Revista Ambiente & Água - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science

1-9

Authors: João Vitor Mariano Ribeiro; Priscila Vega Andrade; Adriano Gonçalves dos Reis

This study evaluated the use of Moringa oleifera (MO) seed as a natural coagulant for the removal of turbidity and apparent color in the water treatment with low initial turbidity through the in-line filtration technique. The morphology and surface charge were investigated by characterization techniques such as optical microscopy, laser particle size, and zeta potential. The cationic proteins of the MO seed were extracted in aqueous solution. The jar test showed the potability standards for turbidity and apparent color were reached in the pH range from 4.0 to 8.5 and dosages ≥ 5 mg L-1 of MO. The dominant coagulation mechanism is adsorption and charge neutralization. This study showed that treating low-turbidity water with MO seed by the in-line filtration technique is possible.

1-15

Authors: Natalia Ueda Yamaguchi; Andressa Jenifer Rubio; Rosângela Bergamasco

Granular activated carbon was loaded with 0.5% manganese and 1.0% iron (m/m) for glyphosate removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dispersive energy spectrometry, nitrogen adsorption techniques and zeta potential analyses. Batch studies were performed to investigate the adsorption equilibrium, kinetics mechanisms and to obtain thermodynamic information. Glyphosate adsorption increased with the contact time and achieved equilibrium within 24 h, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 9.19 mg g-1 at 45°C. Batch kinetic experimental data obeyed the pseudo-second-order model with R2>0.99. Adsorption isotherm experiments were carried out at 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45°C. The adsorption isotherms presented a better fitting using the Freundlich model (R2>0.98), indicating a multilayer adsorption of glyphosate. Thermodynamics studies showed that the adsorption of glyphosate onto granular activated carbon loaded with manganese and iron was spontaneous and feasible with negative values of ΔG°, endothermic with ΔH° of 20.924 kJ mol-1 and ΔS° of -73.250 J mol-1 K-1, suggesting a decrease in randomness at the solid–liquid interface between glyphosate and the adsorbent. The experimental results demonstrated that activated carbon loaded with manganese and iron may be an alternative for glyphosate removal in water, wastewater treatment and purification processes.

1-26

Authors: Verónica Patricia Pinos Vélez; Germain Esquivel-Hernández; Isabel Cipriani-Avila; Enma Mora-Abril; Juan Fernando Cisneros; Andrés Alvarado ;Victoria Abril-Ulloa

Industrial development has made new products available to people to make their lives easier. Items such as food, cleaning, personal care and health products, among others, are processed, sold and consumed daily by all age groups. These products include in their formulation inorganic and organic chemicals with the purpose of improving or increasing some of their properties, making them more attractive to the consumer. These substances are strictly controlled during production so that the final product may be safely consumed. In most cases, the constituents of commercial products end up in wastewater, where they are not controlled. These uncontrolled pollutants of differing chemical natures are known as “Emerging Contaminants” (ECs). Research worldwide has found ECs in various environmental matrices, especially water. To understand this problem, four fundamental aspects must be addressed: 1) the analytical methods for its determination; 2) the occurrence in environmental matrices; 3) the treatments for the removal of ECs in wastewater and drinking water plants; and 4) the risks to health and the environment. This document reviews these four aspects with regard to 14 ECs commonly found in the studies around the world and addresses the state of these ECs in trans-American waters.

1-15

Authors: Leanize Teixeira Oliveira; Harald Klammler; Luiz Rogério Bastos Leal; Eduardo Moussale Grissolia

In agricultural regions where there is insufficient rainwater for cultivation, understanding the dynamics of surface water and groundwater is critical to assess the impact of increased well pumping on the water balance. The western region of the state of Bahia-Brazil, the largest area of agribusiness in the state, has experienced progressive occupation since the 1980s, resulting in pressure on water resources - mainly after the introduction of irrigation - and conflicts among water users. This study analyzed the effects of groundwater extraction by wells in a portion of the Urucuia Aquifer System. The methodology used was the simulation of groundwater flow in steady-state for three scenarios: i) without withdrawal of water by pumping wells; (ii) with current withdrawal rates; and (iii) with 60% additional extraction. After defining well production rates from field surveys (4.6 m3 s-1) and modeling of the aquifer base geometry (maximum thickness of 535 m), the steady-state models with and without pumping show that, in the long term, groundwater storage decreases by 2 km3 (0.8 m on average in the aquifer) without interference in the regional flow direction. The mass balance shows that the base flow of the main rivers is reduced by approximately 6% after current groundwater extraction and an additional 2.5% after additional extraction. The results point to a greater impact on surface water caused by a reduction in groundwater storage and related river base flow. This indicates the importance of maintaining and expanding the groundwater-level monitoring network.

1-11

Authors: Aline Silva Cossolin; Hélen Cristina Oliveira dos Reis; Ketinny Camargo de Castro; Bruna Assis Paim dos Santos; Matheus Zimermann Marques; Carlos Adriano Parizotto; Evandro Luiz Dall´Oglio; Leonardo Gomes de Vasconcelos; Eduardo Beraldo de Morais

Shewanella xiamenensis G5-03 isolated from contaminated landfill soil efficiently decolorized five textile azo dyes under static conditions. One of them, Reactive Red 239 (RR239), was completely decolorized at a pH range of 7 to 11 (at 35°C) within 3-6 h. The bacterium was also efficiently decolorized RR239 in a wide temperature range of 25-40°C (at pH 8). The kinetics of RR239 decolorization by G5-03 fitted to the Michaelis–Menten Model (Km = 443.3 mg L-1, Vmax = 166.7 mg L-1 h-1). The decolorization of RR239 was monitored by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, which showed significant changes in peak positions when compared to the dye spectrum. Overall, the ability of S. xiamenensis G5-03 to decolorize textile azo dyes in a wide range of temperatures and pH (neutral-alkaline) indicate that this strain is a potential candidate for treating dye-containing effluent.

