Ciencia e Natura

5

Authors: Iguer Santos

In this work we consider two class of optimal control problems on time scales described by Volterra integral equations on time scales. We have established the existence of solutions for these two class of optimal control problems.

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Authors: Luis Antonio Bittar Venturi

South America’s territorial arrangement – a big country surrounded by smaller ones – is clarified by historical factors, as due to the fact that Brazil has become a viceroyalty. The Royal family’s presence in the colony would have favoured its integrity. Normally, the geographic factors are neglected in this explanation, especially those related to natural resources as physical aspects of the landscape. Here we intend to fill this thematic gap applying the geographic facts to the explanatory analysis of the South-American territory. Methodologically, the comparative analysis between The Spanish America and the Portuguese was conducted by two variables: the nature of the explored natural resources and the physical features of the territory. Our main idea is founded on four premises: 1 –Moving through the territory as a condition to assure domination. 2 - Biomass natural resources lead to farther moving. 3 - Considering that mining activities are local they beget urban development and consequently became a fertile ground for revolutionary movements. 4 – Flat relief, large rivers and mild temperatures encourage the development of farming activities and therefore the occupation of territory. We conclude that the combination of these variables and premises may throw new light on comprehending South America’s territorial arrangement.

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Authors: João Plínio Juchem Neto, Julio Cesar Ruiz Claeyssen, Daniele Ritelli e Giovanni Mingari Scarpello

This paper considers a Solow-Swan economic growth model with the labor force ruled by the logistic equation added by a constant migration rate, I. We prove the global asymptotic stability of the capital and production per capita. Considering a Cobb-Douglas production function, we show this model to have a closed-form solution, which is expressed in terms of the Beta and Appell F1 special functions. We also show, through simulations, that if I > 0, it implies in a smaller capital and product per capita in the short term, but in a higher capital and product per capita in the middle and long terms. In both cases, these per capita variables converge to the same steady-state given by the model without migration. If I < 0 the transient behavior is the opposite. Finally, if I = 0, we recover the solution for the pure logistic case, involving Gauss’ Hypergeometric Function 2F1.

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Authors: Alex Cesar Cavalheiro Marques, Ana Júlia Senna Sarmento Barata e Ricardo Ribeiro Alves

Through the National School Food Program (PNAE) and the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) the State seeks to deploy a Public Policy in order to promote family farming providing distribution opportunities for farmers meeting the food needs of public school students. The work aims to analyze the supply of products from family farms in San Gabriel / RS for the PNAE and verify the effectiveness of this policy at the municipal level. The research was exploratory and had a qualitative approach, development of theoretical framework, site visits and construction and application of semistructured interviews with public officials and family farmers. The results revealed that the supply process includes few farmers and does not reach the goal set forth by law.

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Authors: Ana Paula da Motta Pereira e Beatriz Stoll Moraes

The increasing awareness about the risks on public health and environment, caused by solid residues generated by health service, is mainly due to its infectious fractions. In Brazil, there's thousand health units producing these residues and, in most cities, the handling issue and final arrangement are not yet resolved. The Irmandade da Santa Casa of São Gabriel, RS, acknowledging its responsability as generator of health residues sought to adjust to the legislation and minimize the impacts caused on the environment and others afected by its activities. Thus, the present study sought to, through exploratory research, analyze the conditions of the management of solid wastes on health services which are produced by Irmandade da Santa Casa in order to verify the compliance with the existing legal standards. The present study used the resolution of the executive board ( DC ) 306/2004 of the National Health Surveillance Agency ( ANVISA ), the Resolution 358/2005 of the National Environment Council ( CONAMA ) , and 2010 12.305 law which establishes the national policy on solid waste to evaluate and compare the reality of the institution. Through research it was possible to identify strengths and weaknesses on the management of waste as well as some necessary adjustments based on the current legislation.

