Revista Ambiente & Água - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science

1-15

Authors: Celso Machado Junior*; Maria Tereza Saraiva de Souza; Roberto Bazanini; Daielly Melina Nassif Mantovani; Cristiane Jaciara Furlaneto

This paper focuses on the social and environmental innovations of Brazilian companies, rather than on merely economic innovations. These innovations are discussed within the context of sustainability. Data were collected via a qualitative and descriptive study from the annual Guia Exame de Sustentabilidade magazine (2014 Edition). The magazine stated that 228 companies responded to the questionnaire. Of these, 61 companies stood out in Brazil for their policies and practices in sustainability and had their results published. The social innovations were geared towards meeting the needs of the surrounding communities. Environmental innovations appeared in greater numbers, connoting a higher stage of attention and interest from Brazilian companies. Environmental innovations were intended to evolve or improve processes and products and to reduce the consumption of resources.

1-14

Authors: Arianna Callegari; Petr Hlavinek; Andrea Giuseppe Capodaglio*

Safe disposal of sewage sludge is one of the most pressing issues in the wastewater treatment cycle: at the European Union level, sludge production is expected to reach 13 Mt by year 2020. Sludge disposal costs may constitute up to, and sometimes above, 50% of the total cost of operation of a WWTP, and contribute to over 40% of its GHGs emissions. The most common disposal options at the moment are landfilling, disposal in agriculture (about 40% EU-wide), incineration or co-incineration, and use in the industrial production of bricks, asphalts and concrete. Sewage sludge, however, still contains beneficial resources such as nutrients, that can be recovered through specific processes (e.g. precipitation as struvite) and energy, recoverable through a variety of approaches. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of urban waste sludge was applied for the production of oil, (Syn)gas, and biochar that were afterwards characterized and compared to mainstream alternative fuels (biodiesels) and other material recovery options. Sustainability issues related to the production of biodiesel/biochars from urban wastewater treatment sludge are also discussed. The paper shows that waste urban sludge can indeed be a full component of the urban circular economy by allowing, if properly processed, recovery of energy resources at multiple levels: bio-oils (biodiesel), syngas and bio-char, all having definite advantages for final residues use and disposal. Biodiesel, in particular, allowing energy recovery as liquid fuel, offers a much more flexible and efficient utilization.

1-12

Authors: Leonardo Capeleto de Andrade*; Rodrigo da Rocha Andrade; Flávio Anastácio de Oliveira Camargo

The high population density in a metropolis leads to socio-environmental impacts that directly affect local water resources. This work evaluated the historical data (between 2000 and 2014) of water and sediment monitoring in the Jacuí’s Delta region and analyzed the relationship between these sites. Seven monitoring sites around the Jacuí's Delta were evaluated: the outflow of the rivers Jacuí, Caí, Sinos, and Gravataí; the channels Ilha da Pintada and Navegantes; and Lake Guaíba. Water data were evaluated for: air and water temperature; depth; pH; electrical conductivity; transparency; turbidity; dissolved oxygen; biochemical oxygen demand; phosphorus; nitrogen; total residues; and escherichia coli. Sediment were evaluated for pseudo-total concentrations of metals (Al, Fe, Ca, Mn, Ba, V, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, Li, Be, Cd, Hg, As, and Ag). The quality of water and sediment in the Jacuí's Delta are linked with the tributaries and priority flows of the channels. The historical data of water and sediment around the Jacuí's Delta shows the influence of the tributaries with low quality in the downstream points. The pollution of the rivers Caí, Sinos, and Gravataí negatively affects the environmental quality of the channel Navegantes and Lake Guaíba (catchment points to water supply). The water in those sites presents reductions in dissolved oxygen and high values of coliforms, and the sediment shows high concentrations of metal Zn, Pb, Cr, and Hg. Despite the reduction in Pb and Hg values in the sediment over the past years, pollution from the tributary rivers still persists.

1-13

Authors: Reinaldo Romero Vargas*; Márcia da Silva Barros; Antonio Roberto Saad; Regina de Oliveira Moraes Arruda; Fernanda Dall'Ara Azevedo

The urbanization process through which large urban centers have been passing has affected drastically the availability and especially the quality of water. The Ribeirão Guaraçau Watershed, located in the northern part of the Guarulhos municipality, includes rural and urban areas of different land-use classes. The goal of this study is to assess the water quality and to diagnose the eutrophication stage of the surface waters of the Ribeirão Guaraçau, the main water course of the Ribeirão Guaraçau Watershed. To assess environmental quality, physical-chemical analyses (temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, and total phosphorus) and microbiological analyses (E. coli) were carried out during a period of 12 months. The Trophic State Index (TSI) was used to ascertain the environmental degradation conditions of lotic and lentic environments. The surface waters of the Ribeirão Guaraçau in the rural area are already compromised, with worsening of the water quality upstream indicated by high total phosphorus and E. coli caused by fecal contamination due to lack of basic sanitation in the region. Characteristic sites of the rural areas already present signs of degradation with trophic levels varying from oligotrophic to hypereutrophic. The need to provide sewage collectors and sewage treatment systems at the Bonsucesso Sewage Treatment Station, inaugurated in 2011, and the control of the occupation in areas that produce good quality water is paramount.

1-12

Authors: Fernanda Lansa Furlan; Nelson Consolin Filho*; Marcilene Ferrari Barriquello Consolin; Morgana Suzsek Gonçalves; Patrícia Valderrama; Aziza Kamal Genena

The increase in the volume of agricultural and agroindustrial waste, associated with improper disposal, is a growing worldwide problem. The recovery of those residues is of crucial importance, since it reduces environmental impacts, protects public health, and allows the addition of value to the materials. One of the ways of exploiting adsorbents is related to the capacity of some wastes to be used as alternative adsorbents in the efficient removal of microcontaminants in aqueous systems. This work assessed the use of agricultural and agroindustrial residues: maize straw, wheat straw, soybean straw and soybean hulls for the production of alternative adsorbents to remove iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in water. For each residue investigated, two different polymers were obtained for use as adsorbents, a natural polymer (cellulose/lignin) and an EDTA-modified polymer (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). The adsorbents were characterized through FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and nitrogen content. To evaluate the efficiency of the adsorbents, kinetic tests in batch mode and determination of Lagergren pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic constants were performed. The results found that the modified polymer obtained from soybean hulls (SHE) showed increased Fe (96%) and Mn (88%) removal rate, in which the pseudo-second order kinetic model presented closer results between the experimental adsorption rates and the calculated ones for the two microcontaminants under study. In general, the modified soybean hulls proved to be a promising alternative adsorbent for the removal of iron and manganese in water treatment.

