Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi

1-15

Authors: Merab BERİDZE

The toponymy of the village Qiqineti is discussed in this article. The village is situated in Adigheni municipality of Samtskhe-Javakheti region, South Georgia. This part of the country is one of the oldest regions of Georgia – Meskheti, which is distinguished by its oldest toponymy. The names of villages such as Chobareti, Muskhi, Tskordza, Toba and others are as old as about two thousand years. In most of Meskheti villages, the population dwells here continuouly so their toponym gives a clear clue of their remote history and traditionality. But there are still many villages, whose population migrated and new population took their places due to hard times in history. This caused cessation of the natural development processes and a new stream of toponymy, based on unnatural but forced administrative processes, appeared. The village Qiqineti belongs to such kind of villages and its microtoponymy is very interesting and examplary for us today. In this work, macrotoponymy is analysed by means of historical-comparative method. The toponyms acknowledged in the sources, in some cases, have been altered so far and it is,teherefore, difficult to determine their real linguistic roots. As for the toponyms evidenced in the 20th century, they are derived mainly from the interviewers through direct and in-depth interviewing. Besides direct interviews to gather relevant data, we used the material gathered by the MA and PhD students in the related departments of Samtskhe-Javakheti State University. When discussing the literature sources we gave preference to Georgian sources and also Osmal (Ottoman Empire) period sources, which are published in Georgian. The material gathered from the interviewers and historical sources permits to conduct structural and semantic analysis, identify the forms produced through the mixture of the dialects which also reveal the new linguistic-dialectological situation characteristic for the village Qiqineti. Studying the toponymy of only one village enables us to carry out our research in detail, find out new linguistic layers, general characteristic features of the Georgian dialects and the special cases found out in the village. The results of the research showed out that the main cause of disappearing the microtoponyms is the forced displacement of the population through administrative interference. The existence of oronymy as the basic orienting point for distribution of the lands and territories is also the result of the administrative interference.

29-43

Authors: Ramazan ERGÖZ, Oğuz DOĞAN

Human beings make a world for themselves by making sense of their environment. In order for this transfer to be continuous, it must be permanent in human memory. Turning the memory into a place in a cultural sense, human codes should be kept alive in all areas of life and transferred to new generations. There are various transitional periods in human life such as birth, marriage and death. They are essential transitions in human life. Beliefs and rituals formed around the transition periods have an essential place in keeping the cultural memory alive. It is understood that various cultural activities have emerged around death. The beliefs and practices that emerged at various stages before, during and after death bear the traces of thousands of years of the collective subconscious. The lament burned after the deceased is the outward reflection of the pain of a relative lost by humanity with death. The laments are a kind of farewell to the deceased, expressing a short life story of that person pathetically. It is also possible to see the traces of culture in laments. In laments, traces of daily life, tradition and custom, social life, geographical elements, etc. There are many factors. Laments also have the feature of being the bearer of national identity. The laments that result from pathetic events contain codes that will help the individual find his national identity. It is possible to determine the main elements of national identity such as tradition and custom, homeland and language in laments. In this context, there are codes in Pinarbasi laments that will help individuals reach their cultural identity. It is seen that the elements of culture and national identity are intensely included in Pinarbasi laments. In our study, the function of laments in creating a cultural memory and national identity will be emphasised, and Pinarbasi laments will be examined in this context.

59-72

Authors: Tülin Ayşe KOÇ

Dîvânu Lugât’it-Türk is a Turkish-Arabic dictionary written by Kâşgarlı Mahmud. The masterpiece which is written under the rules of Arabic grammar has an important place as it gives details about Turkish culture history. Dîvânu Lugât’it-Türk which has a place in Tukish language studies contains important information on tools and equipments which Turkish people used in 11th century. In this study, by detecting of existing of tools and equipments used in agriculture and livestock breeding in in Dîvânu Lugât’it-Türk in accordance with language-culture relationship, it’s tried to follow the process of them from the 11th century to now. In this study, Ahmet Bican Arcilasun and Ziyat Akkoyunlu translation of Dîvânu Lugât’it-Türk is used and firstly, the tools and equipments used in agrticulture and livestock breeding are detected. The words detected are classified among themselves and by writing each lexical entry in bold, page number is shown in brackets. After the word items in Dîvânu Lugât’it-Türk are given exactly the same, the explanations of the words are made. In this explanations, expanding examples, their allophones and the words which have semantic relations are tried to included the ethimological dictionary of Sir Gerard Clauson is taken as a basis and when the other ethimological dictionaries differ, it’s stated. By analzying the scan dictionary, the usage period of the words and the period of their changing are emphasized and the conditions of words in formal language are analyzed by using the dictionary of Turkish Language Association. Benefitting from the Compilation Dictionary their usage in the dialects are detected. This study gives us a clues about what kind of methods are used in agriculture and livestock breeding by Turkic people in 11th century and the language they used in that period.

