European Reviews of Chemical Research

192-210

Authors: Ignat Ignatov, Oleg Mosin

The mathematical model of interaction with water the amorphous, uncrystallized, fullerene analogous carbon containing natural mineral shungite (Zazhoginskoe deposit, Karelia, Russia) and micro-porous alumosilicate mineral zeolite (Most, Bulgaria) was established. There are submitted data on the nanostructure and structural properties of these minerals, obtained with using the elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM-method) and IR-spectroscopy. For evaluation of the mathematical model of interaction of these minerals with water, the methods of non-equilibrium spectrum (NES) and differential non-equilibrium spectrum (DNES) of water were applied. The values of average energy (∆EH...O) of hydrogen Н…O-bonds among H2O molecules in water samples after the treatment of shungite and zeolite with water was measured at -0,1137 eV for shungite and -0,1174 eV for zeolite. The calculation of ∆EH...O for shungite with using the DNES method compiles +0,0025±0,0011 eV and for zeolite -1,2±0,0011 eV. It was demonstrated a regularity of change of energy of hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules in the process of water treatment by shungite and zeolite with a statistically reliable increase of local maximums in DNES-spectra.

232-245

Authors: H.A. Shindy

In this paper review some significant light is focused on the basis, fundamentals and/or the knowledge of colors, dyes and pigments chemistry using many of multi choice questions and their answers. This paper review is recommended for chemist’s dyers and colorists. They will find it interesting, informative, stimulating, and contain a mine of information. Also, this paper review is recommended for professors and teachers in the field of colors, dyes and pigments chemistry. They can use it in teaching, as notebook/education lecturers and in their student’s examination tests. In addition, this paper review can be used and/or will be most valuable in domestic and/or international scientific and/or chemistry competitions, in organic chemistry as general and particularly in the field of colors, dyes and pigments chemistry. The review covers some essential and general topics in colors, dyes and pigments chemistry, such as synthesis, properties, classification, structures, uses and applications of many aromatic and/or heterocyclic dyes. This paper review acts as a mordant and/or stabilizers for the basics, the fundamentals and/or the knowledge in understanding colors, dyes and pigments chemistry. It is considered as a special and/or specific type of collective review which has been paid little attention and is lacking in the chemistry literature.

144-165

Authors: Oleg Mosin, Ignat Ignatov, Dmitry Skladnev, Vitaly Shvets

By the method of microbiological synthesis were obtained and analyzed by electron impact mass-spectrometry 2H, 13C-labeled amino acids of a facultative methylotrophic bacterium Brevibacterium methylicum and an obligate methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacillus flagellatum and 2H, 13C-labeled amino acids of the total protein of biomass obtained on media containing as a source of stable isotopes [2H]methanol, [13C]methanol and 2H2O. It was also performed the incorporation of L-[2,3,4,5,6-2Н]phenylalanine, L-[3,5-2Н]tyrosine and L-[2,4,5,6,7-2Н]tryptopan into the membrane integral protein bacteriorhodopsin synthesised in purple membranes of photo-organotrophic halobacterium Halobacterium halobium ET 1001. For mass-spectrometric analysis the multicomponential mixtures of 2H- and 13C-labeled amino acids, derived from cultural media and protein hydrolysates after hydrolysis in 6 M 2HСl (3% phenol) and 2 M Ва(OH)2 were modified into N-benzyloxycarbonyl-derivatives of amino acids as well as into methyl esters of N-5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (dansyl) derivatives of [2H, 13С]amino acids, which were preparative separated using a method of reverse-phase HCLP. Biosynthetically obtained 2H- and 13C-labeled amino acids represented the mixtures differing in quantities of isotopes incorporated into molecule. The levels of 2H and 13С enrichment of secreted amino acids and amino acid resigues of protein were found to vary from 20,0 atom.% to L-leucine/isoleucine up to 97,5 atom.% for L-alanine depending on concentration of 2H- and 13C-labelled substrates.

180-188

Authors: H.A. Shindy, A.K. Khalafalla, M.M. Goma, A.H. Eed

New polyheterocyclic compound, namely 4-methyl-6-oxo-2-phenyl-furo[(3,2-d)pyrazole; ( , -d) imidazole] was prepared and oriented to synthesis of some novel monomethine cyanine dyes, dimethine cyanine dyes and mono/di- mixed methine cyanine dyes. The electronic visible absorption spectra of all the synthesized cyanine dyes were investigated in 95% ethanol solution to evaluate their photosensitization properties. Structural identification was carried out via the elemental analysis, visible spectra, mass spectrometry, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic data.

72-86

Authors: Ignat Ignatov, Oleg Mosin, Georgi Gluhchev, Stoil Karadzhov, Georgi Miloshev, Nikolay Ivanov

This paper deals with the evaluation of the basis of the mathematical model of interaction of electrochemically activated water solutions (catholyte/anolyte), obtained in the diaphragm electrolysis cell, with water and sodium chloride and the basic physical-chemical processes underlying the electrolysis of water as well. In order to provide additional data about the distribution of H2O molecules according to the energies of hydrogen bonds in the electrochemically activated water solutions of the catholyte and the anolyte, the non-equilibrium energy spectrum (NES) and differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES) of the anolyte and the catholyte were measured as a result of which were established the basis for evaluation of the mathematical model explaining the behavior of the anolyte and the catholyte regarding the distribution of H2O molecules to the energies of hydrogen bonds. The local maximum for catholyte in the NES-spectrum was at -0,1285 eV, for anolyte – at -0,1227 eV and for the control sample of deionized water – at -0,1245 eV. The calculations of ∆EH...O for catholyte with using the DNES method compiles (-0,004±0,0011 eV) and for anolyte (+1,8±0,0011 eV). The average energy of hydrogen bonds between Н2О molecules was measured by the DNES method to be compiled at -0,1067±0,0011 eV

