International Journal of Environmental Problems

Number 1 (1), 2015

4-16
Conflicts of Biosphere and Agroecosystems

Authors: Valery I. Glazko, Tatiana T. Galzko

Abstract

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Number of views: 434

The main problems of the conflict of the biosphere and agricultural sphere were analyzed. The causes and directions of land use changes were discussed. Data on indirect land-use change caused by competition for agricultural lands, international trade in agriculture, agronomic innovations that facilitate it obtaining were presented. The globalization of markets for agricultural products and production were undermining international efforts to stabilization of the biosphere. It was emphasized that chaotic land-use changes required the development of methods for their simulation and investigation, since without detailed studies which could predict such changes it were impossible to working out the approaches to resolving of the problems of sustainable development of agro-ecosystems and, consequently, the conservation of agricultural resources. As one of the ways to mitigate the conflict between the biosphere and the agricultural sector in developed countries was an increasing emphasis on biotechnology. The ways to reduce environmental threats to agricultural production on the basis of use of modern biotechnology were discussed.

17-48
Recycling of Poultry Litter by Method of Biogeosystem Technique

Authors: Valery P. Kalinichenko, Viktor F. Starcev

Abstract

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Number of views: 424

Outdated world industrial technological platform has a narrow possibility for recycling of poultry litter. Scientific and technical branch "biogeosystem technique" provides environmentally sound recycling of poultry litter on the base of interdisciplinary synthetic transcendental methods, technical solutions and technologies for management of biogeochemical cycles of substance in gaseous, liquid or solid phase. The technology is proposed of subsurface disperse disposal of poultry manure disperse simultaneously with subsurface rotary milling machining soil layer 20-50 cm. After treatment the dispersed loose root layer of soil is formed. It provides preferential terms of recycling of poultry manure and large plant’s biomass. Later manure disposed in the soil in the form of synthetic pulp by subsurface impulse continuous-discrete irrigation with fertigation or by dispersing the granular material inside the dispersion system of the soil. Proposed devices and technology provide full environmental disposal of poultry waste without adverse effect on atmosphere, hydrography, terrain. There are provided the plant nutrition, enhanced resource renewal, additional quality food, forage, raw materials, energy and biofuels. There is obtained the full ecological cycle of the Earth, increased the biological and industrial capacity, stability and recreational quality of the biosphere.

49-58
Determination of Oil Products in Soil by Fractions

Authors: Alla A. Okolelova, Nadezhda G. Kasterina, A.S. Merzlyakova

Abstract

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Number of views: 476

Depending on a method for determining oil products and chemical features of an extraction agent, research of the same soil samples has shown different results. The highest values of oil products analyzed using carbon tetrachloride on a concentration meter AN-2 may indicate the most complete determination of gross content. Hexane extraction in determining oil products on spectrofluorimeter «Flyuorat-02» has shown the lowest values of all three methods. The proportion of soluble fractions which are in a mobile state or in the dissolved phase (summing up the results of their determination on «Flyuorat-02») can be called a mobile fraction (OPm). The high proportion of OPm (over 50%) in the topsoil can serve as a diagnostic indicator of permanent income of oil products to the soil. As a result of autoclaving at temperatures up to 170 °C and a pressure of 1,5 atm volatile fractions evaporate (OPv). In uncontaminated virgin soil oil is a fraction of organic compounds of the soil. The oil volatiles have not been defined that may be a diagnostic indicator of the lack of intoxication soils.

59-63
Environmental Assessment and Improvement of Saline Lands in Irrigated Agriculture

Authors: Adeubai S. Seitkaziev, Asker U. Taichibekov, Leila B. Kashkynbaeva, Gaukhar A. Sholpankulova, Zhansaya S. Dyusenbaeva, Ainash A. Muratalieva

Abstract

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Number of views: 520

The results of the study showed that in saline and solonetz lands is economically feasible to carry out the flushings 5–6 times a single norm 800-1000 m3/ha on the background of a permanent drainage with a temporary drain spacing in the range of 40-150 m and a depth of 1.0 m. The total leaching norms are 5000–7000 m3/ha.

64-74
Recycling Spent Activated Sludge

Authors: Natal'ya A. Sobgayda, Anzhelika B. Solodkova

Abstract

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Number of views: 436

The paper presents the basic methods of disposal and recycling of waste activated sludge. The technology of neutralization of waste activated sludge and subsequent disposal in the form of an adsorbent for cleaning oil-contaminated wastewater and production of complex fertilizers, allowing to intensify the process of phytoremediation of soils from oil.