Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

10

Authors: Shohreh MORADI, Grzegorz SIERPIŃSKI, Houshmand MASOUMI

A unified calculating approach is needed for public passenger transportation. All public transport companies and other stakeholders would have additional opportunities to create a transport offer if the unified methodology was made available to them and if calculations and calculation criteria were harmonized. Thus, the main goal – improving citizen mobility – would be accomplished. For this reason, in the study, we suggested the hybrid fuzzy methods for evaluating and improving the quality of public transport service. Unreliable responses of survey participants often distort group decision-making regarding the problem of public services, negatively affecting the end of the calculation procedure. Fuzzy multicriteria decision-making approach has been used. The suggested technique has the advantage of taking into account the degree of fuzzification of respondents' judgments about the choice scenario, while also using two MCDM models to eliminate bias in the responses.

11

Authors: Pavol TARBAJOVSKÝ, Michal PUŠKÁR

One of the main problems of today’s automotive manufacturers are emission norms that are getting much stricter. According to these high demands, car manufacturers are developing new systems to keep exhaust emissions at the lowest possible level. The resonance expansion system for emissions reduction of internal combustion engines could decrease emissions production not only in modern vehicles but also in older vehicles by additional mounting on the exhaust system. This article shows the resonance expansion system technical solution and simulations of fluid flow done in flow simulation software. The resonance expansion system is also patented, and further experiments for design improvement are planned in the near future.

12

Authors: Jure ŠARIĆ, Andrija VIDOVIĆ, Igor ŠTIMAC, Borna ABRAMOVIĆ

In the territory of the Republic of Croatia, not a single airport is connected to the railway infrastructure, which is a limiting factor for the further development of air cargo transport. The traffic network within the catchment area of Franjo Tudman Airport in Zagreb is not sufficiently interconnected, and therefore the implementation of the rules of the single market within the transport sectors is uneven. This paper aims to investigate the factors of intermodality of air transport and other modes of transport, focusing on cases of infrastructure integration in order to improve transport connectivity. The research analysed several airports where increase in cargo traffic was influenced by the expanding capacities and connectivity at the airport. By calculating the coefficient of utilisation of the intermodal surfaces of the reference airports, it was determined that the increase of these capacities does not necessarily lead to a significant increase in air cargo transport. However, due to estimates of the global growth of air cargo transport, an adequate and modernised infrastructure gives an advantage of better positioning in the transport market compared to those airports that do not have such resources. Based on the obtained results and increased investment to improve rail speeds and intermodal accessibility, the modular approach of expanding the infrastructure, through monitoring of cargo transport utilisation coefficient, is considered sustainable.

16

Authors: Elżbieta MACIOSZEK

Rail transport is one of the branches of transport included in the group of land transport, and its operation is related to the transport of people and cargo by means of rail transport on a specially designated railroad built for this purpose. The article presents the classification of transported cargo in rail transport, the characteristics of the rail transport market in Europe, as well as the results of the analysis of the rail transport volume in Poland in 2010-2021. This analysis included an assessment of the following features: mass of transported cargo, performed transport and operational work, the average distance of cargo transport for a group of cargo transported by rail and the volume of intermodal transport. The obtained results allowed to conclude that the transport of goods by rail is systematically increasing. Moreover, intermodal transport is developing well.

17

Authors: Konstantinos MALAGAS, Ridha Aditya NUGRAHA, Sofoklis ALEPIS, Nikitas NIKITAKOS, Rio CHRISTIAWAN, Vicia SACHARISSA

Persons with reduced mobility (PRM) should enjoy the same rights as other people in all life aspects, including in terms of travel experience. PRM group is an undeveloped travel market segment, having specific needs that the aviation organizations should satisfy. The facilitation of air travel for PRM should be supported by, among others, clear standards and appropriate regulations and laws. The present study focuses on the European Union (EU) and ASEAN regulatory framework for PRM, presenting various issues and suggesting improvements. The paper is theoretical in nature. It compares various regulations and laws that are implemented in the two Regions, and from thereafter suggestions are generated. The study shows that the European Union has a more efficient regulatory framework that better responds to the transportation chain and the needs of the various groups of PRM. The ASEAN Region can adopt some functional regulations and practices from the European Region. Also, the emphasis should be moved from persons with disabilities to PRM accompanied by the necessary rules, mainly from the ASEAN side. PRM makes up a significant potential market segment in aviation and relevant studies will be beneficial. The study provides significant insights for the aviation industry, particularly for these two Regions, the various groups of PRM, and the policymakers.

