared apple trees on seed and clone M4 rootstocks and Calville Blanc d'hiver on seed rootstock at different age periods of growth and fructification, which conditioned their further productivity. The content of macronutrients in the leaves of the studied cultivar combinations depended on the age of plantations and fertiliser options. In the most productive period of fructification in the leaves of Idared trees on seed and vegetative rootstocks, the nitrogen content in the areas of fertiliser options was within optimal limits. Among the studied rootstocks in the variant without fertilisers, the highest nitrogen content in the leaves was described by trees on the seed rootstock. In the leaf of the Calville Blanc d'hiver variety, the nitrogen content on the seed rootstocks in the studied variants was within the optimal range, and among the fertiliser variants the highest was for the application of mineral fertilisers. The content of phosphorus and potassium in the leaves of the trees of the studied rootstock combinations in the areas of fertiliser variants was within optimal limits.

108-119

Authors: Tetiana Dziuba

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to strengthen the management function of an agricultural enterprise that focuses on the principles of sustainable development and aims to modernise accounting and analytical support for managing economic potential. The purpose of the study is to form a strategy for the desired improvement of accounting and analytical support of the enterprise with an emphasis on: reporting on sustainable development; expansion of the analytical complex of indicators of economic potential, capacity and performance of an agricultural enterprise; improvement of accounting and analytical support of enterprises using this information model through updating the documentation of control and audit. The theoretical and methodological basis was formed by scientific methods based on the dialectic of knowledge and objective laws of the development of the economy, nature, and society. Economic and mathematical modelling, systematisation and synthesis helped to develop a strategy to improve accounting and analytical support for managing the economic potential of agricultural enterprises, taking into account the principles of sustainable development. This type of modelling can help to effectively modernise accounting and analytical support for managing the economic potential for agricultural enterprises. The developed information model of selective adaptation helps managers of various levels to monitor the implementation of business processes for improving accounting and analytical support for economic potential management, assess the degree of achievement of priority goals and compliance with the principles of sustainable development. One of the steps of long-term modernisation of accounting and analytical support for agricultural enterprises through the introduction of sustainable development reporting is proposed, which should include indicators and documents on managing the economic potential, economic capacity, and performance of agricultural enterprises. The advantage of this information model is the ability to calculate the complexity index of transformation of accounting and analytical support for economic potential management using the principles of sustainable development, which shows the level of complexity of future modernisation of these aspects.