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Authors: Arinos Alves da Silva Lopes, Jessica Lemos Gomes, Lays Carolline Souza e Jaqueline Maria Silva

The exponential and uncontrolled growth of the world population can affect the population’s quality of life and lead to various environment and health problems, such as deforestation to make way for new housing and an increase in the water supply demand and in the amount of pollutants released in the water bodies. Several mathematical models have been developed to try to understand and solve problems of dispersion of pollutants in aquatic environments. This article aims to study, analyze and model the dispersion behavior of contaminants and pollutants in a lake using the Diffusion-Advection differential equations model

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Authors: Hossein khosravi, Vahidreza Kalatjari and Hadi Einabadi

In a RBS connection, the stress concentration is being prevented on the location of joint via local reduction of beam section near the column and the place of plastic hinge is being transferred from connection to a section of a beam near to the column. A special ilk of RBS connection which is named dogbone connection and its beam wings are cut from a circle in an arcuate form, has displayed a desirable performance against to the seismic loads. This paper aims at obtaining the best cutting geometry of the beam wing in order to improve the performance of the connection against to the seismic loads. For this purpose in this research, we have opted a several panel zone with different dimension on the beam wing under the influence of the seismic loads in Finite Element software called Abaqus along with a cyclic loading, modeled displacement control index and the best sample of cutting dimension among from the samples that are modeled

9

Authors: rodrigojsilva@gmail.com Rafael Navas e Rodrigo Jesus Silva

The Agroforestry Systems (SAF) is forms of land use and land occupation in which woody plants are managed in association with herbaceous and agricultural ones with the potential to recover degraded areas. Thus, the monitoring and assessment of areas recovered with Agroforestry Systems are extremely important to evaluate if their environmental functions can be equivalent to the areas recovered only with native species. Thereby, the objective of this study was to evaluate, through forest restoration indicators, the recovery of ecosystem functions in a SAF implanted in Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo State. The sample design was completely randomized by 3 plots (15 x 15 m each) allocated in a SAF area and other 3 plots in a reforestation area with native species only (RN), both with five years old and in the same watershed. The indicators were crown diameter, forest litter stock, height and diameter above the base of the individual trees, soil temperature and moisture. The assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance were verified through the Waste Analysis, with subsequent analysis using nonparametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Statistical analyzes were performed using the R software (R Development Core Team, 2012) with a significance level of 5% (α = 0.05). It is concluded that the recovery area only with native species presents better development of vertical structure, with greater canopy closure. For soil indicators there were no differences. Agroforestry systems run by natural succession can be an alternative to the recovery of degraded areas, because they are more similar to the structure of native forests. Abstract The Agroforestry Systems (SAF) is forms of land use and land occupation in which woody plants are managed in association with herbaceous and agricultural ones with the potential to recover degraded areas. Thus, the monitoring and assessment of areas recovered with Agroforestry Systems are extremely important to evaluate if their environmental functions can be equivalent to the areas recovered only with native species. Thereby, the objective of this study was to evaluate, through forest restoration indicators, the recovery of ecosystem functions The Agroforestry Systems (SAF) is forms of land use and land occupat herbaceous and agricultural ones with the potential to recover degraded area Agroforestry Systems are extremely important to evaluate if their environme native species. Thereby, the objective of this study was to evaluate, through f in a SAF implanted in Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo State. The sample de allocated in a SAF area and other 3 plots in a reforestation area with nati watershed. The indicators were crown diameter, forest litter stock, height and and moisture. The assumptions of normality and homogeneity of varianc analysis using nonparametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Statistical ana Team, 2012) with a significance level of 5% (α = 0.05). It is concluded t development of vertical structure, with greater canopy closure. For soil ind natural succession can be an alternative to the recovery of degraded areas, be The Agroforestry Systems (SAF) is forms of land use and land occupat herbaceous and agricultural ones with the potential to recover degraded area Agroforestry Systems are extremely important to evaluate if their environme native species. Thereby, the objective of this study was to evaluate, through f in a SAF implanted in Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo State. The sample de allocated in a SAF area and other 3 plots in a reforestation area with nati watershed. The indicators were crown diameter, forest litter stock, height and and moisture. The assumptions of normality and homogeneity of varianc analysis using nonparametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Statistical ana Team, 2012) with a significance level of 5% (α = 0.05). It is concluded t development of vertical structure, with greater canopy closure. For soil ind natural succession can be an alternative to the recovery of degraded areas, be