19

Authors: Anna KWASIBORSKA, Krzysztof KĄDZIOŁA

Following the events related to the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, increasing air traffic also increases turnaround agents' activity at airports. Turnaround operations are among the critical activities performed at airports, which must be characterized by punctuality and accuracy of the elementary handling operations. Lack of punctuality in ground handling causes delays in air traffic. On the other hand, a lack of accuracy can also cause disruptions that can turn into aviation incidents. Achieving punctuality and accuracy in aircraft handling is possible by minimizing the resulting disruptions during such handling. The safety management system (SMS) assumes activities to reduce the causes of potential incidents. In the turnaround process, the human factor, the technical aspect, and compliance with existing procedures are significant. The authors have extensively analyzed the disruptions arising during ground handling, learning its causes and effects, which will help avoid adverse events. Occurring disruptions can cause delays in the execution of flight operations but can also cause aviation incidents. Therefore, the authors focused on ground-handling disruptions that can cause adverse aviation incidents. The article presents the interference analysis results as an Ishikawa diagram. Using the FRAM method, an analysis of possible disruptions during the baggage handling process was carried out.

22

Authors: Marta LALAK, Kamil KRASUSKI, Damian WIERZBICKI

Low-altitude photogrammetric studies are often applied in detection of aviation obstacles. The low altitude of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flight guarantees high spatial resolution (X, Y) of the obtained data. At the same time, due to high temporal resolution, UAVs have become an appropriate tool for gathering data about such obstacles. In order to ensure the required accuracy of orientation of the photogrammetric block, Ground Control Points (GCPs) are measured. The recently introduced UAV positioning solutions that are based on Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) are known to effectively reduce, or, according to other sources, even completely eliminate the necessity to conduct GCP measurements. However, the RTK method involves multiple limitations that result from the need to ensure continuous communication between the reference station and the rover receiver. The main challenge lies in achieving accurate orientation of the block without the need to conduct time-consuming ground measurements that are connected to signalling and measuring the GCPs. Such solution is required if the SPP code method is applied to designation the position of the UAV. The paper presents a research experiment aimed at improving the accuracy of the determination of the coordinates of UAV for the SPP method, in real time. The algorithm of the SPP method was improved with the use of IGS products.

24

Authors: Milind PARSE, Dhanya PRAMOD

The traffic sign identification and recognition system (TSIRS) is an essential component for autonomous vehicles to succeed. The TSIRS helps to collect and provide helpful information for autonomous driving systems. The information may include limits on speed, directions for driving, signs to stop or lower the speed, and many more essential things for safe driving. Recently, incidents have been reported regarding autonomous vehicle crashes due to traffic sign identification and recognition system failures. The TSIRS fails to recognize the traffic signs in challenging conditions such as skewed signboards, scratches on traffic symbols, discontinuous or damaged traffic symbols, etc. These challenging conditions are presented for various reasons, such as accidents, storms, artificial damage, etc. Such traffic signs contain an ample amount of noise, because of which traffic sign identification and recognition become a challenging task for automated TSIRS systems. The proposed method in this paper addresses these challenges. The sign edge is a helpful feature for the recognition of traffic signs. A novel traffic sign edge detection algorithm is introduced based on bilateral filtering with adaptive thresholding and varying aperture size that effectively detects the edges from such noisy images. The proposed edge detection algorithm and transfer learning is used to train the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models and recognize the traffic signs. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared with existing edge detection methods. The results show that the proposed algorithm achieves optimal Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) error rates and has a better Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) ratio than the traditional edge detection algorithms. Furthermore, the precision rate, recall rate, and F1 scores are evaluated for the CNN models. With the German Traffic Sign Benchmark database (GTSRB), the proposed algorithm and Inception V3 CNN model gives promising results when it receives the edge-detected images for training and testing.