1-10

Authors: Rossana Borges Teixeira*; Carolina Alves Marques; Natália Rodrigues de Carvalho; Luiz Eduardo Thans Gomes; Flávio Teixeira da Silva; Teresa Cristina Brazil de Paiva

Hormônios estrogênicos, provenientes dos esgotos, atingem os corpos hídricos e podem causar perturbações aos organismos aquáticos. Os tratamentos secundários das estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) possibilitam alguma remoção destes compostos, mesmo em ETEs descentralizadas, apesar de ainda haver poucos estudos sobre elas. Em sistemas por lodos ativados, a eficiência tem sido relacionada ao tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH), à idade de lodo, à desnitrificação biológica e à carga de alimentação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os hormônios estrona (E1), 17-β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) e 17-α-etinilestradiol (EE2) no esgoto e no efluente de uma ETE descentralizada por lodos ativados, além de caracterizar a ETE do Campus Universitário da EEL-USP quanto à matéria orgânica recebida, ao tempo de detenção hidráulica e a remoção de nitrogênio. Cromatografia líquida com detecção UV foi utilizada na determinação dos hormônios. Os resultados mostraram concentrações dos hormônios superiores às encontradas na literatura, em ambos: esgoto (5,158 ± 2,747; 7,434 ± 4,356; 5,200 ± 3,331 e 5,638 ± 4,312 μg L-1 de E1, E2, E3 e EE2) e efluente (5,062 ± 3,366; 4,191 ± 3,527; 7,743 ± 3,951, 2,550± 2,162 de E1, E2, E3 e EE2). No esgoto, as altas concentrações podem ser relacionadas à maior predominância de urina, visto os altos níveis de nitrogênio detectados, à menor geração de esgoto e a amostragem em período seco causando reduzida diluição dos hormônios. Remoção insuficiente dos hormônios devido a menor TDH (2h05) e irregularidade na desnitrificação (-54 a 61%) pode ser o motivo das altas concentrações de estrógenos no efluente. Ademais, a desconjugação dos hormônios pode ter ocorrido durante o tratamento.

1-16

Authors: Vanessa Graeff; Ivi Galetto Mottin; Ledyane Rocha-Uriartt; Daniela Montanari Migliavacca Osório*; Jairo Lizandro Schmitt

Riparian forests are heterogeneous environments, in which epiphytes find ideal conditions to develop. These plants absorb the necessary nutrients for survival from the atmosphere, and their occurrence and distribution can be influenced by the quality and quantity of precipitation. The objective of this research was to perform an integrated analysis of botanical, meteorological and chemical precipitation parameters so as to compare them in fragments of the riparian forest in the lower (São Leopoldo-SL) and upper (Caraá-CA) stretches of the Rio dos Sinos Hydrographic Basin (RSHB), RS, Brazil. Rainwater was chemically analyzed, the community structure of epiphytic ferns was surveyed and the ecological characterization was evaluated through the Rapid Habitat Assessment Protocol (RHAP). The results showed that the chemical composition of rainwater is influenced by the environment of each area. In the upper stretch (CA), for instance, the main contribution is that of marine ions, while in the lower stretch (SL), the most impacting aspects are urbanization and industrialization. Similarly, the results depict a reduction of richness and a simplification of the community structure of epiphytic ferns and their environmental quality according to the RHAP categories, towards the base level of the RSHB. The integrated analysis, in which different methods were applied, proved to be an efficient tool to evaluate environmental quality. This analysis considers that a greater number of biotic and abiotic variables may be applied in different scenarios.

1-8

Authors: Diésse Nascimento Norete; Quezia Botelho Correia; Jackline Freitas Brilhante São José*

Objetivou avaliar as condições higiênicossanitárias relacionadas ao abastecimento e a qualidade microbiológica da água utilizada por quiosques de praia. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de observação direta com aplicação de lista de verificação que continha itens como procedência da água, realização de tratamento de desinfecção antes do uso em alimentos, frequência de higienização da caixa da água, qualidade microbiológica da água, existência de licença sanitária e registro da última visita da vigilância sanitária. Foram coletadas amostras de água em dez quiosques de praia e para a coleta foram utilizados recipientes esterilizados e identificados. Para contagem de bactérias heterotróficas foi utilizada a técnica de plaqueamento em profundidade em ágar padrão para contagem, sendo os resultados expressos em UFC/mL. Para coliformes foi utilizado o teste do número mais provável (coliformes a 35°C e a 45°C) e o resultado obtido foi expresso em NMP/100 mL. Foi observado por meio da aplicação da lista de verificação que 70% dos quiosques utilizavam apenas água da rede de abastecimento público e um dos estabelecimentos funcionava sem licença sanitária. Das amostras coletadas, 30% apresentaram contagem total de bactérias acima de 500 UFC/mL. Não foi detectada a presença de coliformes e E. coli em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Apesar dos resultados observados terem sido satisfatórios, deve-se reforçar a necessidade do acompanhamento da qualidade da água como estratégia de prevenção de riscos aos consumidores.

1-17

Authors: Régia Simony Braz Da Silva*; Adriano Marlisom Leão de Sousa; Silvana do Socorro Veloso Sodré; Maria Isabel Vitorino

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sazonalidade da qualidade da água superficial e subterrânea nas proximidades do lixão de Salinópolis, situado na Vila de Cuiarana, por meio da caracterização da precipitação da região e da sua influência na composição físico-química e microbiológica das águas locais. Para isso, foram observados os dados dos acumulados mensais da precipitação local, medição da velocidade de infiltração no solo e medição da vazão dos rios Cachoeira e Teixeira. Foram selecionados os parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos: pH, oxigênio dissolvido (OD), temperatura da água, sólidos totais dissolvidos (TDS), turbidez, condutividade elétrica (CE), salinidade, amônia, nitrato, coliformes totais e Escherichia coli; e os metais: alumínio, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, ferro, manganês, mercúrio, níquel e zinco. Tanto as águas superficiais quanto as subterrâneas se apresentaram inadequadas para uso e consumo humano. Parâmetros como OD, ferro, alumínio, chumbo, mercúrio, coliformes totais e E. coli estão em desconformidade com as legislações vigentes. O período chuvoso influenciou negativamente a qualidade em águas superficiais. Em águas subterrâneas, parâmetros como amônia, nitrato, ferro, mercúrio e chumbo estiveram em maiores concentrações no período menos chuvoso; enquanto, CE, E. coli, coliformes totais e alumínio aumentaram suas concentrações no período chuvoso.

