INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES

1-12

Authors: R. K. JADHAO

The objective of present study is to study impact of sludge retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on Soluble Microbial Products (SMP), Proteins and Carbohydrates for residential quarter wastewater. The experiments have been performed on laboratory-scale hollow fiber submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) for two different seasons. The two seasons considered was dry season i.e. summer season and another is wet season i.e. rainy season. For residential quarter wastewater , the SMP is varied from 7.9 to 8.6 mg/l. Protein is varied from 4.0 to 5.8 mg/l. Carbohydrate is varied from 2.4 to 4.25mg/l and C/P ratio is varied from 0.47 to 1.20. It is observed that SMP and Carbohydrates are increase with increase in SRT and HRT and Proteins decrease.

21-25

Authors: RAMA DHANARIYA, DR. SARITA SHARMA, DR. ASHOK K. SHARMA, DR. SANJAY VERMA

The proper management of solid waste is the need of the time. The solid waste consists of various components, some of them are biodegradable where as other are non biodegradable. The waste from various biodegradable sources could be utilized as a feed material for the gas production. The objective of this study is food waste management through biogas production. Various parameters were studied during biogas production like total solid, pH, suspended solid, biological oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The present study is helpful to set up small scale biogas plant with locally available waste material.

32-38

Authors: N.D. CHAUDHARI, S. G. SONKAMBALE, P. V. PATIL

NixZn1-XFe2O4 ferrites with x = 0.28, 0.30, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38, and 0.40 have been synthesized by oxalate precursor method. This paper describes the variation of real [μ΄] and imaginary [μ΄΄] part of permeability for the present ferrite system in the frequency range (20 Hz to 1 MHz) and from room temperature to Curie temperature Tc. The frequency variation of μ΄ and μ΄΄ clearly indicate the low frequency dispersion which may be attributed to domain wall movements. μ΄ and μ΄΄ do not exhibit much variation with temperature except near Tc where they fall sharply. The maximum of μ΄΄ near Tc has been attributed to the damping effect of domain wall motion. Variation of Relaxation time suggests that the respond of the material to the field slowed down.

45-54

Authors: P. DEIVANAYAGAM, S. RAJ KUMAR , S. SELVARAJ

In the present work, [1-(thiophen-2-yl] ethylidene] hydrazine and 4, 4’-(hydrazine-1,2- diylidenedimethylylidene)bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) were synthesized, it is condensation between 2-acetyl thiophene and hydrazine, p-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde with hydrazine hydrate. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of IR and 1 HNMR spectral data. Among all synthesized compound I and II are screened for their CNS activity. Chlorpromazine is employed as a reference standard. From the results it is concluded that, compound II show more depressant activity than Compound I. The synthesized compound was subjected to analgesic studies with control saline as a reference standard and shows a significant increase in analgesic activity

60-67

Authors: INDU SAXENA, RIKKAM DEVI., RAHUL KUMAR.

A new technique of measuring the densities of solvents and solutions by using magnetic float densitometer has been given. The densitometer works on the electrostatic attraction of force developed by the passage of current through a solenoid. Using this technique, the densities(ρ’s) of N-methyiformamide (NMF)-t-butanol mixtures at 22,40, 60, 80,& 100% N-methylformamide in t-butanol (v/v) and those of solution (ρ’s) of some tetraalkylammonium iodide, namely Et4NI, Pe4NI, Bu4NI &Pen4NI in these solvent mixtures have been determined experimentally by magnetic float densitometer at 25c. The apparent volumes have been calculated from density data and plotted against √conc. The slopes of these curves show that in low dielectric constant medium (22%NMF, Є=46), all the four tetraalkylammonium salts have positive slope. But as the dielectric constant of the solvent medium is increased by adding N-methylformamide in t-butanol, each of the four electrolytes has negative slope. The data have been explained on the basis of dielectric constant of the solvent mixtures and size of the electrolyte ion.

75-82

Authors: B. R. SUDANI

We all know that water is our most important life survival factor, but due to urbanization our surface water bodies are being polluted day by day. In order to maintain the water quality of any surface water body it requires accessing the physiochemical and biochemical aspects of water periodically. This investigation is one of the most overlooked aspects of pond management system too. Present study highlights the preliminary investigation of physiochemical characteristics of four pond ecosystems viz. Halar Talav, Nanakwada Talav, Rakhodiya Talav and Segvi Talav. From each pond randomly 11 samples were collected and mixed to make four better representative samples. These samples have been assessed on the basis of various qualitative parameters like pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Chloride (Cl), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD). The results obtained from the present work indicate that there are some diverse contaminations and pollution in these ecosystems. Therefore it is unsafe to use directly for human uses and hence needs more attention for its sustainability factor.