9

Authors: Jefferson Marçal Rocha e Anna Karolline Rezende dos Santos

This paper presents an application proposed a method of indicators to evaluate the municipal program of selective collection in the municipality of San Gabriel, which started in 2015. This program is based on the law of the National Solid Waste Policy which now obligation for the public to perform the management of waste collection. It has the prospect of identifying the levels of economic, environmental and health based on the concepts of integrated and shared management, established in Brazil as a public policy model of solid waste. Analyzes the municipal selective collection program, which is developed in partnership with a collectors association. It is considered that the selective collection program evaluation studies are lacking and there is a lack of validated indicators for this assessment. For data collection was used a literature review, document concerning the issue and interviews with qualified agents who work in this sector. This research put on the agenda the importance of using sustainability indicators for selective collection programs and collectors' organization assisting the program monitoring, proposing goals and management alternatives at the prospect of making more sustainable waste collection activity.

10

Authors: Maryam Eskandarzadeh, Saeid Tahmasebi∗ and Mahmoud Afshari

Salehi and Ahmadi (2014) introduced a new sampling scheme for generating record-breaking data called record ranked set sampling. In this paper, we consider the uncertainty and information content of record ranked set samples (RRSS) in terms of Shannon entropy, Re ´nyi and Kullback-Leibler (KL) information measures. We show that the difference between the Shannon entropy of RRSS and the simple random samples (SRS) is depends on the parent distribution F. We also compare the information content of RRSS with a SRS data in the uniform, exponential, Weibull, Pareto, and gamma distributions. We obtain similar results for RRSS under the Re ´nyi information. Finally, we show that the KL information between the distribution of SRS and distribution of RRSS is distribution-free and increases as the sample size increases.

10

Authors: 1 Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste - MG – Muriaé, MG, Brasil Beatriz Gonçalves Brasileiro1, Joseane Bessa Barbosa2, Claudia Masrouh Jamal, Olívia Gonçalves Leão Coelho, Rikeller Ronchi e Virgínia Ramos Pizziolo

This study aimed to assess chemical compositions and anatomy of Talinum triangulare extract and its cytotoxic activity in order to improve the knowledge of the specie. Leaves and stem fragments were fixed, sectioned and stained following the usual techniques in anatomy. The phytochemical screening was performed according to classical tests for secondary metabolites detection. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using as model the lethality of Artemia salina larvae. The studied leaf is amphistomatic and presents uniseriate epidermis covered by thin cuticle. The mesophyll is dorsiventral and the midrib consists of collateral vascular bundle. In the apical portion, the stem has vascular bundles delimiting the medular and cortical regions. A stratum of angular collenchyma is found beneath the epidermis. In the basal portion, the stem has about four layers of angular collenchyma and voluminous parenchyma cells internally delimiting the cortex. The phytochemical screening detects the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenes and steroids. The mineral composition showed that the major element found was nitrogen, followed by potassium and magnesium, and the leaves are iron rich. The ethanolic extract did not show toxicity in the larvae of A. salina, with LD50> 1000 ppm, which proves the safe use of this specie in popular therapy. Abstract This study aimed to assess chemical compositions and anatomy of Talinum triangulare extract and its cytotoxic activity in order to improve the knowledge of the specie. Leaves and stem fragments were fixed, sectioned and stained following the usual techniques in anatomy. The phytochemical screening was performed according to classical tests for secondary metabolites detection. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using as model the lethality of Artemia salina larvae. The studied leaf is amphistomatic and presents uniseriate epidermis covered by thin cuticle. The mesophyll is dorsiventral and the midrib consists of collateral vascular bundle. In the apical portion, the stem has vascular bundles delimiting the medular and cortical regions. A stratum of angular collenchyma is found beneath the epidermis. In the basal portion, the stem has about four layers of angular collenchyma and voluminous parenchyma cells internally delimiting the cortex. The phytochemical screening detects the