1-18

Authors: Yagho de Souza Simões*; Eduardo Henrique Borges Cohim Silva; Heráclio Alves de Araújo

The state of Bahia’s main climatic characteristic is the high spatial and chronological variability of precipitation. This heterogeneity may be used to determine of pluviometrically homogeneous areas that can define mesoregions in the state, since they allow better management of water resources and help in the elaboration of agricultural studies. The mesoregions already proposed by the scientific community for the state were based only on the annual precipitation in the proximity of the pluviometric stations. In this paper, besides these parameters, spatial and chronological rainfall distribution was considered, i.e., the Precipitation Concentration Degree (PCD) and Precipitation Concentration Period (PCP). The new zoning is based on an update of a study defined in 2000 that divided Bahia into eight mesoregions. Thus, 180 pluviometric stations were distributed throughout the state and grouped conforming to the division previously described. It was concluded that some stations of the same mesoregion had presented conflicting values for the analyzed parameters and, therefore, should not belong to the same area. Starting from an arrangement of the collection stations, considering their proximity, annual precipitation and statistical parameters, a new zoning for Bahia with 10 clusters was defined and validated through the statistical treatment of data.

1-13

Authors: Lucas Alves da Silva; Antônio Marciano da Silva; Gilberto Coelho; Leandro Campos Pinto*

The knowledge of water availability is the basis for water resource planning and management. The Soil Map Units of the State of Minas Gerais were interpreted from the perspective of Hydrologic Groups based on the Curve Number - Soil Conservation Service method, with the addition of pedological elements of the mapped units. The generated products were used in three different physiographic environments of the Minas Gerais State. According to results, most of Minas Gerais falls within Hydrologic Groups A and B, indicating that the soils in these areas present low surface runoff and high water infiltration rates. The characterization and spatialization of the hydrological regime, with emphasis on information about the soils of Minas Gerais, as applied this study, has a level of detail not yet employed in studies of this scope, apart from the initiative to interpret them from the perspective of soil hydrological groups. The mapping of the three water resources planning and management units, composed of distinct environments, from the perspective of hydrological groups, allowed verification of the proposed methodology’s potential, which can be used to support the management and planning of the water resources of Minas Gerais. Interpretive studies of soil maps from a hydrological perspective are essential to improve our understanding of water surpluses in a given region.

1-11

Authors: Pedro Sartori Manoel*; Virginia Sanches Uieda

The study of the diet of fish is an important tool to assess different levels of environmental degradation, since the availability of food in the environment is a key factor for the fish occurrence. The removal of riparian vegetation usually degrades environmental quality, as this vegetation has an important role in providing energy to the ecosystem. This study investigates the effects of the removal of riparian vegetation on the fish assemblage trophic network. The study was carried out in two stretches of a southeastern Brazilian stream, one in a forest fragment and another in a pasture, during the wet and dry seasons of 2014. We analyzed the items consumed by each fish species using the frequency of occurrence and area of each item, which were combined to calculate the alimentary index, which was used to determine the food niche overlap of the fish and the specialization index of the trophic network. Aquatic Hexapoda, vegetal debris and organic matter dominated the trophic network of the two stretches. We detected higher values of food niche overlap in the forested stretch and more complex trophic networks in the pasture stretch. We found few seasonal variations in the items consumed and calculated indices in both stretches studied. The presence of grass on the banks in the pasture stretch and the importation of food resources from the upstream area may have provided a higher diversity of resources and consequently showed a more complex trophic network when compared to the forested stretch.

1-14

Authors: Raphael Nunes de Siqueira Braga*; Mônica de Aquino Galeano Massera da Hora; Gustavo Bastos Lyra; Alexandre Lioi Nascentes

Este estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer a relação entre intensidade, duração e frequência das precipitações na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e avaliar os métodos de interpolação dos coeficientes das equações de chuvas intensas, para determinação das equações em qualquer localidade do município. Os dados de chuvas foram obtidos por meio da rede de estações pluviométricas automáticas do Sistema Alerta Rio da Fundação Instituto de Geotécnica do município do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas as precipitações intensas com base em séries históricas de observações obtidas a cada 15 minutos, no período de 1997 a 2014. Determinaram-se as maiores precipitações anuais para as durações de 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 720, e 1440 minutos. Os dados foram ajustados pelo método de distribuição de Gumbel e a aderência dos dados à distribuição foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov a 5% de significância. A espacialização dos coeficientes foi avaliada pelos métodos de interpolação do inverso da quinta potência da distância e Krigagem ordinária. As precipitações intensas apresentaram grande variabilidade espacial. Observou-se boa relação entre os valores de precipitação intensa calculados com o uso da equação ajustada com os valores oriundos das equações determinadas em outros trabalhos sobre chuvas intensas para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os valores do coeficiente de determinação R² e erro padrão de estimativa permitiram concluir que as equações propostas podem ser utilizadas em projetos de obras hidráulicas. O método de interpolação inverso da quinta potência da distância apresentou melhor desempenho para a espacialização dos coeficientes das equações de chuvas intensas, e menores valores de erro médio percentual em 25 das 32 estações analisadas.

1-8

Authors: Natasha Berendonk Handam*; José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos; Antonio Henrique Almeida de Moraes Neto; Antonio Nascimento Duarte; Elizabeth Brito da Silva Alves; Maria José Salles; Adriana Sotero-Martins

Sanitation actions are rare in the communities of Manguinhos, so evaluation of the sanitary conditions of the river waters and the peridomestic soils of the communities allows the diagnosis of the risk of contamination. This study evaluated coliform levels (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) by the filter membrane method, and parasitological (by adapted Lutz and Baermann-Moraes methods) in the waters and soils of the Faria-Timbó, Jacaré and Canal do Cunha Rivers that pass through the communities of the Territory of Manguinhos, RJ, according to the standards established in Brazilian legislation. In all points of the rivers, the water was unfit, with an average level of Escherichia coli 3,800 times higher than that standardized in CONAMA Resolution No. 274/2000. Larvae, helminths eggs and protozoan oocysts were observed. Soil samples were also unfit, with mean total coliform level 77,000 times higher than that considered acceptable by SMAC Resolution 468/2010. The Escherichia coli average level was 53,000 times higher than that permitted by the legislation. However, helminths eggs were found in only one soil sample. It was concluded that the lack of sanitation in this locality results in the high coliform and parasitological levels of the river waters and in the peridomestic soils, and that immediate modifications are needed to the Brazilian environmental paradigm, which uses its water bodies as sewage disposal ditches.