1-11

Authors: Marcelo dos Santos Targa; Emilson Pohl; Ana Aparecida da Silva Almeida

The objective of this study was to evaluate the water balance in a Red-Yellow Latosol covered by a regenerating rainforest for 30 years in the Una River Basin between April 2016 and March 2017. Field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting-point values (PWP) used to calculate the available water capacity (AWC) in the soil were determined by the soil moisture characteristic curve obtained in pots, which made it possible to determine the soil residual water content (g / g) from the measurement of water tension in 15 Watermark (TM) sensors installed at depths of 40, 60 and 120 cm. Precipitation during the period (1962 mm) was obtained from the automatic weather station located 300 m from the experimental area. Soil surface runoff was obtained from 5 collectors distributed in the experimental area. Precipitation was characterized by a maximum of 454 mm in January 2017 and no rain in July 2016. The actual evapotranspiration was 744 mm. There were 56 runoff events (SR) totaling 60 mm. The average soil water tension remained below 37 kPa in 67% of the studied period, a condition that kept the soil moisture content high. The soil water balance of the tropical forest area, up to 120 cm deep, kept soil water content near its maximum capacity (173 mm) 49% of the time and saturated 51% of the time, so that it generated deep drainage beyond 120 cm deep and 1023 mm deep.

1-15

Authors: Waltoíres Reis da Silva Júnior; Delvio Sandri* ; Cícero Célio de Figueiredo; Rodrigo Moura Pereira

The use of treated sewage effluents (TSE) for irrigation purposes is a viable alternative for wastewater reuse and nutrient supply to the soil, which represent the two main environmental benefits. This work therefore evaluated the effect of the application of TSE on the quantity of nutrients added to the soil and changes in the chemical attributes of a Red-Yellow Latosol in the layer from 0.0 to 0.2 m cultivated with the bell pepper F1 Canary hybrid and surface drip irrigated. The experiment was carried out under field conditions from September 2015 to January 2016 in a randomized block statistical design with four replications, including the following treatments: river water, TSE, river water with base fertilization, TSE with base fertilization, TSE with cover fertilization, and TSE with cover and base fertilization. Irrigation of the bell pepper cultivation with TSE increased the level of potassium but did not affect the levels of phosphorus, organic matter and pH of the soil at the end of the growing cycle. The following amounts of nutrients were added to the soil by irrigation with TSE: 10 kg ha-1 of total nitrogen, 10 kg ha-1 of total potassium and 0.5 kg ha-1 of total phosphate. In general, TSE induced greater productivity of the peppers than those irrigated with river water, even when including mineral fertilization.

1-14

Authors: Marco Alésio Figueiredo Pereira* ; Bruno Lippo Barbieiro; Marciano Carneiro; Masato Kobiyama

The junction angles in fluvial channels are determined from complex erosion and deposition processes, resulting from river-flow dynamics, bed and margin morphology, and so on. Knowledge regarding these angles is important in order to better understand the existing conditions in a basin. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to determine the junction angles on fluvial channels, called α, β and γ, applying the law of cosines. Georeferenced Google Earth Pro images and UAV images were used. Then, the values calculated from the georeferenced aerial images were compared with the values calculated from the minimum energy principle. To visualize and understand the obtained angles, the Junction Angles Diagram was used. The obtained result shows that the methodology using georeferenced aerial images have good performance for determining junction angles on fluvial channels.

1-12

Authors: Pedro Henrique Dutra* ; Vanusa Maria Delage Feliciano; Carlos Alberto De Carvalho Filho

The Taquari River Basin, located in Poços de Caldas Alkaline Complex, in the southern portion of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, is situated in an old volcanic caldera. Due to its chemical and radiological characteristics, it is an area of economic and mineral interest, and is also home to diverse flora and fauna systems. In its surroundings, there are agricultural areas, industries (active and inactive) and urban and rural centers. This work investigated the total and potentially bioavailable concentrations of major and trace elements for the evaluation of geogenic and anthropogenic contamination potentials in the water bodies. The results show that there is an anthropogenic contribution (fertilizers and mining tailings) in some sectors of the Taquari River Basin, generating possible concerns regarding the quantity of elements that may be transferred to the water bodies. Furthermore, there is the striking geogenic contribution from naturally enriched areas, presenting distinct situations that generate an increase in the concentration of chemical elements in the water bodies.