93-104

Authors: S. M. KANAWADE

Growing water scarcity in India is compelling people to use the treated wastewater at least for landscape irrigation and plantation to augment available water resources. In the present study, a laboratory scale electrocoagulation (EC) process was utilized to treat the raw wastewater in order to bring the quality up to the international wastewater reuse standards. Effect of various operating parameters such as operating time, current density and inter-electrode spacing was evaluated to achieve the maximum possible treatment efficiency. It was found that the application of 24.7 mA/cm2 current density with an interelectrode spacing of 5 cm may provide 91.8%, 77.2% and 68.5% removal in turbidity, COD and TSS within 30 minutes of EC treatment. The quality of treated wastewater was compared with various international standards/guidelines for wastewater reuse. It was found that the studied parameters such as BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, turbidity, NO3-N, NH3- N, chloride, Na+ , Ca2+, Mg2+, sulfate, total phosphorus, electrical conductivity Oil and Grease (O & G) and total coliform (TC) were within allowable limits. Electrical conductivity, TDS and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) are mainly used for the determination of wastewater suitability for safe irrigation. Their values do not exceed the international wastewater reuse standards. The study shows that the raw wastewater generated at the study site after EC treatment is safe for landscape irrigation and plantation.

115-120

Authors: SUNIL KUMAR SIKARWAR , V. R. CHOUREY AND A. A. ANSARI

Densities and viscosities of alcohols at different temperature (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15) have been measured from experimental data. The apparent molar volume, limiting apparent molar volume, Jones- doles A and B coefficients were calculated. The results show strong solute- solvent interaction that indicates all selecting alcohols are structure makers in aqueous solution.

128-136

Authors: SHITAL MUNDE, T. BHATTACHARJEE

The ever-increasing generation of distillery spent wash in one hand and stringent legislative regulations of its disposal on the other has stimulated the need for developing new technologies to process this effluent efficiently and economically.The distillery generates large volumes of dark brown coloured, acidic wastewater called spentwash, which is highly acidic in nature and having recalcitrant coloring compound as melanoidin.In the present paper, detailed studies on the in situ chemical oxidation of melanoidin using persulfate as oxidizing agent and activation of it by heat was investigated. The effect of various operating parameters such as oxidant dosage, initial concentration of melanoidin and pH of solution on the degradation of melanoidin have been studied and optimized.

1-8

Authors: ANOOP P. FARTODE AND D.V. PARWATE

Advanced Oxidation Processes have proved their superiority over the conventional techquines in decolorizing the dye waste water due to their ability to produce highly reactive . OH radicals. The decolorization of aqueous solutions of Malachite Green dye is studied using photo Fenton’s process which involves hydrogen peroxide and Fe2+ in presence of UV radiations. The combination of UV radiations with Fenton’s reagent has found to enhance the rate and extent of decolorization of dye solution which may be due to the production of additional . OH radicals by multiple pathways. Additional equivalent of . OH radicals are formed due to photolytic conversion of Fe3+(produced due to reaction of H2O2 with Fe2+ ions) to Fe2+.The dye degradation using this technique has been found to be governed by the factors like initial dye concentration, quantity of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion and the intensity of radiation. The Photo-Fenton-Reaction has many advantages like comparatively low doses of Fe2+, higher rate of degradation, lower operational cost etc. as compared to classical Fenton-Reaction.

13-17

Authors: LATONA D.F

Binding studies were carried out as a function of the concentration of NH4Cl, (C2H5)4NI and (C4H9)4NI at room temperature and change in absorbance were taken at 520nm with a UV – visible spectrophotometer. It was found that the higher the concentration of the substrate the greater the binding constants. Consequently, the higher the hydrophobicity of the substrate the lower the binding constant in the case of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB and the reverse for sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS surfactant. The binding constants were determined by employing double reciprocal plot. Binding is attributed to ydrophobic/electrostatic interaction between the Iron(II) complex and the surfactants.

26-35

Authors: PRIYA PAWAIYA, AMRATA PAWAIYA , NISHI AGRAWAL , RADHA TOMA1

Ethyl-2-cynao3-phenyl acrylate (ECPA) used as an intermediate for the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals was synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate using Zn2+Thomsonite, Mg2+Thomsonite and H-Thomsonite Zeolite as a solid acid catalyst. Thomsonite was synthesized in the laboratory by hydrothermal method, after dealumination and calcinations; the sample was characterized by different techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Effect of various reaction parameters such as reaction time, molar ratio of reactants, and weight of catalyst and reaction temperature were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. The optimum condition for the synthesis of Ethyl-2-cynao3-phenyl acrylate (ECPA) was found at benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate molar ratio 1:1 using 0.1g of the catalyst at 1400C. The product was analyzed by Gas Chromatography and. The conversion of benzaldehyde to (ECPA) was found to be 50.7% in case of H-Thomsonite, 40.8% Zn2+Thomsonite and 45.6% Mg2+Thomsonite.