91-107

Authors: Doğan AKBULUT

The thoughts that no one can say boldly about the end of art, but are sometimes said to be implicit or implied, raise some questions. The idea that art, which is an effort of human self-creation, ends or will end is an unpleasant prophecy. What is the basis for the ideas raised within this context? The questions posed by the idea of the end of art are: does art, which is peer to human, has really come to an end or is the idea of the end of art a reality beyond prophecy? These kinds of questions are not the first time asked when the development process of art is examined. Whenever humanity has experienced a confusion especially in the face of technological innovations, the art that had to redefine itself entered such deep identity crises. In order to provide satisfactory answers to the above questions, it is necessary to know the postmodern perception that the world today is based on. Accordingly, it is important to determine how the human is processed, in which position it is seen, what role is played in the cultural structure, in the developing new world design. In addition to the technological developments, technical innovations and transformations brought by the tools, the paths and methods followed by both corporate and external art events should be taken into account. It is not easy to say that anything has ended, died or was born or resurrected. In this respect, theoretical answers were sought for the above questions by connecting with the thought patterns that art was accepted as autonomous, original and most importantly elitist in the past and taking into account the cultural, social and economic structure of the postmodern world, the extremely wide limits enforced by technology, and the production forms and functions of art, in this article.The implication revealed as a result of the discussion is that the most important factor that will determine the future of art is human as in previous periods and the attitude that the artists will take will determine the result.

139-145

Authors: Gülzana NAUANOVA

The behaviors that are important in the formation of the identities of societies are the elements of cultural cultural treasures such as customs and traditions, conservative and customs, festivals and ceremonies. The behaviors of the ones in subjects such as birth, childhood, circumcision, marriage, death are among the elements of cultural treasures. As well as cultural treasures that provide information about the cultural characteristics and identities of all societies, the beliefs, rituals, histories and guards of Kazakh Turks. Social practices are one of the most important values that bear traces of the identity of the society. One of these social practices is circumcision ceremonies. Every nation has its own folk culture and motherhood. It is clear that circumcision ceremonies and other folk elements are performed in different styles. The tradition of circumcision originated in Arab countries as a religious tradition and later spread to other countries that were Muslim. During this spread, each nation adopted this tradition according to their economic manifestations and according to their way of life.The Kazakh Turks are one of the nationalities who take this tradition according to their own cultural life and realize it. Kazakh Turks have taken the tradition of circumcision according to their living conditions. The fact that the Kazakh Turks lived a nomadic life in the past periods of history also differed in the realization phase of this tradition. However, some changes and additions emerged after these settlements. In this study, it is tried to explain in detail the equivalent of this tradition in Kazakh Turks under the title of Circumcision Ceremony in Kazakh Turks.

