Nanotechnology Research and Practice

13-22

Authors: Farshad Farahbod, Ahmad reza Mohammadi

In this research, a comparison between the performance efficiency of silver catalytic water based reactor in nano and micro scale of catalyst is performed. Process simulation is done to find the dominant parameters in production of formaldehyde from methanol. Mass and energy conservation equations in cylindrical silver catalytic bed are written and solved simultaneously. The bed is discrete in triangular elements in both horizontal and radial dimensions. Conservation equations are solved simultaneously in each element for both micro and nano scale. Due to experiments, the optimum amounts of water to methanol and oxygen to methanol is 1 and 0.3, respectively. The product with 0.48 mol% formaldehyde is obtained using the optimum amount of 1 for water to methanol in feed in catalytic bed.

37-56

Authors: Ignat Ignatov, Oleg Mosin

In this review it is reported about the research on the structure of intermolecular water cyclic associates (clusters) with general formula (Н2О)n and their charged ionic clusters [(Н2О)n]+ and [(Н2О)n]- by means of computer modeling and spectroscopy methods as 1Н-NMR, IR-spectroscopy, DNES, EXAFS-spectroscopy, X-Ray and neurons diffraction. The computer calculation of polyhedral nanoclusters (Н2О)n, where n = 3–20 are carried out. Based on this data the main structural mathematical models describing water structure (quasicrystalline, continious, fractal, fractal-clathrate) have been examined and some important physical characteristics were obtained. The average energy of hydrogen bonding (EH…O) between Н2О molecules in the process of cluster formation was measured by the DNES method compiles –0,1067±0,0011 eV. It was also shown that water clusters formed from 2H2О were more stable, than those ones from Н2О due to isotopic effects of deuterium.

187-200

Authors: Oleg Mosin, Ignat Ignatov

This review article outlines an overview of new trends and modern approaches for practical implementation of magnetic water treatment to eliminate scaling salts (carbonate, chloride and sulfate salts of Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations) in power heat-exchanger devices and pipe lines. The principles of physical effects of the magnetic field on H2O molecules as well as the parameters of physico-chemical processes occurring in water and the behavior of the dissolved in water scaling salts subjected to the magnetic treatment are discussed. It is demonstrated that the effect of the magnetic field on water is a complex multifactorial phenomenon resulted in changes of the structure of hydrated ions as well as the physico-chemical properties and behavior of dissolved inorganic salts, changes in the rate of electrochemical coagulation and aggregate stability (clumping and consolidation), formation of multiple nucleation sites on the particles of fine dispersed precipitate consisting of crystals of substantially uniform size. There are also submitted data on constructive features of various magnetic water treatment devices produced by domestic industry, based on the permanent magnets and electromagnets (solenoids), such as hydro magnetic systems (HMS), magnetic transducers (MT) and magnetic activators (MA) of water. It was estimated the efficiency of using the various magnetic water treatment devices in water treatment technologies.

213-229

Authors: Evgeny P. Prokop'ev, Sergei S. Evstaf'ev, Sergei P. Timoshenkov, Boris M. Simonov, Viktor I. Grafutin, Aleksei S. Timoshenkov, Igor M. Britkov, Oleg M. Britkov

The key methods for positron annihilation study is: a) identifying spectrum of angle distribution of annihilation photons (URAF) ; the study of temporary distribution spectrums of annihilation photons (VRAF), characterized by intensity and lifetimes ; b) Doppler widening of annihilation line (DUAL), characterized by S parameter – is a correlation of central part of annihilation photopeak to the distribution area of annihilation photopeak. The VRAF method provides data on electronic density where the annihilation positron is located, and URAF and DUAL methods provide data on distribution of impulses and chemical composition of the environment, surrounding nano objects in the area of annihilation. The overview shows that these methods allow to identify the nature and the density of dislocations in semiconductors, as the effective centers for positrons capturing are negatively-charged and neutral dislocations.

127-140

Authors: Ignat Ignatov, Oleg Mosin

There are submitted data on the possibility of applying the Kirlian effect in modeling of non-equilibrium conditions with gas electric discharge simulating primary atmosphere are submitted. The physical basis and technique of visualization of gas discharge luminescence in alternating electric fields of high electrical voltage (5–30 kV) and frequency (10–150 kHz) as well as electrosynthesis of organic molecules are presented. We submitted data on research by colour coronal spectral Kirlian analysis and IR-spectroscopy of water samples of various origin and various degree of water purification and water processing, and also samples of hot mineral, sea and mountain water from various sources of Bulgaria. It was measured the average energy of hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules in the process of cluster formation (dimer, trimer) compiles – 0,10670,0011 eV.