42-52

Authors: RAJAPPA A, RAMESH. K , NANDHAKUMAR. V

Adsorption of Nickel(II) ion onto Activated Carbon prepared from Delonix regia pods activated with Zinc chloride (DRZAC) under various experimental conditions were studied. Batch mode adsorption experiments were conducted. The characteristics of the DRZAC were determined by SEM, XRD, FTIR, BET analysis and pHZPC. The maximum removal efficiency of Ni(II) ion is 85% at pH 6. Under the chosen conditions, Experimental data obtained were fitted with linearised forms of Legergren and Ho kinetic models. The Sum of Error Squares Percentage (SSE %) for first order and second order kinetics were 1.56 & 0.72 respectively. Thus this adsorption followed second order kinetics. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed with four isotherm models. Order of best fitting isotherm models were found to be Freundlich >Tempkin >Langmuir >Dubinin Raduskevich. The results in this study indicated that DRZAC could be employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Ni(II) ion from an aqueous solution.

59-66

Authors: H. C. CHAUDHARI.

An attempt has been made to study the effect of inorganic matter on the dielectric properties of soil, at microwave frequency. Dielectric constant (ε’) and dielectric loss (ε’’) of different soils with increasing percentage of inorganic matter (calcium carbonate) are measured with S-band setup at 3.0 GHz. These measurements are carried out using Infinite sample method at room temperature. The value of dielectric constant (ε’) and dielectric loss (ε’’) increases with increase in percentage of calcium carbonate in soils. This data is used to determine the electrical conductivity and relaxation time. The result shows the remarkable variations in electrical properties of soils with addition of calcium carbonate. The measured values of dielectric properties of soils are in good agreement with earlier reported work. These parameters are useful for researchers working in the field of agriculture.

82-90

Authors: MAHESH BHAT*, BELAGALI S. L. MURALI M. AND AMRUTHESH K. N.

A series of hydrazide Schiff’s bases were synthesized from different types of hydrazides and aldehydes, which were characterized through IR, LCMS, 1 H and 13C NMR spectral studies. The synthesized pure compounds were screened for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The S4 and S5 samples showed good antibacterial activity and maximum zone of inhibition of 18 mm and 12 mm against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively at 0.6 mg/disc concentration. S4 and S6 showed appreciable activity towards antioxidant DPPH and ABTS assay. Because of the biological activity of hydrazide Schiff’s bases, they became important in medicinal chemistry.

96-102

Authors: FARHIN INAM, SUJATA DEO, NEHA NARKHEDE

Eugenol is one of the important constituents in various spices such as clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, tulsi oils which are widely used as flavouring agents in foods and beaverages. In this study, a simple, sensitive and precise reversed- phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed, validated and used for quantitative determination of eugenol from the methanolic extracts of spices viz, dried bud powder of clove, bark powder of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, leaves powder of Cinnamomum tamala, seed powder of Myristica fragrans and leaves powder of Ocimum sanctum. The soxhlet extraction method was used for the extraction of these compounds. The reverse – phase HPLC analysis was carried out using C₁₈ (150mm x 4.6mm, 5 µm) column and a mobile phase comprising of methanol : acetonitrile : water in the volume ratio of ( 10 : 50 : 40 ) which was obtained by trial and error method at a flow rate of 0.7 cm³/min in an isocratic system. This method was developed for both standard eugenol and eugenol present in methanolic extracts of various spices. The detection and quantitation of both compounds was carried out at 280 nm.

1-10

Authors: DR. A. LEEMA ROSE, S. VIDHYA*, S. RAMAGIRIJA, M. RAMYA, A. RAMYA MARY, M.S. REKA AND M. ROSELIN ANSILDA

Development of eco-friendly process for the synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the main steps in the area of nanotechnology. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is the evolution of nanobiotechnology. It is a low cost, environment benign, nontoxic and large scale up process. In this study, Bougainvillea glabra leaf extract was used for the bioreduction of gold ions to nanoparticles. Reduction of HAuCl4 by polyphenols present in leaves of B.glabra at different temperature provides AuNPs (Au3+→Au0). Bioreduction process was carried out to study about the factors affecting the nanoparticles synthesis by changing the gold ion concentration and temperature. 1mM gold ion concentration and temperature125 ºC is more favorable for maximum production of gold nanoparticles. UV-vis spectrum was used to characterize these synthesized gold nanoparticles and the SPR band was observed at 565 nm. The gold nanoparticles are characterized by FTIR.This green synthesis method has many advantages over the chemical method because it reduces theuse of toxic metals in the synthesis process and it is a single step eco-friendly method.