1-14

Authors: Bruna de Oliveira Mendes; Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães; Joyce Moreira de Souza; Raíssa de Oliveira Ferreira; Wellington Alves Mizael da Silva; Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues; Guilherme Malafaia*

Tannery is a highly polluting activity due to the waste generated by bovine skin processing. Although there are several studies highlighting the health issues faced by workers exposed to tannery effluent, there are no records of experiments testing the neurobehavioral effects resulting from direct contact with this pollutant. Thus, the aim of the current study is to assess the possible neurobehavioral effects of dermal exposure to tannery effluent on male Swiss mice. Animals were divided in three groups, which were subjected to the same experimental time period and conditions: effluent group - animals in direct contact with tannery effluent (for 20 days); control group - animals in contact with pure water; and dry-control group - animals not exposed to water or to tannery effluent. Neurobehavioral tests started on the 17th experimental day. Results of the elevated plus-maze test (anxiety prediction) showed no anxiogenic or anxiolytic effects, memory deficit or depressive symptoms on animals exposed to tannery effluent. Thus, the current results do not support the hypothesis that male Swiss mice dermal exposure to tannery effluents for the same time period and experimental conditions leads to neurobehavioral changes. Therefore, the herein adopted exposure protocol was not good to study the effects of dermal exposure to tannery effluent on the chosen experimental model.

1-13

Authors: Eder Alexandre Schatz Sá; Carolina Natel de Moura*; Victor Luís Padilha; Claudia Guimarães Camargo Campos

This study evaluates the occurrence of trends in time series of precipitation in the highlands region of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Daily precipitation data of three weather stations at Lages, São Joaquim and Campos Novos were used to evaluate rainfall trends. The trends were analyzed through the Seasonal Mann Kendall test, to include occurrence of maximum annual 1-day precipitation (RX1), maximum annual consecutive 2-day precipitation (RX2) and maximum annual consecutive 3-day precipitation (RX3) and evaluation of Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI). Trends were identified in two of three weather stations investigated. Positive precipitation trends were found in the spring and winter for Lages, and in the spring and summer for São Joaquim. Also, there is a trend of increase in the RX1, RX2 and RX3 frequencies and an increase in positive anomalies in the last decade for these stations. There are no statistically significant trends in the precipitation of Campos Novos, which may be associated with the short series of available data for the analysis. The occurrence of El Niño phenomenon with moderate to strong intensity was usually associated with the occurrence of positive precipitation anomalies and the La Niña phenomenon was related to the occurrence of negative anomalies. However, the influence of La Niña in the periods of negative anomaly has been reduced since the beginning of the 21st century.

881-887

Authors: Gilberto Fisch*; Thiago Adriano dos Santos; Rodrigo Cesar da Silva

This paper presents general aspects of the water budget (including the latest available figures from its components), followed by some characteristics of the rainfall along the Paraiba do Sul watershed. The regional water budget theme is then discussed, taking into account the actual and future rainfall in the region. Finally, reflections and discussions regarding the water security theme (represented by the water transposition from the Paraiba do Sul watershed to the Cantareira´s system) are discussed, as the latter represents the water demand of São Paulo City. The future scenarios of the water availability are estimated using a climatic simulation model.

902-917

Authors: Claudia Maria Gomes de Quevedo*; Wanderley da Silva Paganini

Strategies for managing phosphorus in the environment have been considered to be of great significance. In light of debates about protecting water resources, tools for recovering and recycling phosphorus are being assessed, with the aim of guaranteeing the sustainability of natural reserves. This study discusses phosphorus dynamics in the environment and measures geared towards the management of its presence in water. In order to illustrate the situation in Brazil, we present an assessment of the size of the potential phosphorus load that is discharged daily into the Tietê River, State of São Paulo, by the urban population living in its basin. Due to its replacement in powdered detergents, the results showed a potential reduction in the amount of phosphorus discharged into the Tietê of about 11.7 t day-1. The size of the potential phosphorus load that might be recovered from sewage sludge shows a scenario of great potential for re-using and recycling in agricultural areas, as long as the necessary care is taken regarding safety and environmental protection. Management methodologies, such as Cleaner Production (CP) techniques, are important tools for controlling water pollution, as they contribute to the reduction of phosphorus emissions. They can therefore improve the perception producers and consumers have of this issue, introducing reducing, recycling and recovering concepts, and assisting in compliance with public policies geared towards preserving the environment.

932-945

Authors: Maria Magdalena Ribas Döll*; Larissa Beatriz de Sousa

The anaerobic single-stage reactor was evaluated to treat vinasse and to evaluate its stability. This bench reactor was filled with dolomitic limestone with a horizontal plug flow to simulate a drainage channel. The experiment lasted 129 days while the reactor was submitted to different applied organic concentrations (chronologically applied: 3.0; 5.0; 12.0; 9.0 and 7.5 g L-1 as COD, chemical oxygen demand). COD removals were 50% and 9% with 3.0 and 7.5 g L-1, respectively. With 12.0 g L-1, reactor efficiency increased to 33%, with an abrupt drop to 3% on the 84th day. Therefore, in order to avoid reactor collapse, a remedial measure was necessary. The system remained in batch without feeding for 19 days (from the 85th to the 104th day) with 9.0 g L-1. Afterwards, it was observed that the performance of the system tended to stabilize, reaching 47% with 7.5 g L-1 in the 118th day. At the end of the experiment, the potassium content of the wastewater decreased from 800 mg L-1 to 594 mg L-1 (on an average 25%) and calcium and magnesium increased within the reactor liquor. The dissolution of the limestone inside the liquor reactor probably caused this result. After the treatment with limestone, the average pH value of the effluent increased from 4.9 to over 6.0 in all organic concentrations. It could be concluded that the reactor filled with dolomitic limestone in these operational conditions assured a low efficiency in COD removal, potassium reduction, increasing values of pH, alkalinity, calcium and magnesium. The instability was observed when there was increase in organic load to 12 g L-1 with subsequent recovery.

964-972

Authors: Marcia Aparecida Andreazzi*; Adriano Rogério Mendes; Karina Volpe de Oliveira; Maria de los Angeles Perez Lizama

Environmentally friendly options for waste disposal and the need for expansion and diversification of the national and international energy matrix are relevant issues today. One technique that supports these goals is anaerobic biodigestion, which generates clean energy from biomass. Accordingly, our goal was to perform a quantitative and qualitative assessment of scientific publications on biodigestion in order to understand the evolution of the technique, which is essential for environmental and economic sustainability. Ninety-nine articles indexed in the Scientific Electronic Library Online between 1980 and 2015 were evaluated. The results showed a significant increase in scientific publications since 2000 which addressed, in addition to environmentally friendly waste management, the energy issue, with the use of biogas. This increase in the number of publications coincides with increased awareness on natural resource management and concern about global energy management. Most of the articles involved a general evaluation of the process, using mainly animal waste from pigs, and emphasizing biodigestion as waste management, since pig farming produces a large volume of waste and has a high environmental impact.