10

Authors: Maria de Souza Custodio; Rosmeri Porfirio da Rocha, Tercio Ambrizzi e Pier Luigi Vidale

This study analyzed the high resolution coupled and atmospheric global models of HiGEM/UJCC project (version 1.2) with different horizontal resolutions over Amazon region (South America). The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of the horizontal resolution of coupled models in simulating atmospheric patterns and processes of interaction between spatial scales over Amazon region. Therefore, we used simulations from HadGEM, HiGEM (coupled), HadGAM, HiGEM (uncoupled), and also observed data from different reanalyzes, with different spatial horizontal resolution (CMAP, CRU, GPCP, NCEP, CPC, ERA-Interim). The precipitation and temperature seasonal patterns and annual cycles were compared with observed data, and some measures of dispersion for the annual cycles were analyzed. To study the annual cycle we considered two subdomains in this region: AMN (North Amazon) and AMN (Amazon). The results indicated that the grid refinement and ocean-atmosphere coupling contributes to a better representation of seasonal patterns, both precipitation and temperature, on the Amazon region. Besides, the climatic models analyzed represent better than other models (regional and global) the climatic characteristics of this region. This indicates a breakthrough in the development of high resolution climate models

11

Authors: Francieli das Chagas , Julio Cesar Polonio , Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki , João Alencar Pamphile e Helio Cont

he continuous growth of world population and the increased use of pesticides became obvious environmental problems, leading to agricultural production to develop alternative practices that promote environmental sustainability. The use of biological control techniques to reduce agricultural pests have been increasing, enabling the substitution of conventional insecticides by diversified natural enemies such as insects, viruses, fungi, bacteria, plant extracts, and others. A quantitative-descriptive analysis was carried using a questionnaire as mean to personal interview of organic growers in the city of Maringa, state of Paraná, Brazil was held. The aim was quantify about the knowledge of biological controllers by this growers, the use, and economic viability of these, aiming to promote the expansion of the practice and development of new controllers to replace or reduce the use of chemicals. The results show that all growers have the knowledge and have used alternative methods of biocontrol, some of them consider the practice of great environmental importance, but is still required further studies of the regional entomofauna to better effectiveness of the biocontrol.

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Authors: Débora Freitas Carvalho, Ana Júlia Senna Sarmento Barata e Ricardo Ribeiro Alves

Technological innovations facilitate the activities of the society in general, however, are responsible for obsolescence of equipment electronics computing, and generate the problem of how to properly allocate these obsolete equipment that makes up the junk. Reverse logistics emerges as a solution for responsible and proper disposal of such equipment. This work aims to analyze the activity of reverse logistics of IT equipment in public organizations in São Gabriel - RS. Interviews were conducted with those responsible for managing these electronic public organizations in the city. Public organizations surveyed employ a significant number of these devices. It was noted that the reverse logistics though little known in the city, motivated a great interest of respondents in the problem that were exposed. However, the lack of incentives and disclosure are considered the main obstacles to adoption of this practice.