22-34

Authors: EL AMANE MOHAMED*, BOUHDADA MOHAMED, HADDAD MUSTAPHA

A two series of metal complexes [M(LH)2(H2O)2] and [M(LH)2(caf)2] M=Cu(II),Ni(II),Cd(II),Zn(II),caf= caffeine, KHL=N-salicylidèneglycinate, have been synthesized and characterized by metal analysis, molar conductivity ,infrared, electronic and EPR spectral measurements N-salicylidèneglycinate (KHL) were obtained by condensation of salicylaldehyde, glycine and KOH. The stoichiometries reaction between the metal(II) ion and (KHL) ligand in molar ratio of M:LH(1,2) resulted in the formation of the metal complexes of type [M (LH)2 (H2O)2] or molar ratio of M:LH:Caf (1,2,2) of type [M (LH)2 (caf)2] (where M=Cu(II),Ni(II),Cd(II),Zn(II),caf= caffeine. The ligand LH acts in a chelate manner (NO) donor and coordination of water or caffeine by N9 coordination through metal ion.

44-51

Authors: PAI CHINTAMANI*, SHALINI1, PEREIRA AGNEL, VARMA MEERA, IYER HARI TEJAS, S. RADHA1

We report non-linear optical effects observed in colloidal nanofluids due to transmission of laser beam. A 10mW 632nm He-Ne Laser beam is passed through separate dispersions of magnetic and non-magnetic nanoparticles. Thermal lens induced diffraction patterns are observed in case of Fe3O4 nanoparticles dispersed in hexane and kerosene. In case of CdS nanoparticles dispersed in methanol, no such patterns were observed. This is useful in studying non-linear optical properties of nanofluids arising due to local heating of the medium by the laser establishing a refractive index gradient. Variation in non-linear optical properties is observed to be based on magnetic and non-magnetic nature of particles. In case of magnetic nanoparticle dispersions, the effect of magnetic field on the non-linear optical properties is also examined.

70-81

Authors: NITIN T. SATAO* , N. H. SHINDE

Parthenium Hysterophorus plant contains toxins called sesquiterpene lactones. The major component of toxin is Parthenin & other phenolic acids such as Caffeic acid, Vanillic acid, Anisic acid, Panisic acid, Chlorogenic acid & parahydroxy benzoic acid are found to be lethal to human beings and animals.The proposed work intend to obtain Parthenin from Parthenium Hysterophorus by solvent extraction and Soxhlet Extraction methods, using different solvents at different flow rates and to calculate Mass Transfer Coefficients (MTC) for each of the system, thereby exploring the possibility for the extraction of Parthenin from Parthenium Hysterophorus. The comparison of two applied methods shows that Soxhlet extraction is an efficient method by which solute of limited solubility can be extracted with higher efficiencies.Seemingly, the extraction of Parthenin from Parthenium Hysterophorus is a very complicated process. Our experiments indicate that the extracted amount of Parthenin is affected by several parameters like solvent properties, solvent volume, extraction time, temperature, particle size and the microstructure of the sample.

88-94

Authors: ASHOKKUMAR B∗., JOTHIRAMALINGAM S., THIYAGARAJAN S K., HIDHAYATHULLAKHAN T., NALINI R

Industrial waste is one of the most important sources of contamination in the surface environment. The impact of heavy metals in soils, plants, animals and humans is due to the unabated expansion of toxic effects. Human activities all over the earth have increased environmental pollution by heavy metals in agricultural soil. Pollution of the biosphere with toxic metals has to accelerate dramatically since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Phytoremediation uses plants to remove pollutants from the environment. The use of metal accumulating plants clean - up soil and water contaminated with toxic metals. It is the most rapidly developing component of this environmentally friendly and cost - effective technology. The leather tanning effluent soil was collected and analyzed. The results also showed that the isolated Eclipta alba has the capacity to remove heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb & Zn) in the effluent soil. The metal removing capacity increased with increase in concentration of the metals.