1-13

Authors: Raúl Yaranga* ; María Custodio; Edith Orellana

The Andean grassland ecosystems undergo natural and anthropogenic degradation processes. The change of land use for agricultural use is the greatest threat, with a great loss of biodiversity followed by a very slow process of revegetalization. The objective was to assess the richness, abundance and diversity, alpha and beta, in areas of two-, three-, five-, six- and eight years of post-harvest abandonment of Lepidium meyenni Walpers. Ten affected areas were selected for agrostological evaluation, through four linear transects of interception points with 100 records each, applied on the edge and inside the affected area, inside and outside the affected areas, as well as samples composed of soils for each area. Composite soil samples were collected from each transect and study area to analyze their physical and chemical properties. The data were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed model with Rstudio v 5.3.2, and the multivariate analysis of canonical correspondence between biological and environmental variables, using CANOCO v.1.4 software. A significant difference was found between floral composition and alpha diversity according to abandonment time and seasonal periods. The greatest richness and abundance was observed between five- and eight years of abandonment, due to the greater presence of perennial species. Linear correspondence of alpha richness and diversity with organic matter, nitrogen, soil phosphorus and abandonment time was observed.

1-14

Authors: Karina Guedes Cubas do Amaral* ; Miguel Mansur Aisse; Gustavo Rafael Collere Possetti

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASBs) used in sewage treatment generate two useful byproducts: sludge and biogas. This study evaluated the sustainability of four different scenarios for the treatment and final destination of biological sludge and biogas in a medium-sized wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in South Brazil. At this plant, the sludge is sanitized by Prolonged Alkaline Stabilization and applied to agriculture (base scenario). Scenario 1 is about biogas use to dry sludge, which is taken to be used in agriculture. In Scenarios 2 and 3 the heat of the sludge burning is used for drying and sanitation. Finally, in Scenario 3 the ashes are destined to landfills. An environmental impact assessment was performed through life-cycle assessment using the ReCiPe 2016 evaluation method. Social life-cycle assessment indicators, adapted and developed for WWTPs, were used for social assessment. Economic assessment was performed through the analysis of life-cycle costs. The dashboard of sustainability (DoS) method was used for global assessment of sustainability. For overall sustainability assessment, Scenario 1 had the highest score (678 points) (best scenario) in the DoS. The environmental dimension was what facilitated this scenario. For this dimension, the following indicators presented the highest points when compared to the other scenarios: soil acidification, ozone formation, terrestrial ecosystem. The base scenario had the lowest score (worst case scenario) (375 points).

1-11

Authors: Laura Pereira do Nascimento* ; Deyse Almeida Reis; Hubert Mathias Peter Roeser; Aníbal da Fonseca Santiago

Changes in land use and land cover in watersheds, together with population increases and urbanization of these areas, have caused negative impacts on surface water quality. Based on land-use types, we conducted a comprehensive water quality study of the Rio do Peixe watershed, a tributary of the Rio Doce River, located in the Iron Quadrangle, with different land uses/land covers. For this study, the relationship between water quality variables and land use types were examined according to the water quality index and principal components analysis. The water samples were collected from twelve stations located along the basin in two different seasons. The results of metals/semimetals concentrations reflected regional lithology, and in the case of iron, it was anthropic activities. Also, the computed water quality index values were between 26.8 and 74.9. The water quality was poor in four stations of the river basin in both seasons. Furthermore, the variables that influence water quality the most were E. coli, DBO, turbidity, nitrate, and total phosphorus. The multivariate statistics gave five principal components that together accounted for 58.3%, whereas analysis of score plots identified the formation of two groups with more perceptible anthropic influence. Finally, environmental impacts of the river basin, such as deforestation, erosion, domestic sewage, and iron ore tailings, were the main factors that interfered with water quality.

1-12

Authors: Eduardo Henrique Costa Rodrigues* ; Aline Martins Vicentin; Leila dos Santos Machado; Marcelo Luiz Martins Pompêo; Viviane Moschini Carlos

This study evaluated the ecological potential of reservoirs in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, having phytoplankton as a biological quality element. Integrated water column sampling was carried out in the dam, and in the intermediate and fluvial zones of the Igaratá, Atibainha, Paiva Castro, Rio Grande, Itupararanga, Broa, Barra Bonita, Guarapiranga and Salto Grande reservoirs in July 2015. Physico-chemical and biological parameters were analyzed in all environments. The phytoplankton was analyzed under an inverted microscope, and measurements of density, diversity, equitability and dominance were determined. The data was ordered using PCA and CCA analysis. The ecological potential of the reservoirs was determined through the evenness index. The electrical conductivity, nitrate, nitrite and orthophosphate were higher in the more eutrophic reservoirs: Salto Grande, Barra Bonita, Guarapiranga and Rio Grande. A trophic gradient was observed among the sampling points, suggesting a conservation spectrum. There was dominance of cyanobacteria in the eutrophic reservoirs associated with low diversity and high dominance. The total density was correlated with TP, TN, and pH. A divergent relationship between the trophic state index and the evenness index was observed. The Atibainha, Itupararanga, Broa, Barra Bonita and Salto Grande reservoirs were classified as water bodies of very poor ecological quality (Bad). The evenness index seems to be a good alternative to the biomonitoring of the studied reservoirs.

