Nanotechnologies in Construction: A Scientific Internet-Journal

Number 4, 2023

298-309
Mathematical modeling of physical and chemical processes in porous media in solving the problems of nanocomposite materials and water-filling

Authors: Kuzina V.V., Samchenko S.V., Kozlova I.V., Koshev A.N.

Abstract

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ABSTRACT: Introduction. The complexity and laboriousness of system studies of physical and chemical processes in the volume and at the interface of the porous medium determines the need to apply mathematical modeling. This allows not only to identify and study the determining physical and chemical processes in a porous medium, but also to solve the problems of optimization and optimal control of processes and regimes by selecting the most favorable conditions. Methods and Materials. The method of mathematical modeling is used to study the processes, including the creation of composite and nanocomposite materials, as well as the moistening and moisture absorption in porous materials. In this context, the porous material is treated as a pseudohomogeneous medium with averaged physical and technological parameters. Results. The mathematical models of physical and chemical processes in the porous medium have been developed, the boundary conditions have been formulated, physical and effective constants have been determined. The processes in porous medium during metallization of carbon-graphite fibrous material, moistening of compacted textile material by an air flow, and moisture absorption by porous construction materials have been studied. Discussion. The adequacy of mathematical models to real physical and chemical processes is discussed. The results of calculations obtained by modeling equations implemented in the form of computer computational algorithms and experiments are compared. Conclusions. The effectiveness of the method for studying physical-chemical processes in a porous medium and for calculating optimal values of technological parameters has been established.

310-318
Justification of the criteria requirements for fillers in mixtures for 3D construction printing

Authors: Slavcheva G.S., Razov I.O., Solonina V.A., Panchenko Y.F

Abstract

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Number of views: 27

ABSTRACT: Introduction. As part of the task to create new materials for additive technologies, an analysis of the situation was carried out, and a problem was identified with the lack of common approaches to selecting raw material components for mixtures. Theoretical concept. Based on the approaches of fundamental structure rheology, physicochemical mechanics of disperse systems, the theory of packing of granular media, we theoretically justified the criteria requirements for the characteristics of fillers and suggested quantitative criteria for their evaluation. It was proposed to use these quantitative criteria for a preliminary comprehensive assessment of fillers when designing compositions of mixtures for 3D construction printing. Materials and methods. The characteristics of the fillers were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy with a scanning electron microscope Thermo Scientific™ Phenom™ Desktop SEM and processing of images by the ParticleMetric software package as well as using laser granulometry with a laser analyser of particles Analysette 22. Results. We assessed the cement and 5 types of fillers that had different sizes and played different roles in the formation of the mixture properties. We also identified their estimated criterial characteristics, including the average particle diameter, gra-nulometric constant, and particle shape coefficient. Boundary values of these characteristics were determined for particles of different morphology and dispersion degree. Conclusion. Based on the application of the suggested theoretical approaches, we determined the lines of research associated with obtaining experimental patterns of the impact of the criterial characteristics of fillers on the rheological characteristics of mixtures as well as with these characteristics according to their significance and justifying the requirements for the range of quantities of fillers depending on their size, shape, and granulometry

319-327
Formation of porous structures in production technology of construction materials based on building gypsum plaster

Authors: Kurmangalieva A.I., Anikanova L.A., Kudyakov A.I., Steshenko A.B., Buryanov A.F., Lukyanova N.A., Inozemtsev A.S., Inozemtsev S.S.

Abstract

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ABSTRACT: Introduction. This article presents the results of the research works on formation of building gypsum plaster porous structure with the use of recovered anhydrite raw materials and chemical additives, and describes a method for production of wall materials. The relevance of this paper is stipulated by the need to expand the range and increase the manufacture of heat-insulating and structural-heat-insulating products based on gypsum binders and local mineral raw materials, as well as the development of technologies to ensure the production of gypsum materials with improved performance. The authors proposed certain methods for forming the porous structure of building gypsum plaster and improving its performance in terms of porosity and thermal conductivity through the use of modified recovered raw materials and chemical additives of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate. Materials and methods. The study of the effect of modifying additives on the properties of the mixture was carried out using gypsum paste of normal consistency (NC = 55%). The preparation of samples and testing were performed according to the methods specified in the national standards with the use of porous additives of calcium carbonate, fluoroanhydrite and chemical additives for the rheological properties of the mixture, average density and strength of the samples, the patterns and mechanism of the processes of gypsum stone structure formation were established. Results. The application of fluoroanhydrite modified in the disintegrator with an equimolar amount of calcium carbonate leads to a decrease in the average density of the samples to 40% with evenly distributed pores. The analysis of the microstructure of heat-insulating material samples with a density of 550 kg/m3 showed that the average diameter of micropores is 0.45 mm, while the thermal conductivity of samples with complex chemical additives has the thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.25 W/m°C, which is 30% lower than the thermal conductivity of samples without complex additives. Conclusions. The results obtained create the basis for using recovery raw materials and domestic modifying additives as a pore-forming agent, which allow regulating the structure of gypsum stone in order to produce effective wall materials.