985-1000

Authors: Celso Maran de Oliveira

Access to potable water is absolutely essential to the maintenance of life, as well as to provide regular exercise of other human rights. The lack of access to water in sufficient quantity or access to non-potable water may cause serious and irreparable damage to people. This paper investigates the evolution of international and national recognition of this fundamental human right, whether implicit or explicit. This was accomplished by the study of international human rights treaties, bibliographic information on water resources and their corresponding legal systems, national and international. The results suggest that sustainable access to drinking water is a fundamental human right in the context of international relations and the State. Further, even without explicitly stating this right in the Constitution of 1988, Brazil has incorporated the main international provisions on the subject, but this right must be acknowledged according to the principles of non-typical fundamental rights and the dignity of the human person. This right should be universally guaranteed by the Government in sufficient quantity and quality, regardless of the economic resources of individuals.

1017-1024

Authors: Anni Kelle Serrão de Lima*; Joselita Ribeiro Rodrigues; Ingrid da Silva de Souza; Josy Caldas Rodrigues; Thayana Cruz de Souza; Carolina Rabelo Maia; Ormezinda Celeste Cristo Fernandes

Os fungos passaram a receber maior atenção como contaminantes de água potável, devido algumas doenças estarem relacionadas a esses microrganismos e ao abastecimento inadequado, principalmente em populações ribeirinhas. Este trabalho verificou a presença de fungos na água de consumo da comunidade ribeirinha, Lago do Limão, Iranduba – AM, e avaliou o perfil de patogenicidade dos fungos isolados. As espécies fúngicas isoladas foram identificadas fenotipicamente e geneticamente. A avaliação dos fungos, quanto ao seu potencial de patogenicidade, incluiu: Crescimento a 37°C, Produção de Ureases e Proteases. Como resultados, foram isoladas 101 culturas de diferentes gêneros da subdivisão Deuteromycotina. Os gêneros isolados de maior frequência foram Aspergillus spp (41,6%), Penicillium spp (19,8%) e Trichoderma spp. (27,7%). Quanto aos parâmetros de patogenicidade, verificou-se que 95% das amostras apresentaram positividade quando incubadas a 37ºC; 66,3% em meio Ágar Christensen e 58,4% no teste de Proteases. Há escassez de trabalhos que abordam a patogenicidade dos fungos presentes na água, principalmente, em água consumida pelas comunidades ribeirinhas. Espera-se que os resultados deste trabalho possam subsidiar a legislação brasileira estabelecer limites de fungos presentes em água potável.

1040-1053

Authors: Jozrael Henriques Rezende*; Natália Tecedor

Este estudo avaliou a viabilidade do aproveitamento da água das chuvas no Tanque de Provas, utilizado em ensaios de modelos reduzidos de embarcações da Faculdade de Tecnologia de Jahu - Fatec Jahu, SP. O trabalho considerou os dados pluviométricos locais, a área de cobertura para captação e a demanda de água. Foi estimada a necessidade de água no processo de limpeza por filtragem, lavagem e evaporação do Tanque de Provas. O dimensionamento do reservatório foi calculado conforme as metodologias descritas na NBR 15527, que determina os requisitos para o aproveitamento de coberturas em áreas urbanas para fins não potáveis. O volume do reservatório selecionado como a melhor alternativa após as análises comparativas considerou as restrições locais e o risco de não atendimento, permitiu o máximo aproveitamento da água pluvial e resultou na maior redução possível da demanda de água potável do sistema de abastecimento público.

1068-1081

Authors: Fernanda Fernandez Chinaque*; André Cordeiro Alves Dos Santos; Ismail Barra Nova de Melo; Silvio César Moral Marques

Uma das funções dos CBHs é promover discussões sobre os possíveis impactos ambientais e socioambientais de empreendimentos que pretendem estabelecer-se na região da Bacia Hidrográfica. Entretanto, qual é o impacto do comitê nesses processos de licenciamento ambiental? Eles assumem o seu papel nos processos de aplicação de políticas públicas voltadas para a proteção das águas? Com o objetivo de contribuir para o entendimento da participação dos CBHs nos processos de licenciamento ambiental, de empreendimentos impactantes aos recursos hídricos, a presente pesquisa adotou como estudo de caso o comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Sorocaba e Médio Tietê, e utilizou como ferramenta de análise os documentos de três processos de licenciamento ambiental de Aterros Sanitários que passaram pelo CBH-SMT. Nos casos dos Aterros com localização nos municípios de Sorocaba/SP e Iperó/SP, o órgão licenciador ignora as posições do comitê. Em relação ao Aterro com localização em Araçariguama/SP, o órgão referencia o comitê em poucos pontos de sua manifestação, e na maioria, contrário às posições do comitê. As reflexões dos resultados sugerem que o poder do comitê é minimizado nas análises de EIA, se comparado à proposta de gestão descentralizada e democrática das águas no Brasil. Entretanto, eles podem estar contribuindo para a inquietação da população e estimulando seu protagonismo nas tomadas de decisão. Ainda assim, os CBHs não devem se contentar como estimuladores da população, mas sim buscar seu fortalecimento para tornarem-se instrumentos de aplicação de políticas públicas voltadas para a proteção dos recursos hídricos.

694-707

Authors: Bárbara de A. S. de Andrade; Paulo S. B. de Lacerda; Jaime L. M. Oliveira

Reuse reduces the consumption of freshwater supplies and the negative environmental impact caused by the discharge of industrial effluents. Some industries have already adopted this practice; however, no studies were found in the literature regarding this subject in the pharmaceutical industry. This work investigated the potential reuse of effluent (concentrate) generated from the Reverse Osmosis/Electro-deionization System (RO/EDI) that is used for the production of purified water in a Brazilian pharmaceutical plant. This industrial complex consumed about 200,000 m3 of water per year between 2012 and 2013 to produce one million of doses of vaccines, i.e., 2 L of water per dose of vaccine produced. During this period, the RO/EDI produced 27,000 m3 of purified water annually and generated 24,000 m3 of effluent (concentrate). This amount of effluent could be used to supply the production of industry steam (boilers) and/or cold water (cooling towers) that annually consumed an average of 12,000 m3 and 40,000 m3, respectively. The reuse of this effluent would result in a gross financial savings of 96,000 USD per year, excluding the costs of installation and control. From what has been researched in the literature, this work showed for the first time the possibility of reuse of effluent from RO/EDI System in the pharmaceutical industry.