1-11

Authors: Diego Ferreira de Souza; Ronny Sobreira Barbosa; Yuri Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva; Márcio Cleto Soares de Moura; Romário Porto de Oliveira; Vanessa Martins*

This study characterized the morphological, physical and chemical attributes of sandstone-derived soils at the Cerrado of the Piauí State, Brazil, in order to identify evolutionary standards. The study was carried out with five representative soil profiles identified as P1-RY (Typical Flavic Psychotic Neosol - Aquents), P2-PA (Typical Dystrophic Yellow Argisol - Alfisol), P3-RL (Fragmentary Litholic Distrophic Neosol - Psammenit), P4-RQ (Typical Ortic Quartzenetic Neosol - Orthents) and P5-PV (Typical Dystrophic Red Argisol - Ultisol). Soil samples were submitted laboratory analysis described morphologically. In general, the soils presented high sand content, low pH, low content of exchangeable bases and low cation exchange capacity (CEC). Organic matter governed the CEC in most cases, suggesting dependence of organic matter in the supply of charges. These soils showed a low degree of weathering, but with iron of high crystallinity. Thus, the relief and the parent material are the major important soil-forming factors at the Cerrado of the Piauí State. Moreover, these soils are young, with the soils from the Piauí Formation being more evolved. However, the sandstones from the Canindé Group apparently are providing lithological secondary minerals for the soil.

1-11

Authors: Vítor Abner Borges Dutra*; Paulo Amador Tavares; Hebe Morganne Campos Ribeiro

The eutrophication process leads to reduced water quality and economic losses worldwide. Furthermore, it is possible to apply remote sensing techniques for monitoring of aquatic environments. In this paper, we analysed the combined use of Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager data to monitor a eutrophic aquatic environment under adverse cloudy conditions, from July 2016 to July 2018. Data pre-selection was performed, and then the images were acquired for further investigation. After that, we created a key to the interpretation of cloud conditions for the study area and grouped each of 125 scenes in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA grouped months with similarities in cloud conditions, highlighting their patterns in terms of the rainy and dry seasons for the study area. Another interesting result was that, even under the inherent adverse cloud regime of the Amazon, the combined use of both free satellite imagery data could be useful for further analyses, such as measuring of chlorophyll a, coloured dissolved organic matters, total suspended solids and turbidity. However, we highlight that, firstly, studies must be made to validate the data in situ, so that monitoring programs can be built through remote sensing applications.

1-14

Authors: Edna Ferreira Rosini* ; Andréa Tucci; Clóvis Ferreira do Carmo; Helenice Pereira de Barros

This study analyzes spatial and temporal variations in physical and chemical water variables due to the influence of fish culture in a cage system (20x20x3 m) in Ponte Pensa Aquaculture Park (Solteira Island Reservoir), before and after cage installation. Water samples were collected on a monthly basis in the subsurface of three sampling sites (August/2011 to July/2013): downstream from the farming site (S1), at the farming site (S2), and upstream from the farming site (S3) (n = 72). Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, transparency, turbidity, electrical conductivity, ammonium ion and total phosphorus were assessed. The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to joint analysis data. PCA results explained the 61% joint variability in data of the first two components. Fish farming in cages caused significant temporal changes, mainly in January 2013, as well as sudden spatial changes in water physical and chemical variables. Fish culture influenced the quality of the water; such influence was mainly indicated by variations in ammonium ions and in total phosphorus concentrations, which were confirmed through PCA application. PCA results showed two distinct temporal phases: Phase 1 - prior to fish-cage farming, when limnological conditions were characterized by the highest dissolved oxygen concentrations and by high temperatures; Phase 2 - post-production period, when limnological conditions were characterized by the highest total phosphorus and ammonium ion concentrations.

1-14

Authors: Juan Camilo Pires Salcedo Restrepo; Danieli Iara Antonelo; Ticiane Sauer Pokrywiecki; Ivane Benedetti Tonial3 ; Fernando César Manosso; Igor Vivian de Almeida; Veronica Elisa Pimenta Vicentini; Elisângela Düsman*

Road infrastructures can greatly affect natural areas. A trench and a roundabout were constructed in the city of Francisco Beltrão-Paraná-Brazil over a water body called Trincheira's River. The present study evaluated the quality of the waters of Trincheira’s River, in physicochemical and toxicological terms, at four points along its course, during and after the trench and the roundabout construction. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed changes in some parameters analyzed near the road infrastructure, in particular, oils and greases, biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen. The immobility/mortality test with Artemia salina L. micro shellfish showed that none of the water at the collection points of the river was toxic. The cytotoxicity test with the bioindicator Allium cepa L. revealed no cytotoxic effect in the sample collection done during the road construction. However, after the finalization of the trench and the roundabout construction, a statistically significant increase in the percentage of the mitotic index at the road construction point was noticed. Therefore, awareness and regulatory measures are necessary to oversee activities on water bodies’ shores and environs, to ensure a harmonious relationship between human activity and the ecosystem.

1-15

Authors: Ariela Araujo Fonseca*; Yovanka Pérez Ginoris; Norma Mendes Pinheiro Gontijo; Marco Antonio Almeida de Souza

Biological processes are the most widespread methods for wastewater treatment. However, they are limited in their ability to degrade toxic and refractory pollutants, contaminants that electrochemical processes can remove. Therefore, this research explored the possibility of treating sewage by an anaerobic biological process followed by an aerobic system integrated to an electrolytic process. Three sequential batch reactors were operated in an automated way. Each of three reactors represented a process: aerobic biological treatment (BR); electrolytic treatment (ER); and a combination of both, the bio electrolytic reactor (BER). Two phases were ran with different electrodes: (Phase 1) stainless steel and (Phase 2) graphite. The electric current was varied from 0.001 to 0.100 A. COD, TS, SS, turbidity, and the zooplankton community were monitored. The highest organic matter removal efficiencies were 86%, 79% and 87% for BR, ER and BER, respectively. The best weekly BER efficiencies for COD removal were 90% and 98%, with current densities of 0.27 A/m2 (Phase 1) and 0.05 A/m2 (Phase 2). The main conclusions about bio electrolytic process were: (1) it did not achieve organic matter removal high enough to justify its application; (2) inert electrodes are the more indicated; and (3) the zooplankton community was affected by the electric current.