159-168

Authors: Hatice TOSYAGÜLÜ ÇELİK, Bahattin ÇELİK

Şanlıurfa, which has a very hot and dry climate today, is a region similar to the ecology of the Neolithic period and is a region with a low plateau character bordered by Tek Tek Mountains, which is located approximately 42 km east of the city center, and Harran in the west and Ceylanpınar plains in the east. Its approximate area is 19,335 hectares and its geological structure consists of limestones. Approximately 80% of the Tek Tek Mountains area is meadow-pasture and 13% is agricultural land. Tek Tek Mountains and its surroundings are a very rich region in terms of Historical and Cultural Heritage. The discovery of Harbetsuvan Hill and Karahan Tepe, which are dated to the same period as Göbekli Tepe, once again made the region important. Other old settlements within the borders of Tek Tek Mountains are the ancient settlements of Soğmatar and Şuayb Şehri. These settlements appear as settlements that were inhabited from the Chalcolithic period to the Late Roman period. Tek Tek Mountains are located in the Iran-Turan phytogeographical region in terms of vegetation. Although there are a wide variety of plant species in Tek Tek Mountains, wild wheat and barley species have also been identified. At the same time, there are melengiç and fig trees in the bush type class in the region. In the archaeobotanical analyzes carried out in Göbekli Tepe, located on the summit of Susuz Mountains very close to Tek Tek Mountains region, the remains of similar plants observed today were found. In the archaeofaunal studies of Göbekli Tepe, animal species such as gazelles, foxes and desert varane were found. This study is a preliminary comparison of the finds obtained as flora and fauna in the Neolithic period in the region and today's finds. In the future, a more comprehensive study will be carried out thanks to the finds uncovered in Harbetsuvan Hill and Karahan Tepe located in Tek Tek Mountains.

183-197

Authors: Betül AKALIN

Female genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision in literature, is defined as the surgical alteration involving partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. This practice, usually carried out at an early age, can be observed in countries with different religions. It is mostly carried out due to traditional reasons and has many negative consequences. It is considered as a violation of women's human rights, the right to access the highest health standards, children's rights, discrimination, and fundamental inequality between genders. Despite these labels, the number has not decreased significantly worldwide, and according to researches, one-fourth of the 52 million women undergo female genital mutilation, which turns this practice into a medical fact. Somalia is one of the countries where the practice is mostly common. The main objective of this study is to determine how the issue of female circumcision is perceived by the young Somalis who come to Turkey for educational purposes. With the questions prepared within the scope of the study, the approach of young people to the subject is discussed. In the study, it has been determined that although women are the potential victims, they are more inclined to undergo the practice than men and that they do not regard it as a human rights violation. It has been concluded that different interpretation and perception of circumcision practice by both genders will support the fight against female circumcision, in addition to informing about the harms for health, in which social public information, where males are also let to express their point of view against circumcision and take a stance against patriarchal-based thinking ingrained in society.

222-255

Authors: Sami PATACI, Özlem ORAL PATACI

Field surveys in Ardahan in 2017 were conducted in Çıldır, Göle and the central district of Ardahan. During the survey in 2017, settlements of Ölçek, Gölgeli, Balıkçılar, Sulakyurt and Beşiktaş in the central district; Çobanköy, Bellitepe, Kuzupınarı, Dedeşen in Göle district and finally Kotanlı, Eskibeyrehatun, Doğankaya and Yıldırımtepe in Çıldır were researched. Northern Fortress of Ölçek, Southeastern Fortress of Gölgeli and its settlement, Fortress of Beşiktaş with its settlement and the kurgan cemetery, Fortress of Çobanköy and its settlement, Çobanköy Höyük, Fortress of Kuzupınarı and its settlement, two towers and a sheep pen in Bellitepe and an ancient archaeological site in Kotanlı were detected in the survey. In addition, two sites of ceramic finds from the Iron Age and Medieval Period in Sulakyurt and Doğankaya were discovered and the Devil’s Fortress in Çıldır was researched by our survey team. Besides the architectural ruins from Bronze and Iron Ages, two medieval churches in Bellitepe and Dedeşen and four chapels in Balıkçılar, Ölçek, Sulakyurt and Eskibeyrehatun were identified during the research. The chapels are from the typical single-naved religious buildings built in infill wall technique in Ardahan. Comparing to the chapels, the churches in Bellitepe and Dedeşen are more complex with their additional rooms and larger dimensions.

277-290

Authors: Aytunç AYDIN

In Turkish Music, forms such as taksim, açış, gazel are free-rhythm tunes performed improperly. It is important to utilize music software in order to make the notes written as a result of dictation of free rhythm samples performed and dictation of these samples as much as possible. In the study, it is aimed to reveal how the finale music program should be used in dictating free rhythm tunes in a useful and correct way. In the study, the steps that need to be done for this purpose are explained with visuals. As an example of free rhythm melody, the açış in the entrance section consisting of 31 seconds and chosen by Davut Sulari in the uzun hava named Tan Yıldızı was chosen. In addition to the finale music software with version 26, Melodyne (version 4.1.0.001) and Sound Analysis Oscilloscope (version 1.1 / 7) software were used to measure the frequency values of the required pitches in the examined icrâ sample. In the study, the data were obtained using documentary scanning (document method) and interview technique. The MIDI / Audio feature in the Finale Music program has provided a practical use for dictating the relevant performance example. The feature in question can divide the sound file of the execution into the number of measurements and announce the notes written with these sounds simultaneously. This simultaneous operation and also the ability to listen to the divided audio files of the measurements at the desired repetitions facilitated the detection of the notes and increased the accuracy. It is thought that the study will benefit new studies on the subject.