1-11

Authors: SRIVASTAVA K.P., SINGH INDU AND KUMARI ANUPMA

A microwave-promoted new easy, efficient, clean and environmentally benign method for the synthesis of 1,7- naphthyridineand its derivatives from 2-cyano-3- pyridylacetonitrile has been developed. The desired products were isolated in excellent yields and high purity under eco-friendly conditions. The synthesized compounds were characterized by the IR, UV-Visible and 1H NMR spectral analyses along with elemental analysis.

22-28

Authors: SHARAD TRIPATHI,, S K DUBEY, V. S. UPADHYAY

In this study, un-doped GaAs were uniformly implanted with 325 keV Mn+ ions for the various fluences varying from 1x 1015 to 2 x 1016 ions cm-2 using 1.7 MV Tandetron accelerator at IGCAR, Kalpakkam. RBS technique was used for their characterization and was found to decrease in scattering yield between the channel numbers 650 to 750 with falling edge showed reduction in the volume concentration of the GaAs due to the presence of implanted manganese ions in the region. UV-VIS-NIR spectra of nonimplanted and samples implanted for various fluences ranging from 1 x 1015 to 2 x 1016 ions cm-2 were performed in the spectral region 150 nm to 3300 nm. The values of the absorption coefficient of Mn+ ion implanted GaAs samples estimated from the transmission spectra were found to increase with ion fluence. The increase in absorbance with respect to ion fluence indicates the increase in defects and disorder in the ion implanted layers. The band gap energy of the samples implanted with the fluence of 1 x 1015, 5 x 1015, 1 x 1016 and 2 x 1016 ions cm-2 estimated from the 2 versus photon energy curve were found to be 1.370, 1.332, 1.323 and 1.309 eV respectively.

43-48

Authors: VIJAY SHANKAR UPADHYAY*, S. K. DUBEY, ARVIND SINGH, SHARAD TRIPATHI

The addition of inorganic nanoparticles to polymers allows the modification of the polymer physical properties as well as the implementation of new features in the polymer matrix. Thin films of pure Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) and PVA mixed with 4 %, 8 % & 12 % by weight of Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NP) were prepared by spin coating technique. The average size of Fe2O3 nanoparticles were 30nm – 40 nm. Structural, Optical and Morphological properties of the prepared nanocomposite films were studied by using Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrophotometer,(FTIR) Ultra Violet Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The peaks in FTIR spectra of the prepared films show interaction between PVA and NP. Film of PVA with 8% concentration of NP was found to be better than other prepared samples. There is a decrease in optical band gap of prepared films with increase in concentration of NP. Morphological studies using AFM shows uniform grain structures of pure PVA and change in surface morphology with addition of NP. RMS roughness of PVA decreases with addition of 4 % and 8 % concentration of NP which could be due to more nucleation sites produced by NP. However RMS roughness of PVA increases for 12 % concentration of NP as compared to pure PVA. This could be due to agglomeration of NP.

54-62

Authors: N. MANJULA, A.R. BALU*

Highly transparent and conducting cadmium oxide thin films were deposited on glass substrates by a simplified spray technique using perfume atomizer. The films were prepared with different molar concentrations of cadmium acetate. The effect of molar concentration on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties was studied. XRD analysis showed that the films exhibit cubic crystal structure with (1 1 1) preferred orientation. With higher solution concentration, the orientation changes to (2 0 0) plane. A slight angle shift of 0.03º to 0.22º for the (1 1 1) peak and a shift of 0.003º to 0.015º for the (2 0 0) peak was observed in the films as the molar concentration changes from 0.025M – 0.1M. The film surface modifies, with grains taking different forms with increased molar concentration.

69-79

Authors: ASHOK KUMAR DASH, RITA PAIKARAY

The ultrasonic velocity (U),density (ρ) and coefficient of viscosity(η) of the ternary mixture of mixture of dimethyl acetamide in acetone and isobutyl methyl ketone at frequencies 2MHZ, 4MHZ, 6MHZ AND 8MHZ have been measured at temperature 308K. Adiabatic compressibility (Ks), intermolecular free length (Lf), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (πi) and their respective excess values have been computed for entire range of mole fraction and are interpreted to explain molecular interaction occurring in the liquid mixture. Relaxation time (τ), excess enthalpy (HE) and absorption coefficient (α/f2) have been calculated and discussed. The negative excess values of coefficient of viscosity ηE indicate the presence dispersion, induction and dipolar forces in ternary liquid mixture.the negative values of excess adiabatic compressibility Ks E, excess free length Lf E, excess free volume Vf E and excess enthalpy HE and the positive values of excess internal pressure πi E indicate the presence of specific interactions in the ternary liquid mixture.