1-16

Authors: Ana Luiza Litz Passos; Daphne Heloisa de Freitas Muniz; Leandro Pin Rangel; Eduardo Cyrino Oliveira-Filho*

Water Quality Indices (WQIs) are based on a small number of variables that establish categories for water quality. This method presents some problems with the evaluations, since WQIs do not consider the multiple uses of the water or differences in regional characteristics. The present study proposes a regional and more appropriate variable group for the definition of a Water Quality Index for the Brazilian Federal District, based on water quality monitoring of surface waters in the region. The monitoring was carried out monthly between August 2016 and July 2017, at three points on the Jardim River, Sobradinho Stream and Sarandi Stream, where 21 variables were evaluated. Among physical-chemical and microbiological analyses, the regional characteristics of these water bodies were noted, as well as their differences, and the main anthropogenic interferences that generate changes in water quality. In the urban area, the disposal of treated sewage from the wastewater treatment plant of Sobradinho was highlighted as the main anthropic interference, and agricultural activities stood out in the rural region of the study area. The impacts in the urbanized area were of greater weight. Thus, based on the results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), two groups of variables were selected, one representative of urban areas and the other of rural areas, to compose two probable water quality indices (WQIs) for the Federal District.

1-8

Authors: Josiane Pinheiro Farias; Larissa Loebens; Carolina Faccio Demarco; Tito Roberto Sant'Anna Cadaval Junior; Maurizio Silveira Quadro; Robson Andreazza*

Sanitary landfill is the most disposal method for urban solid waste. However, in the process of organic matter degradation, a dark-colored liquid with high potential for polluting is produced, necessitating an efficient treatment before its discharge into watercourses. Several technologies can be used in the treatment, such as biological and physico-chemical systems. The activated carbon produced from agricultural residues - rice husk ash (RHA), appears as an alternative treatment, mainly for color reduction in landfill leachate. This study determined the best operational condition for the slurry treatment using a fixed-bed column. The column was filled with activated RHA and support material (sand). The column heights studied were 5 cm (C1) and 20 cm (C2) of adsorbent. The column with 20 cm of RHA and sand intercalated with the coal layer showed better efficiency in removal of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), with COD removal efficiency of 88.91% and rupture time of 120 min. The removal of apparent color was 87.40% with the rupture time of 40 min and true color removal of 86.64% with rupture time of 50 min. Activated rice husk ash was shown to be promising for post-treatment of the leachate with substantial efficiency.

1-15

Authors: Fernán Cosme Chanamé-Zapata; María Custodio-Villanueva ; Raúl Marino Yaranga-Cano ; Rafael Antonio Pantoja-Esquivel

The diversity of the riparian vegetation of five high Andean lagoons of the Junin region was evaluated between March and December of 2017. The sampling of the riparian vegetation was carried out by means of the transect method. The unidentified species were collected for later identification in the herbarium. The diversity was determined by floristic composition, abundance and frequency, and by species richness indices of Simpson and Shannon-Wiener. In the Pomacocha Lagoon, the floristic composition was represented by 43 species, distributed in 15 families, with the most abundant species being Aciachne pulvinata, Azorella crenata and Geranium sessiliflorum and the most frequent Aciachne pulvinata. In the Laguna Tragadero, the floristic composition was represented by 17 species, distributed in 10 families, with the most abundant species being Pennisetum clandestinum and Eleocharis sp and the most frequent Polypogon interruptus. In the Cucancocha Lagoon, the floristic composition was represented by 19 species, distributed in 7 families, with the most abundant species being Calamagrostis sp and Wernberia humbellata and the one of most frequent Carex ecuadorica. In the Incacocha Lagoon, the floristic composition was represented by 22 species, distributed in 11 families, with the most abundant and frequent species being Alchemilla pinnata. In the Ñahuinpuquio Lagoon, the floristic composition was represented by 20 species, distributed in 9 families, with the most abundant species being Pennisetum clandestinum and the most frequent species Pennisetum clandestinum, Juncus arcticus and Muhlenbergia andina. The results obtained contribute data on the diversity of riparian vegetation of high Andean wetlands in the Junin region, Peru.

1-14

Authors: Bruna Souza dos Santos ; Eduardo Eyng; Paulo Rodrigo Stival Bittencourt ; Laercio Mantovani Frare ; Éder Lisandro de Moraes Flores ; Michelle Budke Costa

Wastewaters from textile industries are known for their difficulty to treat, several alternative technologies are applied for their treatment. In this context, the study examined a hybrid treatment system, composed of electrocoagulation combined with a natural coagulant (extract of Moringa oleífera lam seeds) to remove reactive dye Blue 5G aqueous solutions. The work evaluated the use of milder operating conditions to improve the efficiency of treatment, with reduced demands for electrical power and coagulant. The following factors were evaluated: electric current intensity, natural coagulant concentration and hydraulic retention time. A quadratic model was adjusted and validated at a 5% significance level. The overall optimization resulted in conditions of 0.28 A for electrical current intensity, 1000.00 mg L-1 of aqueous extract of Moringa oleífera lam and 5 min for hydraulic retention time. While operating under optimal conditions, the removal of 71.38% of color and 5.22 mg L-1 of iron residual concentration was achieved.