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Authors: Caroline Dutra Ochôa e Andressa Rocha Lhamby

Reverse logistics makes possible the return of waste from the timber industry to the production cycle. Waste management of the raw material wood is a necessity for most municipalities in the western border of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), may by his absence or inadequacy promote environmental degradation through the natural resource waste. This paper seeks to expand knowledge on the state of reverse logistics of the timber industry products in two municipalities of the western border of Rio Grande do Sul. With respect to methodology, we used a case study, characterized by descriptive and exploratory nature. The data collection techniques were through questionnaires answered by the managers of companies in the cities of Bagé and Sao Gabriel. The main results were analyzed companies have total ignorance of Law No. 12,305 which established the National Policy on Solid Waste and the main use of such wood waste, wood shavings and sawdust are like. The study shows that the greatest difficulty is the lack of responsible and / or owners of companies with respect to the reverse logistics. Reverse logistics is able to make a revaluation of post-consumer waste, increasing business competitiveness and reducing the amount of waste. Keywords: Reverse

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Authors: Edson Zambon Monte

his study aimed to verify the impacts of mining and steel industries on concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), in the Region of Grande Vitória (RGV), Espírito Santo, Brazil, using the Vector autoregressive/Vector error correction (VAR/VECM) method. The results showed that i) the concentrations of the pollutants PM10 and SO2 are significantly impacted by mining and steel industries, being the sectors represented in this study by the export of iron ore pellets and concentrates and other semi-manufactured products of iron/steel; ii) the influence of the mining and steel industries is higher on the pollutant SO2 than on PM10; and, iii) short-term estimates of the cointegration vector revealed that the short-term imbalances for PM10 concentrations are corrected more quickly than for SO2 concentrations.

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Authors: Célia Maria Paiva; Alice da Silva Gonçalves de Jesus; Gutemberg Borges França, Luciana Mara Temponi Oliveira2

Vegetation indices derived by remote sensing can help identify occurrence of drought on a regional scale. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been widely used in vegetation monitoring, with promising results. This study aims to identify the patterns of temporal response of NDVI in relation to occurrence of deficit/surplus water to differentremote sensing can help identify occurrence of drought on a regional scale. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been widely used in vegetation monitoring, with promising results.

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Authors: Pâmela Muriel Aude Lovatto e Jefferson Marçal Rocha

This article aims to analyze the application of the ICMS - Ecological State of Rio Grande do Sul - RS. The Ecological ICMS it is the used economic instrument and connected to the tax system directed to environmental protection. In recent years there has been a spread of public policy for the use of ecological ICMS in several states. To conduct the survey was made an analysis of the ICMS investment proposals - Ecological RS in the state compared to other states of Brazil. She smoothed the method and the tax distribution criteria in the RS, as well as the current distribution between the cities and to identify the recipients of the highest and lowest values. It was found that the origin of this tax is eminently extrafiscal and its purpose is that municipalities will safeguard its existing biodiversity and encourage them to create new green spaces through the use of these Royalties. The results show that the municipalities receiving these Royalties are those with protected areas, but many municipalities that also have this type of reservation are not covered, perhaps because they are unaware of the legislation.

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Authors: Luciana Rodrigues Souto, Nara Rejane Zamberlan dos Santos, Hamilton Munari Vogel e Mirla Andrade weber

The cemeteries, nowadays, can be understood as places for reflections since we’ve lived in a world with profound transformations. The cemetery space from São Gabriel-RS was the object of study as well as another burial places in the city as Capela dos Fuzilados and Capela dos Noivinhos and the funerary niche with the monsignor Henrique Rech remains, at Matriz Church, for the purpose of a history reading, assets and throught their attractives, check the possibility of actions for valuation of those places to make a city sightseeing tour. Based on literature review, place visits and documentation, the research developed at the city main site – cemetery, more places of the city where it’s admitted to find buried people who became popular saints in the collective imagination. The collected data matches to expectation of high valued cultural, historical and patrimonial places, however it points to a need of public or private initiatives both to this patrimony safeguard and to the possibility of exploration as a city sightseeing tour

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Authors: Marcos de Oliveira Valin Jr , Karyn Ferreira Antunes Ribeiro, Victor André Botelho, Geraldo Aparecido Rodrigues Neves, Flávia Maria de Moura Santos e Marta Cristina de Jesus Albuquerque Noqueira