328-336
Research on the impact of nano carbon fillers on the morphology of epoxy binder

Authors: Ilyina V.N., Ilyin S.V., Khalikova G.R., Gafarova V.A., Kuzeev I.R

Abstract

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Number of views: 23

ABSTRACT: Introduction. When developing a composite material, it is important to understand how the components included in its composition affect its properties. Fillers, by interacting with the matrix, can alter its initial structure, resulting in the composite acquiring characteristics different from the matrix. The high modifying ability of nanofillers is determined by their significant specific surface area. This allows for the total interfacial area between the matrix and the dispersed phase to be covered even with a relatively low concentration of particles, thereby enabling the use of a small amount of filler. Methods and materials. Composite materials with nano carbon fillers were investigated, including fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphene. Fractographic analysis of the tensile fracture surfaces of the samples was chosen to evaluate the structure of the composites, which allows determining the nature of the failure and the ability of the composite to restrain crack propagation. The microstructure of the composite materials, as well as the morphology of the reinforcing nano carbon fillers, were examined with a Tescan MIRA3 scanning electron microscope. Results and discussion. In a graphene composite, crack energy is dissipated through branching and elongation of the crack path. Carbon nanotubes, being embedded in the crack walls, hinder the opening of the crack edges. Crack energy is also consumed in overcoming friction forces during the extraction of nanotubes from the epoxy matrix. Agglomerates of fullerenes act as effective crack front arresters, forcing the crack to circumvent them, thereby creating new areas of fracture surfaces. This leads to an increase in the crack front length and the energy required for material failure. Conclusion. Adding nano-carbon fillers (graphene, CNT and fullerenes) as reinforcing components in the epoxy binder alters the structure. The study defines possible mechanisms for hardening of the composite materials due to adding the nano-carbon fillers.

342-348
Production method of nanostructured wood-polymer composition with microwave application

Authors: Boev E.V., Kasyanova L.Z., Islamutdinova A.A., Aminova E.K.

Abstract

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Number of views: 19

ABSTRACT: Introduction. Currently, wood-polymer compositions (WPC) are widely used in the national economy and construction. The composition of WPC varies widely depending on the further purpose. Improving the binding quality in the wood-polymer system is one of the promising areas for enhancing operational characteristics. Organic and inorganic substrates nanostructured with individual substances, including metal particles, are used as binding components. In the petrochemical industry, most high-capacity productions use catalysts based on active carriers like heavy metals when developing targeted products for various purposes. After several stages of regeneration, recovering these heavy metals becomes impossible. Consequently, spent catalysts accumulate in sedimentation tanks and sludge collectors, lacking an efficient method for disposal and secondary use. One of the components included in the composition of spent catalysts is chromium (+6), which belongs to carcinogenic metals. Numerous disposal methods are currently inadequate for neutralizing this metal on an industrial scale, which is of interest for research. Methods and materials. The study is aimed at converting carcinogenic chromium (+6) into non-carcinogenic chromium (+3) by ultrahigh frequency exposure (microwave), which will open up opportunities for its use as a chromium-containing nanocomplex binding a tree-polymer. Results and discussions. The ultrahigh-frequency effect on the mixture of wood-polymer composition and spent chromium (+6) causes an increase in the penetration depth of high–frequency waves, characterized by a uniform distribution of energy over the entire area of the composite, which is explained by the reduction of chromium (VI) oxide into chromium (III) oxide, and there is also a change in the color of the nanostructured wood-polymer composition (WP – compositions) from yellow to malachite. Conclusion. This study, which consists in the application of microwave exposure to the wood-nanoparticle-polymer system, confirms the receipt of a durable construction product and its use in the construction of roofs, facade boards, sidewalks, piers, port facilities, etc

349-358
Potentiometric method for assessing the pozzolatic activity of highly dispersed materials

Authors: Sokolova Y.V., Ayzenshtadt A.M., Frolova M.A., Shinkaruk A.A., Makhova T.A.