1-13

Authors: Rosangela Bergamasco; Priscila Ferri Coldebella; Franciele Pereira Camacho; Driano Rezende; Natalia Ueda Yamaguchi; Márcia Regina Fagundes Klen; Carlos José Macedo Tavares; Maria Teresa Sousa Pessoa Amorim

This study modified the surface of a commercial polyamide membrane with the deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles by the self-assembly method under pressure with high permeability and photocatalytic activity. Changes in membrane characteristics and its performance for photocatalytic properties were evaluated. The results indicated that both membrane hydrophilicity and photocatalytic performance were significantly improved by the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles applied under a pressure of 1 bar. The deposition of the TiO2 particles under pressure was able to maintain the particles on the surface of the membranes and their photocatalytic capacity for three cycles of use. The prepared TiO2 photocatalytic membrane presented a great potential for wastewater treatment and for reuse wastewater systems due its ability to remove methylene blue (MB) dye solution by photocatalytic decomposition and physical separation.

1-12

Authors: Carlos Elizio Cotrim; Marcelo Rocha dos Santos; Maurício Antônio Coelho Filho; Eugênio Ferreira Coelho; João Abel da Silva

Knowledge of transpiration is of fundamental importance for improving irrigation management. This study measured sap flow of the 'Tommy Atkins' mango tree using Granier’s thermal dissipation probe method under regulated deficit irrigation. The work was conducted in a 10-year-old ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango orchard, irrigated by micro sprinkler, located in the Irrigated Perimeter of Ceraíma, in Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil. Sap flow measurements were carried out on three consecutive days in plants under regulated deficit irrigation, with reductions of 30 and 60% of crop evapotranspiration in three phases of fruit development; beginning of flowering to early fruit growth (Phase I), fruit expansion (Phase II) and physiological maturation of fruits (Phase III). Regulated deficit irrigation led to reduced sap flow in ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango tree.

1-21

Authors: Vanessa Conceição dos Santos; Claudio Blanco; José Francisco de Oliveira Júnior

Studies on the probability of rainfall and its spatiotemporal variations are important for the planning of water resources and optimization of the calendar of agricultural activities. This study identifies the occurrence of rain by first-order Markov Chain (MC) and by two states in the Tapajos River Basin (TRB), Amazon, Brazil. Cluster analysis (CA), based on the Ward method, was used to classify homogeneous regions and select samples for checking the probability of rainfall occurrence by season. The historical series of daily rainfall data of 80 stations were used for the period 1990-2014. The CA technique identified 8 homogeneous regions and their probability of occurrence of rainfall, helping to determine which regions and periods have greater need of irrigation. Results of the probability of occurrence of dry and rainy periods in the TRB were used to define the dry (May thru September) and rainy seasons (October thru April). Elements of the matrix transition probabilities showed variability in relation to time and, in addition, the influence of geographical position of seasonal rainfall in determining dry and rainy periods at specific sites in the TRB.

1-15

Authors: Esdras Adriano Barbosa dos Santos; Tatijana Stosic; Ikaro Daniel de Carvalho Barreto; Laélia Campos; Antonio Samuel Alves da Silva

This work evaluated dry and rainy conditions in the subregions of the São Francisco River Basin (BHSF) using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Markov chains. Each subregion of the BHSF has specific physical and climatic characteristics. The data was obtained from the National Water Agency (ANA), collected by four pluviometric stations (representative of each subregion), covering 46 years of data, from 1970 to 2015. The SPI was calculated for the time scales of six and twelve months and transition probabilities were obtained using the Markov chain. Transition matrices showed that, at both scales, if the climate conditions were severe drought or rainy, switching to another class would be unlikely in the short term. Correlating this information with the probabilities of the stationary distribution, it was possible to find the regions that are most likely to be under rainy or dry weather in the future. The recurrence times calculated for the stations that belong to the semi-arid region were smaller when compared to the value of the return period of the representative station of Upper São Francisco that has higher levels of precipitation, confirming the predisposition of the semi-arid region to present greater chances of future periods of drought.

1-11

Authors: Ana Maria Ferrari; Talitha Oliveira Germiniano; Jaqueline Elisabete Savoia; Rubiane Ganascim Marques; Valquíria Aparecida dos Santos Ribeiro; Ana Cláudia Ueda

Perovskite-type CaTiO3 material was synthesized by the polymeric precursor method and characterized. The powder was applied as a promising alternative to TiO2 photocatalyst. Photocatalytic reaction parameters were optimized by surface analysis methodology on the degradation of methylene blue under UV radiation. After optimization, complex textile- and tannery wastewaters were treated and the COD reduction was evaluated. At optimized conditions (pH=11.2 and 1 g L-1 of catalyst concentration), the results obtained for the photodegradation of the real wastewater after 240 min of irradiation were 45% COD reduction for both effluents. The reactions were adjusted to the pseudo first order kinetic and the rate constants were 2.07 x 10-3 (min-1) and 2.23 x 10- 3 (min-1) for COD reduction for textile- and tannery wastewaters, respectively.