309-326

Authors: Ahmet KADIKÖYLÜ, Özay ÖZPENÇE

Debt limit or debt ceiling practices ensure effective management of government debt and the rule-based implementation of fiscal policy. Especially considering that borrowing for financing budget deficits and interest payments has increased from year to year, debt limit implementation is important in terms of ensuring budget discipline. Although debt limit applications in countries ' financial systems differ, it is generally observed that a certain limit is applied as a ratio or quantity. It is known that there is a proportional limit to borrowing in Turkey with the law No. 4749 enacted in 2002. The debt limit, which has been applied since then, serves as a anchor for fiscal discipline in the public sector. The study examines the evaluation of debt limit implementation between 2002 and 2019 and its relationship with some budget data. Treasury borrowing data and the budget data mentioned in the study were evaluated on charts. According to the evaluations, the debt limit application ensures that the Treasury will borrow by acting in fiscal discipline and considering the budget balances during periods when the tax revenues, which are the main basis of the budget, cannot be increased sufficiently. In addition to the debt limit, another application that provides fiscal discipline is the application of primary surplus, and the provision of primary surplus in the budget is considered to facilitate borrowing and net borrowing by staying within the limits of the debt limit. In summary, while the implementation of the debt limit ensures the steady continuation of public borrowing, it is evaluated that the budget balance and the application of primary surplus have an effect on the debt limit.

342-365

Authors: Ebru Gülbuğ EROL

Employment discrimination is a form of discrimination realised by employers with a focus on race, gender, religion, national origin, physical or mental disability and age. Employment discrimination can reduce the productivity of employees, cause them to have negative perceptions of the organization, negatively affect corporate loyalty and even cause work accidents that may cause serious injuries or even deaths in the workplace. In order to prevent such discrimination to a certaian extent public spot advertisements are prepared by official and non-official institutions to prevent discrimination in the workplaces and it is aimed to raise public awareness on employment discrimination. In this study, it was tried to put forward what messages were given and how to form awareness in public spot advertisements prepared in the international field against employment discrimination. In the spots offered by 3 different institutions from Northern European countries, Finland and Denmark, to show the discrimination to the public, attention has been paid to ensure that there are basic points of discrimination such as race, religion, disabled and gender, all of which are the basic general types of discrimination. For this purpose, public spot advertisements of three different institutions determined by using purposive sampling method were examined in light of Swiss Linguist Ferdinand de Saussure's Indicators Model and French Anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss's Binary Contrast Model. In the findings of the study, it was revealed that the sense of sadness was formed for the employees who were discriminated in the workplaces and it was aimed to form sensitivity in the society for the employees with the feeling of sadness.

375-385

Authors: Manana MICHITASHVILI

The first attempts of integration of the Democratic Republic of Georgia with Europe and the United States of America are studied in the paper. Integration was foreseen by the Georgian government as a guarantee for security and economic development of the country, which was demonstrated through the joint actions and closer partnership among the countries. The analyses of the new information resources and modern research methodology enabled us to positively evaluate the strategy and tactics of Noe Zhordania’s government considering the historical circumstances of that time. The European countries and the United States of America considered a problem of Georgia in the context of the international policy. There was a secret battle among the great powers over mandate system and distribution of influence. Therefore, the strategies and political decisions used to unexpectedly change. The international situation after the First World War and the controversial political platforms of the Georgian diplomats raised number of questions about the instability of political course of the Democratic Government of Georgia not positively effecting the decisions of the Paris Conference or the League of Nations. Eventually, Georgia lost a trust being a secure and an important geopolitical partner in a strategic region to fight against the Bolshevik Russia. On the other hand, an inclination of the European countries to trade and economically cooperate with Russia hindered the political attempts of Georgia to obtain mandate over the country with the purpose of protecting it from the anticipated annexation by the Bolshevik Russia.