718-729

Authors: Daniele Vital Vich*; Hitomi Pires Miyamoto; Luciano Matos Queiroz; Viviana Maria Zanta

Household food-waste composting is an attractive alternative for Brazilian waste management; however, there are few programs or studies regarding the implementation or management of this small-scale process. This study investigates the performance of food waste composting using a simple and small-scale domestic composter. Three composting trials were conducted using food waste and wood chips in 10 L plastic bins using different filling schemes. In the first trial, the composter was filled weekly over two months. In the second, the composter was filled once with a mixture of food waste and 100% of the used wood chips from the previous trial. In the last third trial, the composter was filled with food waste and wood chips (50% of wood chips used in the second trial and 50% of untreated wood chips). The physical chemical parameters of the compost were monitored and the total coliforms and E. coli were measured. In all trials, the temperature varied between 26.7°C and 46.2°C throughout the process. The reduction in wet mass was 58-69%, while the reduction in dry mass was 37-61%. The pH value, the contents of carbon and nitrogen and the C/N ratio were in accordance with the values recommended in norm 25 (July, 2009) adopted by Brazil's Agriculture Ministry. Only the compost from Trial 2, which had 1900 MPN g-1total solids, did not meet the E. coli standards; this was likely due to the fact that when the temperatures did not reach the thermophilic phase, the relatively long time the waste remains in the composter allows these pathogenic microorganisms to decay naturally.

743-759

Authors: Lucas da Costa Santos*; Jefferson Vieira José; Daniel Soares Alves; Pablo Ricardo Nitsche; Elton Fialho dos Reis; Fabiani Denise Bender

Long-term changes in important weather variables such as evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation are expected as a response to climate change. These changes may require adjustments to current strategies of planning and management of water resources. The objective of this work was to conduct a spatiotemporal characterization of evapotranspiration in the State of Paraná, Brazil, including in this approach a temporal trend analysis. A similar analysis was also conducted for precipitation. Thus, the historical data (1980-2010) from 33 weather stations were analyzed. The spatial distribution of the data was carried out by geostatistical techniques (ordinary kriging) and the trend analysis by the tests Mann-Kendall and Sen. According to the results, evapotranspiration increases from the coast to the interior of the state, with the highest values in the northeast and northwest regions, reaching levels of about 1200 mm yr-1. The temporal variability of the ET presented a significant upward trend in 12% of the locations, with increases from 2.5 to 7.0 mm yr-1. Precipitation was higher in the coastal and south-central regions and the lowest amounts were identified in the northeast and northwest regions. The precipitation trend analysis indicated a significant downward trend in precipitation volume of five locations. The evapotranspiration and precipitation showed, in general, no statistically significant trends in most of the stations analyzed; however, the upward trends for ET and downward trends for precipitation indicate local changes in the State of Paraná.

774-785

Authors: Eliane Sloboda Rigobello*; Sandro Xavier Campos; Eduardo Ribeiro de Azevedo; Angela Di Bernardo Dantas; Eny Maria Vieira

This paper compares the structural characteristics of aquatic humic substances (AHS) with humic substances from peat (HSP) through different analytical techniques, including elemental analysis, solid state 13C cross polarization/magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C CP-MAS NMR), ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and total organic carbon (TOC). The AHS were extracted from water collected in a tributary of the Itapanhaú River (Bertioga/SP) using XAD 8 resin, and the HSP were extracted from peat collected in the Mogi Guaçu River bank (Luis Antonio/SP) with a KOH solution. After dialysis, both AHS and HSP extracts were filtered in membrane of 0.45 µm pore size (Fraction F1: < 0.45 µm) and fractioned by ultrafiltration in different apparent molecular sizes (AMS) (F2: 100 kDa-0.45 μm; F3: 30 kDa-100 kDa and F4: < 30 kDa). The extracts with the lowest AMS (F3 and F4) showed a higher number of aliphatic carbons than aromatic carbons, a higher concentration of groups containing oxygen and a higher percentage of fulvic acids (FA) than humic acids (HA) for both AHS and HSP. However, the AHS presented higher FA than HA content in relation to the HSP and distinct structural properties.

801-813

Authors: Ariane Guimarães; Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues; Guilherme Malafaia*

The aim of the present study is to assess the use of rapid assessment protocols (RAPs) of rivers as environmental education (EE) instruments in elementary schools. Therefore, EE activities were proposed to students from a Brazilian public elementary school. The activities included ranged from environmental-monitoring workshops to RAPs adapted to the level of schooling of the students. The students completed questionnaires before and after the activities in order to check their degree of knowledge prior to the activities and to assess the information acquired after participation in the activities. The results established that the RAP provided and/or helped to instill social values, knowledge, skills, actions, and competences linked to the environmental conservation of local rivers. The study therefore proves that the use of the RAP would be a valuable addition to EE projects and programs in elementary schools.

829-841

Authors: Cecília Maria de Paula; Adriane Almeida Vaz; Ariane Almeida Vaz; Gisele Pires Pelizari; Heidi Marcela Suarez Robayo; Thaís Deluno Garcia; Daniely Avelino; Giuliano Grici Zacarin; Welber Senteio Smith*

No Brasil e no estado de São Paulo existem poucos levantamentos sobre a presença do gastrópode Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774). Os moluscos invasores representam uma importante ameaça às espécies nativas, em consequência da sua agressividade na competição pelo uso dos habitats e dos diferentes recursos. Melanoides tuberculata é originário da Ásia e África e a sua introdução no Brasil data da década de 60. Estudos recentes ressaltam a importância de realizar novas pesquisas sobre a distribuição espacial desta espécie e seu possível impacto à biodiversidade. O presente estudo documenta a ocorrência da espécie Melanoides tuberculata na bacia hidrográfica do rio Sorocaba, sua abundância e distribuição espacial em 5 sistemas aquáticos em diferentes estágios de conservação. As amostragens foram realizadas nos meses de junho de 2013 até agosto de 2014, onde foram registrados 522 indivíduos, dos quais 67% foram encontrados no Rio Verde, localizado na zona de amortecimento da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema. Os resultados mostraram que esta espécie pode estar amplamente distribuída na bacia principalmente em locais com substrato arenoso, mata ripária degradada e sujeito a lançamento de esgoto. Deve ser ressaltada ainda a correlação com valores de temperatura da água mais altos, o que pode estar ligado à ausência de sombreamento propiciado pela mata ripária. O controle na proliferação desta espécie, deve ser realizado pela melhoria da qualidade ambiental do ambiente aquáticos uma vez que a erradicação se torna inviável por remoção física.