1-18

Authors: Alinne Petris; Marcel Jefferson Gonçalves; Paula Angélica Roratto; Juliane Araujo Greinert Goulart

Filter Backwash Water (FBW) from water treatment plants (WTP) is composed of raw water waste, chemicals and microorganisms. Inappropriate disposal of this residue impacts negatively in the environment and in the health of human populations. Aiming to characterize the FBW from one WTP of Blumenau-SC, physiochemical, microbiological and parasitological assessments and tests with different flocculants polymers were performed in order to propose strategies for treatment and reuse of this residue. Subsequently treated liquid is discharged into the Itajaí-Açu River (Class 2). Physicochemical and microbiological analyses showed results higher than those permitted by CONAMA Resolution n° 430/2011 and Giardia duodenalis (Assembly B) cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst positivity was observed, characterizing as polluted and contaminated residue that shouldn't be released in the hydric body. The anionic flocculant polymer showed satisfactory results in the turbidity sample reduction (99.49%), which may be a promising alternative in the treatment of this residue.

1-10

Authors: Silvia Patricia Pérez ; Julieta Irigoin; Mariano Tomás Cassani; Marcelo Juan Massobrio

Starting in the 1970's, the Pampa Arenosa sub-region experienced an increasing water regime that generated an increased area for dryland farming. With increasing agricultural activity, examining the land is an essential strategic tool for its planning. The objective of this work was to highlight the importance of considering several climate scenarios when setting the productivity index in the sector of longitudinal dunes in the Pampa Arenosa sub-region in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The climate scenarios were set in relation to the shifts in average rain values, according to the Pettitt Test. The land were classified according to their productivity index. It was found that the productivity index of the land increased with the rain, reaching its highest value in the period right after the abrupt shift. Land of moderate productive capacity whose productivity index values are between 65 and 51 comprised the majority of the area of our study.

1-12

Authors: Rodrigo Augusto Klamt; Eduardo Alexis Lobo; Adilson Ben da Costa; Dionei Minuzzi Delevati

This research evaluated the effectiveness of the implementation of water resource preservation areas in the Hydrographical Basin of Andreas Stream, county of Vera Cruz, RS, Brazil, established through Payment for Environmental Services (PES), using an environmental monitoring program to assess physical, chemical and microbiological variables. The PES is linked to the "Water Guardian" project, which aims to ensure the preservation of water resources by paying farmers for providing the environmental services to protect the springs and riparian areas that lie within their properties. Twenty sampling stations were selected for collecting water samples monthly during the period July 2012 to June 2014 (460 samples) to evaluate the following variables: water temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, phosphate, total dissolved solids and thermotolerant coliforms. The evaluation was made based on decree 357/2005 of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) and by applying the Water Quality Index (WQI). The results indicated a significant improvement in the water quality when comparisons were made between the periods before and after the installation of the preservation areas. The sampling points classified as “good” (CONAMA and WQI), which indicates water of good quality that is appropriate for multiple uses, increased from 52.0% to 72.0%. In this sense, promoting the preservation of headwaters and riparian zones becomes of fundamental importance and highlights the role of PES as an operational tool for water resource preservation.

1-10

Authors: Marcelo Bortoli ; Airton Kunz; Marina Celant De Prá Marcio Luis Busi Da Silva; Ana Cé; Hugo Moreira Soares

Wastewater from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) can interfere significantly with the natural nitrogen and phosphorus balance in the environment if not treated adequately prior to disposal. In this work, a modified Lutzak-Ettinger (MLE) consisting of sequential pre-denitrification/ nitrification was used to determine the effects of nutrient loading rates and hydraulic retention times (HRT) on total nitrogen (TN) and organic carbon (TOC) removal from swine wastewater. MLE reactor was continuously fed swine wastewater for over 205 days using different recycle ratios (Rr) and HRT. Higher TN and TOC removal efficiencies (90.7% and 96.1%, respectively) were obtained when recycling effluent from the nitrification tank (4.5:1) combined with effluent from the final clarifier (1:1). Removal efficiencies of 96% for TOC and 90% for TN were obtained for the maximum loading rates of 0.56 gTN L-1 d-1 and 2.15 g TOC L-1 d-1, respectively. TN and TOC removal rates were achieved with HRT in as little as 3.5 days. Overall, MLE was a robust bioprocess withstanding variations in wastewater physical-chemical composition and/or changes in operational conditions without significant impairment of N and TOC removal efficiencies.

1-14

Authors: Douglas Leite Figueira ; Ricardo Valcarcel ; Marcelle Nardelli Baptista

The catchment basin of the Dois Rios River (R2R) (3159 km2) unites the climatic and environmental effects typical of areas located on the leeward side of mountain chains. It has a deficient water balance, with sparse and very specific wet areas. This study identifies delimitation areas, and characterizes and groups those basins and floodplains which show the greatest capacity for producing ecosystemic services related to maintaining the continuity of water resources in the R2R basin. Locations with higher pluviometric indices(1500 to 2800 mm/year) were selected and grouped into micro basins with the highest potential for capturing rainfall due to their being on the leeward side of the mountains in the region (with their slopes oriented to permit them to capture humidity and concave plane curvature). The 42 basins formed 4 groups, from which the 17 micro basins with the highest probability of providing ecosystemic services were chosen, belonging to Groups III and IV. Within these groups, the 498 floodplains with the highest potential for offering ecosystemic services (Group D) present the greatest capacity for water retention and sustainable effects (high average circularity index, higher altitudes and low occupation rates). The correct use of 0.0006% of the basin can guarantee the direct flow of the drainage for the entire basin. This strategy only requires renaturation measures, discipline with regard to the land uses and strict observance of the processes which generate ecosystemic services in the floodplains of these basins, resulting in relevant socio-environmental benefits for all socioeconomic segments within the R2R basin.