The standardization of data collection instruments is critical to the quality of the microclimate studies. Due to financial constraints and specific needs many sensors, shelters and alternative systems the standards are developed, based on experience and creativity of researchers. The objective of this study is to provide subsidy to the urban climate studies, checking the influence of different types of alternative shelters thermo-hygrometers at fixed points, and were built five types of shelters and evaluated for performance, ease of implementation, materials and tools used, and the costs involved. Based on the performance of alternative shelters analyzed, it has the shelter of the vertical type and the ice cream pot does not demonstrate efficient to collect data at fixed points, especially if used during the day. It can also conclude that not only material used is linked to the performance, but also on its architecture

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Authors: Luciana Borba Benetti e Jaqueline de Freitas Quintana

The article deals with the analysis of the disposal of electronic waste in the military organization 13th Mechanized Communications Company and its overall objective to characterize the procedures used in the management of electronic waste. The theoretical framework deals with electronic waste concepts, the situation of waste in Brazil, incorrect disposal of the consequences and possible solutions for final disposal. A case study where the data were collected through direct on-site observation and application of semi-structured interviews with the environmental manager of the organization was held. The research provides understand the reality of the process of managing electronic waste: computers and their peripherals. First we tried to identify which types of electronic waste and the disposal was subsequently analyzed. As a result of research it was found that the organization has a large number of obsolete equipment and is concerned about the proper disposal and, because of this, has a management system. Through the Environmental Management Plan was possible to make the proper disposal of electronic waste, and in 2014 the remains were sent to the Company Químea and this year were directed to deposit the City Hall, where it will be responsible for giving adequate final destination waste.

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Authors: Yoshihro Yamasaki, Vinicius Carvalho Beck, Fabricio Pereira Harte

The aim of the study has been to evaluate the results of the data assimilation of INMET automatic weather stations and soundings of the southern of Brazil in precipitation and temperature forecasting of predicting of the WRF model by 3DVAR method (WRF-3DVAR), analyzing in each case, whether the WRF-3DVAR forecasts are more accurate than the WRF without data assimilation. The obtained results show the great importance of data assimilation in precipitation prediction of the WRF model. The prognoses of vertical profiles of the air and the dew point temperatures, showed that the data assimilation produced predictions with thermal and moist vertical structures more realistic in the light of the observational soundings.

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Authors: Evanilson Brandão Pinto e Jonatan Floriano da Silva

This work approaches the use of Learning Objects (LOs) facing the teaching of Combinatorics and how these objects can help in the learning process of students. Accordingly, the aim of this work is to check that the use of LOs in Math classes promotes a better assimilation of the contents related to Combinatorics, seeking to awaken in the student curiosity and research in this area. Therefore, we opted for an experimental study involving 20 students of the senior year of High School from School João Mattos, located in Fortaleza, Ceará. These students were chosen at random and divided between two groups, experimental and control, with 10 students in each group. For the collect of data, were used, a socioeconomic questionnaire and a multiple choice test about permutation, arrangement and combination. These data were organized and analyzed with the help of Microsoft Office Excel 2010 program. The results show that the group that had a differentiated approach (experimental) obtained a better performance compared to the group that had a traditional approach (control)

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Authors: Erfan Shamsaddini lori and Zulkiflle Leman

The potential of renewable energy resources has been investigated and its is shown that they can in fact fulfill most of the world’s energy demand. In this study renewable energy sources such as biomass, solar, wind, geothermal and hydropower are studied and provided with sustainable energy services, based on the available natural resources. In the past three decades wind and solar power system have developed rapidly in sales, while there was a decline in their capital cost and costs of electricity generated. This study shows that the transition to renewable –based energy systems are increasing and continues to improve their performance characteristic. The enhancement and utilization of renewable energy sources can increase diversity in energy supply market, help to secure long term supportable energy supplies, keeping the environment clean by reducing local and global atmospheric emissions, establish marvelous options too encounter specific energy service needs by helping to create new job opportunities especially in developing countries