394-422

Authors: Bahar SUVACI, Serap SEYİRDİCİ

Financial consultancy is a profession that acts as a bridge between private businesses, the state and other institutions. Professional motivation is the most important requisite for continuity of this profession. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors influencing the motivation of financial advisors. In this study, data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method, which is one of the qualitative analysis methods. For this purpose, face-to-face interviews were made with 15 financial advisors working in Muğla province. Questions were asked to help determine what factors motivate them and what others do not. In the first part of the questionnaire used in the study, there are 6 questions prepared with the aim of obtaining demographic information about participants. Questions about motivational factors were asked in three parts (economic, psycho-social and organizational). There are a total of 19 questions in this section. According to the results of the study, 80% of the participants do not find their earnings sufficient in return for the work they do. In addition, the fact that the profession is not regarded as respectable by the society and that they do not feel very free because their working hours depends on the dates and laws determined by the state were the most important factors that negatively affect the motivation of the participants. Factors such as loving the profession, being appreciated by customers, the job requiring high responsibility, and having very comfortable physical conditions were expressed as motivating aspects of the profession. Technological changes, on the other hand, reduce the motivation of financial advisors by stressing them at first, but become a motivating factor because technology facilitates their work after learning.

438-450

Authors: Gülnara GOCA MEMMEDLİ

Georgia, being a generally recognized landmark of the Caucasus, attracts Turkey's attention both because of its strategic border neighborhood and because hundreds of thousands of Azerbaijanis and representatives of other Turkic-Muslim communities live in it. Islam is the most widespread religion in the country after Christianity. The Georgian land preserves the centuries-old history of Islamic civilization and the rich heritage of Islamic education, the traditions of madrasahs and mektebs. The purpose of this article is to highlight the activities of the spiritual madrasah Omariye (for Sunnis) in 1849–1919 in the capital of Georgia, Tbilisi, as an example of Islamic education in the country. The main primary sources of research are the materials of the Central Historical Archives at the National Archives of Georgia in Russian, Georgian and Azerbaijani. Important facts obtained using the method of analyzing archival information on this issue were studied, classified and evaluated from a scientific and pedagogical point of view. Omariye Madrasah was opened in Tbilisi in 1849 in the Juma (Friday) mosque building in the Maydan quarter, and until 1919, it provided Islamic education to the children of the Sunni Muslims. In the madrasah, which was under the general supervision of the governor of the Caucasus and under the control of the mufti of the region, special spiritual and pedagogical classes were also created. Within the framework of the Charter and the curriculum of the madrasah, the children of the Muslims of Transcaucasia were given information about the basics and rules of Islam, the following subjects were taught: History of Islam, Tafsir (interpretation of the Koran and Sunnah), Fiqh (Muslim doctrine regarding the rules of behavior), Kalam (Islamic theology), Hadith (the legend about the statements and activities of the Prophet Muhammad), as well as the Russian language on the required scale. The article concludes that the close centuries-old contacts of Georgia with the Islamic world, playing the role of a corridor between Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan, contributed to the integration of religions, civilizations here, as well as the development of Islamic teachings and education. Scientific research of this problem is of great importance in the context of interfaith and intercultural relations.

482-497

Authors: Metin BOZKURT

Riddles support children in many ways, ranging from their thinking skills to strengthening language skills. They are an entertainment tool for kids as mind games. They also contribute to children's learning by having fun. The aim of this study is to determine the level of awareness among primary school fourth grade students as regards riddles. The research is a descriptive survey study. 100 primary school fourth grade students attending schools in the city center of Ereğli in Zonguldak province have participated in the study. The research data were collected with a questionnaire comprised of nine questions prepared by the researcher. The data obtained are presented in tables containing frequencies and percentages. According to the results of the research, it is determined that primary school fourth grade students love riddles, want to learn and create new riddles, and the reason why they like, learn and create new riddles is that riddles are regarded as funny and entertaining by them. It is also determined that students mostly hear about riddles from their friends, mothers and teachers, tend to ask riddles to their friends and mothers very often, and read riddle books to learn new riddles. It is determined that the primary school fourth grade students participating in the study do not have sufficient knowledge about what riddle means, the characteristics of riddles, or by whom the riddles were created. It can be said that students can have a certain awareness of riddles when they are supported on these issues. In this respect, students and their families can be informed through the programs to be prepared about riddles. Activities can be organized for students to learn and create new riddles. Riddles can be used in all lessons. Students can learn by having fun as they are mostly interested in riddles.