159-176

Authors: Evgenii P. Prokop'ev

The review article considers the properties of the atom of positronium ( ) of small radius in the excitonic presentation. The key role of this problem is the use of many-electron approach. The use of excitonic presentation of Vanier system + crystal is the best model of the small radius. The natural justification of the approach of the ‘heavy’ small radius and the concerned errors of the annihilation process is possible in the framework of this model. The considered transport mechanisms enable to obtain the number of new valuable results. The most important is that the values can capture the small radius, which is comparable to the experimental values of the annihilation rate. Significantly, crystals with high concentration of defects can annihilate exactly from localized states.

73-79

Authors: Elena N. Gortynska, Maxim V. Pogorielov

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone multifactorial disease characterized by increased bone fragility due to a decrease in bone mass and microarchitectural spongy and compact bone tissues. The major complications of osteoporosis are fractures of the hip bone and vertebral bodies, the treatment of which is accompanied by significant difficulties and possible complications in the postoperative period because of the poor bone quality. Particularly acute this problem is the use of bone grafts and prostheses – marked osteoporosis can significantly reduce the osseointegration of materials. To improve the biocompatibility of the implants a lot of techniques used in modern medicine sach as modification the geometry and topology of the implant surface and deposition on the surface of biologically active molecules. One of the most studied compounds, which are used to cover the implants and independently as osteoplastic material is hydroxyapatite. The purpose of our study was to investigate changes in the periimplant area of the distal epiphysis of femur after implantation of nanocomposite material based on chitosan and hydroxyapatite. Implantation of chitosan-apatite nanocomposite material into the distal femoral epiphysis with signs of osteoporosis leads to normalization of trabecular structure and mineral saturation in periimplant zone. Given the data, the apatite-chitosan composite can be considered as the applicant for the surface modification of bone implants.

96-116

Authors: Ignat Ignatov, Oleg Mosin, Hugo Niggli, Christos Drossinakis

This paper presents the results of evaluation of possible biophysical methods and approaches for registering various non-ionizing radiation (NIR) wave types of the human body in the electromagnetic range. Many types of NIR (electromagnetic waves, infrared radiation, thermo radiation, bioluminiscence) emitted from the human body were reviewed. In particular the results on of spontaneous biophoton emission and delayed luminescence from the human body are submitted along with infrared thermography (IRT) results. It was shown that 1 cm2 of skin generally emits 85 photons for 1 s. The intensity of biophoton emission ranges from 10−19 to 10−16 W/cm2 (approx. 1–1000 photons.cm-2.s-1). The specific photon emission from part of the human thumb was detected as a spectrum of various colours with the method of Colour coronal spectral analysis on a device with an electrode made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET hostaphan) with applied electric voltage 15 kV, electric impulse duration 10 s, and electric current frequency 15 kHz. It was established that photons corresponding to a red color emission of visible electromagnetic spectrum have energy at 1,82 еV. The orange color of visible electromagnetic spectrum has energy at 2,05 eV, yellow – 2,14 eV, blue-green (cyan) – 2,43 eV, blue – 2,64 eV, and violet – 3,03 eV. The reliable result measurement norm was at E ≥ 2,53 eV, while the spectral range of the emission was within  = 380–495 nm and  = 570–750 nm ± 5 nm. Also were estimated some important physical characteristics (energy of hydrogen bonds, wetting angle, surface tension) of water by the methods of non-equilibrium energy (NES) and differential non-equilibrium energy (DNES) spectrum of water, that helps understand in general how electromagnetic radiation interacts with water and establish the structural characteristics of water.

27-29

Authors: V.I. Grafutin, E.P. Prokop'ev, S.P. Timoshenkov

The article studies the possibility of the existence of synergetic effects while considering the evolution of silicon properties and silicon-based materials, used in electronic material science, concerned with the appearance of energy flow and the material of a new phase (amorphous or crystal) disturbing its major properties, under the influence of the exchange with the environment.

43-56

Authors: Oleg Mosin, Ignat Ignatov

The article presents the technology of microbiological synthesis of natural phototransforming photochrome transmembraine protein bacteriorhodopsin (output 8–10 mg) from purple membranes of photo-organotrophic halobacterium Halobacterium halobium, which is capable to transform light energy to electrochemical energy of generated protons H+ and adenosine-5’-triphosphate (АТP). These data are important for nanoindustry of new modern domestic phototransforming nanomaterials on the base of bacteriorhodopsin and molecular bioelectronics.