Abstract

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ABSTRACT: Introduction. Pozzolatic activity is an important indicator for highly dispersed materials, particularly clay soils. It determines their effective use and characterizes the ability of the active components in their composition to interact with calcium hydroxide. Various methods are employed to assess this pozzolatic activity. Potentiometric methods are effective. They are based on measuring the electrode potential, which is functionally related to the change in the concentration (activity) of calcium ions in the analyzed solutions as the main information parameter of the pozzolatic reaction. The purpose of the research is to test the potentiometric method to assess the pozzolatic activity of highly dispersed materials, as well as the application of suggested approach to determine the rational amount of an active mineral lime-containing additive as a binder component for producing soil-concrete. Materials and Methods. We have chosen clay soil models with different plasticity index and sandy loam of the Arkhangelsk region as the objects. The potentiometric analysis method involved sequentially adding 0.015 mol/l calcium hydroxide solution, in amounts ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 ml, to a suspension containing 0.5 g of soil in 80 ml of distilled water. The potential of the system was measured while continuously stirring at a fixed speed. Results and Discussion. All studied objects are characterized by the pozzolatic activity, which increases in the series sandy loam sandy → clay loam light silty → clay light silty ≈ sandy loam silty and has the order of absolute values coinciding with the literature data. The rational amount of the active mineral lime-containing additive was 1–2% for clay soil models, depending on the plasticity index, and more than 2 % for the sandy loam of the Arkhangelsk region (from the soil mass on dried basis). Conclusion. We have shown the applicability of the potentiometric method of analysis using a calcium-selective electrode to assess the pozzolatic activity of highly dispersed materials on the example of models of clay soils with different plasticity index and sandy loam of the Arkhangelsk region.

359-372
On the possibility of utilizing sodium lignosulfonate as a nano-organic foundation for creating soil-like bodies in the purposes of technogenic-degraded land rehabilitation

Authors: Dorogaya E.S., Suleymanov R.R., Kuzina E.V., Yurkevich M.G., Bakhmet O.N.

Abstract

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ABSTRACT: Introduction. Currently a significant number of quarry restoration strategies have been developed, based on different aspects of soil impact: specifically, mixing the topsoil with the empty rock of exhausted quarries; introducing organic waste; applying mulching and polymer structure formers; using the adapted plants. In this study we attempt to combine the positive aspects of the previously mentioned methods. Therefore, the aim of our research is to create artificial soil-like structures with specified agroecological properties. We anticipate further use of the obtained mixture as a layer between the quarry waste material and fertile soil, which is to be applied to the reclaimed surface and followed by the planting of local plant species. Materials and methods. Studies on the possibility of reclamation of mine tailings were conducted under conditions of model experiment with sodium lignosulfonate (SL), a waste organic material from the pulp and paper industry, as the organic base for the soil-like body. Fine fraction soil (FS) sampled from the mine tailings was mixed with SL in ratios of 1/0.5, 1/1, and 1/2; to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter depending on the experimental scheme, strains of bacteria Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas kunmingensis were added. The obtained mixtures have been composting for three months at a room temperature, with regular mixing and maintaining moisture levels. The phytotoxicity of the obtained mixtures was assessed by germinating seeds of a short duration radish variety called "18 days". Results and discussion. The application of sodium lignosulfonate (SL) into the fine fraction soil (FS) significantly increased the organic matter content and decreased the acidity of the medium. The fertilizing with nitrogen in the SL experimental variants has led to a significant increase in the content of alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen compared to the variants in the absence of N and the presence of SL. Conclusion. The research results showed that the application of sodium lignosulfonate (SL) to the fine fraction soil (FS) contributed to a decrease in acidity, an increase in organic matter and alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen content in the mixture, as well as a reduction in substrate toxicity

373-382
Automation of monitoring construction works based on laser scanning from unmanned aerial vehicles

Authors: Rada A.O., Kuznetsov A.D., Zverev R.E., Timofeev A.E.

Abstract

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Number of views: 24

ABSTRACT: Introduction. Current publications and technologies for digital modeling of construction projects often entail considerable expenses and lengthy project timelines. In order to effectively monitor and control a large number of objects, there is a need to develop laser scanning technologies specifically for unmanned aerial vehicles, eliminating the need for ground-based imaging. Materials and methods. The study employed a hexacopter-type unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a laser scanner, as well as specialized software for processing aerial imagery and laser scanning data, which included tools developed by the authors. The octant method was utilized when developing an algorithm for point cloud comparison. Results and discussion. In the course of the study, a technology for automating the monitoring and control of construction work was developed, in accordance with which aerial photography is performed once and an orthophotomap of the object is built (to accommodate laser scanning data). Then, with a certain frequency, laser surveys are carried out from an unmanned aerial vehicle, dense clouds of points are formed for different dates. To compare them, a linear computational algorithm has been developed, which, using data on two dense point clouds, allows obtaining the resulting cloud, which reflects the progress in the construction work. A feature of the algorithm is that the search for points is not carried out over the entire cloud, but within the boundaries of octants. This speeds up data processing and reduces the load on computing power. The technology received software implementation in the web application “Management system for monitoring construction work at facilities that have passed the state examination.” It allows the user to quickly get a visual representation of the change in the construction object for the selected period, to carry out all the necessary measurements (coordinates, geometric parameters, material consumption, etc.). Conclusions. The developed technology for automating the monitoring of construction work can be used by developers, customers, state and municipal authorities to quickly obtain information in order to control and support managerial decision-making.