1-13

Authors: Otar GOGOLISHVILI

The present paper describes the struggle of the anti-Soviet parties against the Bolshevik authorities in Adjara in 1921. Amid the background of anti-government protests, it discusses the ruthless measures taken by the Bolsheviks against the parties, which resulted in their liquidation. On 25th of February of 1921, Revolutionary Committees of Georgia issued the special decree, which indicated that “Hereafter, an Amnesty is declared for every political party, particular bodies and groups which actively stood out against the Soviet Government and Soviet Party of Georgia” Soviet Government of Georgia have thereby addressed to the former Democrat Government of Georgia: “You should obey the Soviet Government of Georgia, which will forget the past and crimes of all of its enemies and which is willing treat you similarly”. Similar announcements were made by the Communists of Adjara, but Anti-Soviet Parties and the former Government of Georgia never considered this seriously. They did not have recognized the Soviet Government, never collaborated with them and therefore went on a state of disobedience. They have chosen the path of sabotage and the counterrevolution. Thus, the Soviet Government was using harsh measures against them. On April 29th, the Presidium of Communist Party District Committee of Batumi came to a decision that stated following: “Every single person, whoever had profaned and blackened the name of Georgia and Adjara during the Rule of Menshevik Government, should be eliminated.” The Special Commission had been formed in the purpose of banishing counterrevolutionaries from Soviet organizations, factories, and cultural and educational institutions. First of all, the aforementioned decision was aimed against the Multi-party system and the democracy itself, and at the same time, it supported the forming of a Single-Party dictatorship. The Special Commission consisted of the following people: a member of the Communist Party District Committee Bureau of Adjara - I. Pevtsov, member of Revolutionary Committee - K. Sajaia, and the representative of Presidium of Central Council of Labor Unions of Adjara. The Commission was directly managing the repressions and banishment of the members of Anti-Soviet parties and groups from factories and establishments, implemented by the “Emergency Commission”. There were several Anti-Soviet political organizations and groups at the time in Adjara. Amongst them, formations of Social-Democrat (Menshevik), National-Democrat, Socialist-Federalist, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Kemalists and other parties were considered as the most influential ones. All of the above-mentioned parties except the Kemalist Party, have been formed at the beginning of the 20th Century. In spite of Communist and Kemalist Parties, all of them were fighting for the independence of Georgia, recovery its statehood, democracy, and bourgeois order. In the circumstances of the antagonist class society, their activities were targeted to establish national consolidation and global values. Therefore, it’s natural that they were against, and they led a ferocious fight against the Socialist Ideology and Socialist principles. There was not an essential difference between the programs of National-Democrats and Socialist-Federalists. They were unified in one SocialistFederalists party. At the early times, a vast majority of members of aforesaid parties did not demand the independence of Georgia directly and decidedly, but they have pursued national autonomy within the rule of the Russian Empire. Radicals have appeared in the party since its creation

27-35

Authors: Nodar MIRAZANASHVILI, Paata QURDADZE

The given article considers negative assessment of the scholarly approaches to the fairy tales all along the post-Soviet space (with particular emphasis on Georgia). The authors review the relevant literature focused on historical aspects of creation of the fairy tales, in particular the folk fairy tales. Analysis of the causes of emergence of the fairy tales is accentuating their priority role in children’s education and upbringing. The national folk fairy tale alongside with number of educational measures is a crucial component in a long and comprehensive process of forming a child personality as well as development of necessary skills. The fairy tales not only broaden the consciousness of children but extend utmost influence on their subconscious world. The article contains a number of recommendations to parents on how to use the fairy tales in bringing up their children. The recommendations also refer to the contents and type of the fairy tales that should be told to children and when it is more appropriate to engage them in narration. Telling stories before falling asleep is compared to the factor of “lethargic” sleep characteristic to initiation: the oldest mystical method of rearing. This is an assisting factor to the conscious comprehension of children in moving to a fairy tale realm, thus, enhancing the positive process undergoing in their subconscious part. The folk fairy tales have a positive impact on children whereas any changes entered in the texts of the tales or telling them voluntarily invented stories is assessed as negative.