104-111

Authors: B.N. Nagalaxmi, C. Viswanatha, K. Ramakrishna Reddy, K.B. Chandrasekhar, N. Donappa

Diacetylmonoxime-3-amino-4-hydroxy benzoyl hydrazone (DMAHBH) is used as a novel chromogenic organic reagent for the determination of Cadmium (II) with spectrophotometer. The novel chromogenic organic reagent - diacetylmonoxime-3-amino-4-hydroxy benzoyl hydrazone (DMAHBH) gave yellow colored water soluble complex with Cd (II) in buffer (pH = 8.0-9.0) medium. The color complex shows maximum absorbance at λ = 378 nm. The system obeyed Beer’s law in the concentration range of 0.5035-5.0535 g/ml. The optimum Cadmium (II) concentration range for accurate determination as evaluated from Ringbom plot was 0.5035-5.0535 g/ml. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 2.94.104 l.mol-1.cm-1 and 0.0036 g/cm2 respectively. Cadmium (II) forms M:L (I:I) color complex with DMAHBH and stability constant of the complex was found to be 8.58.107. Soil samples were analyzed for the determination of Cadmium (II) present, using the proposed method. This developed method was applied for the determination of Cadmium (II) in soil and cigarette samples and good analytical results.

121-125

Authors: Mostafa Mohammadi Shalmani, Farshad Farahbod

The sulfur removal from drilling fluid for prevention from corrosion was studied, specially. ZnO nanoparticles are proposed as the coagulant. Turbidity of supernatant, the pH stability, settling time, the effect of auxiliary coagulants such as FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3 and Al2(SO4)3 on the treatment process are reported in this work. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and zeta potential is utilized to investigate the pH values related to the stable suspension. The optimum value of initial pH=8, final pH=9, amount of turbidity= 6.5 NTU is obtained after 15 days of the settling time, if the 15 g/l ZnO is used with 450 cc NaOH and Na2CO3 are used in coagulation process. Lowest zeta potential is 2 with using 15 g/l ZnO at the initial pH=9.5. The sulphur removal percentage is about 97% in this condition.

4-24

Authors: Ignat Ignatov, Oleg Mosin, Hugo Niggli, Christos Drossinakis, Georg Tyminski

This paper presents the results of evaluation of possible biophysical methods and approaches for registering of various non-ionizing radiation (NIR) wave types of the human body in the optic and electromagnetic range. Various types of NIR (electromagnetic waves, infrared radiation, thermo radiation, bioluminiscence) emitted from the human body were reviewed. In particular the results on of spontaneous biophoton emission and delayed luminescence from the human body are submitted along with infrared thermography (IRT) results. It was shown that 1 cm2 of skin generally emits 85 photons for 1 s. The intensity of biophoton emission ranges from 10−19 to 10−16 W/cm2 (approx. 1–1000 photons.cm-2.s-1). The specific photon emission from part of the human thumb was detected as a spectrum of various colours with the method of Colour coronal spectral analysis on a device with an electrode made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET hostaphan) with applied electric voltage 15 kV, electric impulse duration 10 s, and electric current frequency 15 kHz. It was established that photons corresponding to a red color emission of visible electromagnetic spectrum have energy at 1,82 еV. The orange color of visible electromagnetic spectrum has energy at 2,05 eV, yellow – 2,14 eV, blue-green (cyan) – 2,43 eV, blue – 2,64 eV, and violet – 3,03 eV. The reliable result measurement norm was at E ≥ 2,53 eV, while the spectral range of the emission was within  = 380–495±5 nm and  = 570–750±5 nm. Also were estimated some important physical characteristics (energy of hydrogen bonds, wetting angle, surface tension) of water by the methods of non-equilibrium energy (NES) and differential non-equilibrium energy (DNES) spectrum of water, that helps understand in general how electromagnetic radiation interacts with water and establish the structural characteristics of water.

43-50

Authors: N. Radhakrishna, C. Viswanatha, K. Ramakrishna Reddy, N. Devanna

4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde-4-hydroxy benzoyl hydrazone (HDMBHBH) is used as a novel chromogenic organic reagent for the determination of Lead (II) using spectrophotometry. The novel chromogenic organic reagent 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde-4-hydroxy benzoyl hydrazone (HDMBHBH) gave yellow coloured water soluble complex with Pb (II) in basic buffer (pH = 10.0) medium. The colour complex shows maximum absorbance at 386 nm. The system obeyed beer’s law in the concentration range of 0.518–5.18g/ml. The optimum Lead (II) concentration range for accurate determination as evaluated from Ringbom plot was 1.036–4.662 g/ml. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 2.66104 L.mol-1.cm-1 and 0.0077 g/cm2 respectively. The Lead (II) forms I:I colour complex with HDMBHBH and stability constant of the complex was found to be 3.42106. The present developed method was successfully applied for the determination of Lead (II) in biological samples.

56-68

Authors: Nina V. Zarubina, Ivan V. Zarubin, Larisa N. Maskaeva, Vyacheslav F. Markov

The area of co-precipitation of lead and cadmium selenide in the reaction system “Pb(CH3COO)2 − CdCl2 − Na3C6H5O7 − NH4OH − CSeN2H4” was calculated taking into account the critical nucleus. Thin films of supersaturated solid solutions CdxPb1−xSe having the cubic structure B1 (NaCl) have been produced by hydrochemical co-deposition of lead and cadmium selenide. The patterns of formation of solid solutions CdxPb1−xSe and the kinetics of their growth depending on the composition of the reaction mixture have been determined. The structure, composition and morphology of PbSe-CdSe thin films were investigated by methods of X-ray energy dispersive analysis and electron microscopic studies.