855-870

Authors: Kássia Regina Bazzo*; Hugo Alexandre Soares Guedes; Andréa Souza Castro; Tirzah Moreira Siqueira; Claudia Fernanda Almeida Teixeira-Gandra

A baixa densidade espacial da rede hidrométrica nacional tem resultado em grandes limitações para a representação do comportamento dos recursos hídricos. Dessa forma, a regionalização de vazões é uma alternativa para melhor explorar os dados já existentes, transferindo informações de um local para outro dentro de uma área com comportamento hidrológico semelhante. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as estimativas da vazão mínima de permanência Q95 obtidas através dos métodos Tradicional e Conservação de Massas na bacia do Rio Taquari-Antas, pertencente ao Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, visando auxiliar o planejamento dos recursos hídricos, além de facilitar as tomadas de decisão em relação aos processos de outorga do direito de uso das águas. Como variável explicativa para a regressão matemática foi utilizada a área de drenagem proveniente do Modelo Digital de Elevação Hidrograficamente Condicionado (MDEHC). Foram obtidas as equações de regionalização da vazão de referência Q95 e as respectivas regiões hidrologicamente homogêneas para os dois métodos testados, sendo a magnitude dos erros relativos inerente às metodologias empregadas. Consideradas as particularidades deste trabalho, ambos os métodos avaliados apresentaram resultados satisfatórios na obtenção de modelos para estimativa da vazão Q95, entretanto destaca-se que as técnicas aplicadas não substituem as informações hidrológicas obtidas com uma rede hidrométrica suficientemente densa.

351-364

Authors: Patrícia Porta Nova da Cruz*; Timothy R. Green; Ricardo de Oliveira Figueiredo; Anderson Soares Pereira; Holm Kipka; Sandra Isay Saad; Jonathan Mota da Silva; Marco Antonio Ferreira Gomes

Southeastern Brazil has recently experienced drought conditions that have impacted watershed conservation and the management of water quality and quantity for agricultural and urban demands. The Ribeirão das Posses watershed is being monitored as a headwater of the Jaguarí River, which is one of the contributing rivers of the Cantareira Reservoir Complex in the state of São Paulo. The landscape has changed over the last century from native forests to more homogeneous vegetation for pastures, crops and some forest plantations of eucalyptus, which have cumulative impacts on water yield and quality. Currently, the Projeto Conservador das Águas (Water Conservationist Project) has planted small areas with native species vegetation in order to recover degraded areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantity of water in the Ribeirão das Posses Basin by both measurements and by simulating hydrological responses. The Agricultural Ecosystem Services (AgES) watershed model was applied to simulate water movement and storage among land areas. The simulation period was from 2009 to 2014, because the daily streamflow and meteorological data were available for model calibration and testing. We discuss data input requirements, model calibration to fit measured streamflow, and sensitivity to spatially variable rainfall inputs. The calibrated model may be used to estimate streamflow during periods of missing data, and in the future to estimate impacts of land use changes on stream water quantity and quality. Such information can be used in programs of payments for ecosystem services.

380-389

Authors: Viviane do Nascimento Bianchi; Marcos Roberto de Araujo Silva; Marcus Augusto Lamim; Clovis Lucio da Silva; Elizabete Campos de Lima*

Estrogens are emerging pollutants and traditional sewage treatments unable to remove them. They are harmful to human health and to the environment. It is therefore important to evaluate the presence and concentration of estrogens in water bodies and environmental matrices. This work presents the development and application of a methodology for the determination of E1, E3, EE2 and E2 in surface waters using solid phase extraction with molecular imprinting polymers (MISPE) followed by identification and quantification by HPLC-DAD. Acetonitrile and water deionized acidified with phosphoric acid pH 3 (1:1, v/v), a flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1, at 40°C and an injection volume of 5 µL. The method was validated according to the protocol ICH Q2R. Reproducibility and repeatability tests resulted in a smaller variation coefficient of 10%; the calibration curves in the concentration ranged from 1 to 20 mg L-1, with return linearity values greater than 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification were less than 1 mg L-1 and the method was satisfactory for specificity and selectivity tests using caffeine, which is often found in water bodies receiving effluent, and DES, an estrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Selected samples underwent clean-up and pre-concentration treatments using solid phase extraction with commercial phase (C18) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MISPE). The analysis of MISPE extracts indicate that it is possible to obtain results with greater sensitivity and precision for analyses of complex environmental matrices, demonstrating that the developed method can be applied in complex environmental matrices.

405-415

Authors: Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá*; Miguel Ferreira Neto; Yuri Bezerra de Lima; Emanoela Pereira de Paiva; Hans Raj Gheyi; Nildo da Silva Dias

The objective of this work was to study the effects of irrigation with saline water associated with phosphate fertilization on the emergence and early growth of cowpea plants. The assay was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA) in Mossoró-RN, during October and November of 2015. The study adopted a randomized block with treatments arranged in a 5 x 3 grid, corresponding to five levels of water salinity (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 dS m-1) and three doses of superphosphate, based upon the soil analysis (60%, 100% and 140% of the recommended dose for the crop 60 kg P2O5 ha-1), with five repetitions. The cowpea plants, cv. Paulistinha, were grown in lysimeters with capacity of 8 dm3. During the first 15 days of the initial stage of development the plants were evaluated for emergence, growth and biomass accumulation. The increase in water salinity above 1.5 dSm-1 reduced the emergence, growth and dry matter accumulation of cowpea plants. The increase of 40% in the recommendation of phosphorus fertilization of cowpea increased the growth and biomass accumulation of shoot plants, regardless of salinity.