1-14

Authors: Samantha de Paula Batista; Edson Perez Guerra; Juliano Tadeu Vilela de Resende; Matheus Vitor Diniz Gueri; Guilherme Campos Carvalho; Jessica Naiara dos Santos Crestani; Israel Felipe Lustosa da Silva

Biogas is a technology that enables the generation of energy through the process of anaerobic biodigestion, and sweet potato is an option as an energy production source. This research evaluated biogas production in anaerobic biodigesters and characterized the physico-chemical composition of two commercial sweet potato cultivars, BRS Cuia and BRS Rubissol, and two genotypes, Bela Vista and Laranjeiras. Variance analysis, the Tukey test and the physical-chemical characterization were completed, and the results were correlated using principal component analysis (PCA). In the analyses of tuberous root composition, significant differences between the genotypes were observed because of the influence of the absorption of moisture, decomposition, and variations in the yield and quality of roots. For the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test, the estimate of biogas production was 2,906.5 liters ha-1 for the cultivar BRS Cuia, 2,712.4 liters ha-1 for Laranjeiras, 2,906.5 liters ha-1 for BRS Rubissol, and 398,2 liters ha-1 for Bela Vista. The PCA analysis of sweet potato genotypes, physical-chemical and agronomic parameters showed all genotypes have a direct correlation with the amount of reducing sugars and humidity, with 97.77% of the data variability explained. The Laranjeiras genotype has the most significant potential to produce biogas, followed by the BRS Cuia cultivar. The results emphasize that the sweet potato crop is a good source of biomass for energy generation.

1-13

Authors: Luciana Espindula de Quadros; Eloy Lemos de Mello; Benedito Martins Gomes; Fernanda Cristina Araujo

This paper analyzes the variability and the precipitation trend of the State of Paraná, in Brazil. For that, monthly precipitation data belonging to 24 precipitation stations in a 30-year period (1980-2010) were analyzed and they were compared with projections of precipitation for the years 2016-2050. These data were simulated by Eta/Miroc5 for RCP 4.5 (Representative Concentration Pathways) from the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies CPTEC/INPE and the historical data of precipitation were taken from National Water Agency (ANA). The Mann-Kendall non-parametric test and the Sen’s slope estimator were applied to detect trends and magnitudes, respectively. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the median of the historical series (1980-2010) with the simulated series (2016-2050) and the comparison of the means between the two series was performed by Test t. The results draw attention to the great variability and significant changes in the monthly average rainfall that may occur, if the climate change scenarios that were considered become a reality in the near future.

1-10

Authors: Vinicius Marques Louzada; Celso Bandeira de Melo Ribeiro

The Amazon region is the subject of growing interest in the international scientific community due to the environmental services provided by its dense forests in climate regulation and freshwater. Despite many efforts from environmental management agencies and research centers, this region can still be considered poorly monitored, especially given its large regional and global importance. Rainfall-runoff models are presented as a good alternative to the estimated flow rates in inaccessible or difficult to watch places. This study simulated stream flows for a representative part of the Amazon basin using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) redistributed hydrological model, adopting as reference the streamflow observed in Altamira gauge station. The authors emphasize that a database was specially prepared with physical parameters such as land use, topography and soil types, and weather data encompassing the years from 1985 to 2012, at a daily time step. The chosen approach allowed carrying out hydrologic simulations that were consistent with the flow values observed at the Altamira gauge station, providing better understanding of hydraulic-hydrological processes in the Xingu subbasin and information for planning and decision-making on the management of water resources in this important river basin.

1-10

Authors: Osli Barreto Camilo Júnior ; Delvio Sandri; Ernandes Rodrigues de Alencar ; Lucas Ferraz Hebling

Root Zone Wastewater Treatment (RZWT) is an option of natural wastewater treatment widely studied throughout the world, being a technology based on physical, chemical and biological processes. However, there are some attributes in effluent that occasionally are not eliminated by RZWT. In this context, the use of ozone may contribute to mineralization, disinfection, detoxification, and, especially, color and turbidity removal. Ozone is an excellent oxidant, with great potential to reduce color, turbidity and other attributes in liquids, such as in wastewater treatment. This paper evaluated the effect of different ozone exposure times (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes) and the application of different dosages of ozone (0, 4, 10, 17, 25 and 35 mg L-1 of O3) on Hydrogeonic Potential (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (OD), Total Alkalinity (Alk.), Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) in domestic sewage effluent treated by the RZWT. Different exposure times and ozone dosages did not influence the attributes Potassium, Sodium, Ammonia and Total Solids. Color and turbidity decreased, while pH, Alkalinity and Dissolved Oxygen increased at all exposure times and O3 dosages in relation to the non-ozonized effluent.