Reviews in Clinical Medicine

87-96

Authors: Negareh Yazdani; Leyla Shahkarami; Javad Heravian Shandiz; Veda Vakili; Hadi Ostadimoghaddam; AbbasAli Yekta; Seyed Hosein Hoseini-Yazdi

Introduction: This article aimed to review the literatures on visual impairments and ocular changes in premature infants with low birth weight and gestational age. Methods: Five electronic databases including: PubMed, Web of Science, Science direct, Ovid, and Scopus were searched. Original articles published until 2015 describing preterm infants were reviewed. Repetitive and derivative articles were excluded. Results: Out of 100 unique, potentially relevant articles, 42 studies that addressed and met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. Conclusion: Prematurity affects ocular structures (from anterior to posterior segment) and functions. Premature infants are at risk of myopization. Concerning the changes in premature infants, a significant increase is found in axial length, intraocular pressure, and central corneal thickness; moreover, high incidence of retinal changes is reported as a result of prematurity. On the other hand, visual acuity, tear, electroretinogram, and visual evoked potential responses decrease with prematurity. The most common ophthalmic disorders in preterm infants are myopia and retinopathy of prematurity, which could affect life quality due to reduced visual acuity.

102-123

Authors: Mohammad Reza Safdari

Introduction: This exhaustive literature review aimed to find articles in relation to blood loss prevention in TKA via searching in databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar during 2005-2015. Methods: In this study, we included all the articles focusing on the evaluation of blood loss during TKA using specific treatment methods to reduce blood loss. We explored the studies with control groups and placebo subjects, and other studies were excluded from this review. The obtained results of each surveyed articles were summarized and evaluated based on the objectives of this study. Results: In total, 68 studies performed on 8,355 patients were included in this review, 18 of which were double-blinded, and 40 were open-label. A significant difference was observed in the transfusion thresholds of all the reviewed studies. According to our findings, frequency of prophylactic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) varied in the reviewed studies due to the use of different techniques to prevent blood loss after TKA; the incidence of DVT was reported in 15 articles. Conclusion: Since ABT involves high risks and even morbidity, new techniques should be applied to prevent blood loss. Although several techniques are available to reduce blood loss in TKA, ABT is frequently practiced and might lead to anemia in TKA patients. On the other hand, the effectiveness of new methods used to prevent blood loss remains a matter of question since all these methods are associated with certain adverse side effects.

128-130

Authors: Somaye Norouzi; Mohsen Nematy; Hedieh Zabolinezhad; Samane Sistani; Kobra Etminani

World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the number of people with diabetes will grow 114% by 2030. It declares that patients themselves have more responsibility for controlling and the treatment of diabetes by being provided with updated knowledge about the disease and different aspects of available treatments, and diet therapy in particular. In this regard, diet recommendation systems would be helpful. They are techniques and tools which suggest the best diets according to patient’s health situation and preferences. Accordingly, this narrative review studied food recommendation systems and their features by focusing on nutrition and diabetic issues. Literature searches in Google scholar and Pubmed were conducted in February 2015. Records were limited to papers in English language; however, no limitations were applied for the published date. We recognized three common methods for food recommender system: collaborative filtering recommender system (CFRS), knowledge based recommender system (KBRS) and context-aware recommender system (CARS). Also wellness recommender systems are a subfield of food recommender systems, which help users to find and adapt suitable personalized wellness treatments based on their individual needs. Food recommender systems often used artificial intelligence and semantic web techniques. Some used the combination of both techniques.

136-139

Authors: Fatemeh Homaei Shandiz; Zahra Hadizadeh Talasaz

Air pollution consists of chemicals resulting from many human activities and natural resources, which can cause gene mutations. Almost, it is proven that air pollution contributes to lung cancer and its relationship with other cancers including bladder, cervical cancer, ovary, prostate, brain and breast cancer is suspected. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women and the prominent cause of death among them all around the world. Poor prediction of risk factor leads to discovery of more reliable factors. Mammary tumors in animals that are generated by chemicals compounds, give possible mechanisms for effects of environmental pollutants. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to review the available literature for investigating the relation of ambient air pollution and breast cancer. Findings of our study highlight the possibility of increasing in occurrence of breast cancer, developing to invasive cancer and mortality in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women exposed to air pollution.