426-434

Authors: Ana Carla Coleone*; Flavio Soares da Silva; Angela Aparecida Machado; Joaquim Gonçalves Machado Neto; Wanderley da Silva Paganini

O mosquito Aedes aegypti é vetor de doenças de grande relevância para a saúde pública, como a dengue, febre amarela, zika e chikungunya. Em áreas urbanas, para o controle dos insetos adultos, é realizada a nebulização a ultrabaixo volume (UBV) do malation. A pulverização pode levar à contaminação ambiental do solo e da água com o inseticida. Objetivou-se ajustar e validar um método analítico para determinação de malation em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e determinar o método de extração do inseticida das matrizes água e solo. A fase móvel foi uma mistura isocrática de acetonitrila e água (68:32), à vazão de 1 mL min-1, o volume de injeção de 20 µl e UV a 210 nm. Após fortificação, o analito foi extraído com acetonitrila (ACN) por agitação mecânica nas amostras de solo, e por evaporação das amostras de água, pré-concentrado, redissolvido em ACN e a recuperação foi calculada. O método é simples, específico e adequado para análise do malation com linearidade entre as concentrações de 0,05 e 1,00 μg mL-1 (R2 = 0,999) e limites de detecção de 0,017 μg mL-1, e de quantificação, de 0,051 μg mL-1. A recuperação média do malation da água foi de 97% e do solo, 96%, sendo o método exato e preciso (coeficiente de variação < 8,8%). O método ajustado pode ser utilizado com segurança para quantificação do inseticida em matrizes de água e solo.

457-467

Authors: Daniela Vidal Vasconcelos; Larissa Loureiro Salgueiro Silva; Igor Lopes Guerra; Juacyara Carbonelli Campos*

O presente trabalho avaliou os processos de coagulação/floculação, adsorção em carvão ativado em pó (CAP) e reação com Fenton para redução da concentração dos poluentes e aumento da biodegradabilidade do lixiviado. No processo de coagulação/floculação foram avaliados o pH (4 a 8) e a concentração de cloreto férrico (100 a 600 mg L-1). No processo de adsorção em CAP, foram avaliadas as concentrações de 0,1-5,0 g L-1 de CAP, e na reação com Fenton, foram avaliadas as relações DQO:H2O2 [1:0,5, 1:1, 1:2 e 1:5], além das relações Fe:H2O2 [1:3, 1:5 e 1:10]. Nas melhores condições obtidas, foi avaliada a biodegradabilidade aeróbia dos efluentes tratados pelo método de Zahn-Wellens. O resultado do processo de coagulação/floculação foi de 22,9% de remoção da DQO e 64% de COT, utilizando 300 mg L-1 de coagulante em pH 4. Na adsorção em CAP, foram obtidas remoções de 69% da DQO, utilizando 5 g L-1 de carvão. Na reação de Fenton, foram alcançadas remoções de 82,3% de DQO (para DQO:H2O2=1:2 e Fe:H2O2 =1:3). Os resultados de biodegradabilidade aeróbia mostraram que apenas o lixiviado tratado com Fenton apresentou uma biodegradabilidade de 12 pontos percentuais maior em relação ao bruto, mostrando a sua potencialidade como pré tratamento ao processo biológico.

476-488

Authors: Nelson Carvalho Dantas de Brito Costa; Stênio de Sousa Venâncio*; José Luís da Silva Pinho; José Manuel Pereira Vieira

A complexidade que envolve a gestão sustentável das zonas costeiras, associada a sua relevância econômica e sócioambiental, tem como pré-requesito o conhecimento do padrão hidrodinâmico dos estuários, que é influenciado diretamente pelas vazões típicas e pelas marés oceânicas, como também pode sofrer impacto devido às alterações morfológicas do leito e condições de estratificação. Neste trabalho, com base no programa Delft3D, desenvolvido pela Deltares, um modelo bidimensional foi criado para a análise de padrões hidrodinâmicos do estuário do rio Lima, Portugal, a partir de simulação dos níveis da superfície livre e velocidades, considerando vazões fluviais extremas e maré alta de águas vivas. Dados de campanha hidrométrica, com monitorização da dinâmica da superfície livre do estuário, foram obtidos em quatro estações específicas e serviram para a calibração do modelo apresentando uma boa correlação entre os valores de níveis medidos e simulados, com ligeiro desvio no período de maré baixa. Pelo modelo de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE), por exemplo, com excessão da estação de Lanheses2 (com NSE = 0,87), as outras três estações monitoradas apresentaram NSE acima de 0,94. O modelo apresentou robustez e se mostrou capaz em representar o fenômeno real, e permite identificar o comportamento hidrodinâmico do estuário em cenários distintos de vazão e maré. As zonas suscetíveis a inundações, assim como a influência que a vazão e a maré oceânica exercem sobre o padrão hidrodinâmico, foram analisadas numericamente. Os resultados apontaram uma maior influência da vazão fluvial sobre os níveis de água no estuário, sendo que a maré exerce maior influência para o interior do estuário, principalmente em cenários de baixas vazões fluviais. O modelo pode ser considerado como uma ferramenta básica para o estudo e processo de gestão do estuário do rio Lima, cuja abrangência depende da extensão das campanhas de monitorização e calibração dos parâmetros envolvidos, que são objetivos da continuidade deste trabalho.

500-512

Authors: Juliana Caroline Vivian Sposito; Luiza Flávia Veiga Francisco; Alexeia Barufatti Grisolia*

A planta Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. Hunt var. purpurea tem sido utilizada em diversos modelos experimentais para detecção de danos morfofisiológicos e genéticos, por ser uma planta sensível a poluentes atmosféricos. No entanto, dentre os biotestes utilizados para avaliação do potencial mutagênico de contaminantes ambientais, o bioensaio de micronúcleo em Tradescantia (Trad-MCN) é um dos testes mais utilizados em estudos de monitoramento das condições atmosféricas. Diante do exposto, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura, identificando regiões brasileiras que utilizaram o bioensaio de micronúcleo em Tradescantia para monitorar alterações genéticas advindas da contaminação atmosférica. O levantamento de trabalhos indexados foi realizado em bancos de referência, como Portal de Períodicos CAPES, SciELO, ScienceDirect e PubMed, sendo os mesmos investigados quanto às regiões brasileiras biomonitoradas, período, área, exposição, monitoramento ativo ou passivo e planta natural ou clone. Os resultados indicaram que pesquisas baseadas no bioensaio Trad MCN foram realizadas em diversas regiões brasileiras. Verificou-se que a maioria dos trabalhos são oriundos da região sudeste, especialmente do estado de São Paulo. Esse fato pode ser atribuído ao maior número de indústrias e automóveis em circulação existentes neste estado quando comparado aos demais, podendo interferir diretamente na qualidade do ar, despertando assim o interesse no meio científico. Com base nesta investigação, o bioensaio Trad-MCN revelou eficácia, e a planta Tradescantia demonstrou ser importante indicadora biológica de danos genéticos ocasionados pela exposição aos poluentes atmosféricos, e é amplamente utilizada na região sudeste do país.