47-61

Authors: Mariam KOBERIDZE

The Prone Valley is located in the middle of Kartli, to the right side of Mtkvari. It covers Dvani Tskali, Ali Tskali, Ptsa Tskali and Surami Tskali. People call these rivers Prone today tooin accordance of the historical term. The Book of Ruisi Flock or the Chronicle of Ruisi composed by Nikoloz Mroveli Orbelishvili or Kaplanishvili in 1715 gives us the important information for diachronic study of the toponyms of this valley with regard to linguistic; Vakhusht iBagrationi’s “Description of the Kingdom of Georgia (Geography of Georgia)” (in the middle years of XVIII century); Ioane Bagrationi’s “Description of KartlKakheti” (1794-1799) and the recorded and analyzed materials by the Georgian researchers (S. Makalatia, Al. GhlontI, M. Koberidze, N.Otinashvili) in different times with dialectological point of view. Speech of villages of DvaniTskali and PtsaTskali belongs to Shidakartlianand speech of villages of Ali Tskali and SuramiTskali belongs to – Western Kartlian. Toponyms of the Prone Valleyare various according to the content and the composition, the confirmed means of word composition are similar to Georgian literary language and other dialects of Georgian language. As substantive (martulmsazgvreliani) as attributive (atributulmsazgvreliani) micro (nakedlarebi, chakidula…), macro (Dvanistskali, Prone) and in particular toponyms (Dvani, Dirbi, Taxtidziri ...) occur, where occur “tskali”, “tba”, “ghele”, “tchala”, “khevi”, “tchaobi”, “morevi”as a component part of composite. With such kind of toponyms as an attribute is confirmedas common as proper nouns. For the toponyms of Prone Valleyare peculiar these phonetic processes what are peculiar for the Georgian languagesystem. For example: loss of letter, replacement of letters, insertionof letter… composition with suffixes (-et,- it, -at, -is-i, -at(a), -ta, -eul, -ul, -ur, -ovan, -osan, in-a, -eb, -mar (←nar) and with prefix-suffixes (na-ev, sa-e, sa-ur, sa-ia). Spreading area of toponymsand frequency of formative mean create difference. Difference occasions refer to the unification tendency and the occasions of changeover of codes of speech. It is noted territorial localization of dialectical vocabulary used as toponym. The analysed material is multifariousdue to its content. There are no borrowed terms, but all are Georgian formation. The toponyms of “ Tskal” and “Tskhar” basis are used more frequently. The majority of toponyms are complex words. Common nouns as well as proper nouns can be the qualifiers of such types of toponyms.

72-84

Authors: Gürhan ÇOPUR

Ayla Kutlu became an important author in Turkish literature after 1980 with her novels and stories. Kutlu, fictionalizes her works in a multi-layered structure by intertwining social and individual elements in her novels. Kutlu's novels focus on inner world of individuals taking part in the social events related to religion, beliefs, gender roles, economic life, customs and conventions of the community they live in. In her novels, the presented social events reflect the political and social atmosphere of Turkey, where protagonists are portrayed in their worldly pursuits. In that sense, the author, who is not indifferent to social issues and conditions of the period, makes her own interpretation of events in almost all her works, which makes them suitable for sociological and psychological analysis. In her novels, suicidal tendency of the characters, who are not able to adapt to the conditions they are depicted in, become excluded and marginalized. Emile Durkheim, who is mainly interested in the suicide phenomenon, regards society as a sociological laboratory mainly responsible for the psychological development of the individual. According to Durkheimian, suicide can be defined as an act in which social phenomena mark individual psychology. Emile Durkheim's theory of suicide is based on experienced cases, which he categorizes according to social causes as: “Egoistic suicide”, “Altruistic suicide”, and “Anomic suicide”. Among the suicide types that Durkheim has classified and distinguished according to their sociological dimensions, “Selfish suicide” cases observed in Ayla Kutlu's novels will be in the center of our study. In our analysis, the actions of the characters who commit/attempt suicide in Ayla Kutlu's “Cadı Ağacı”, “Ateş Üstünde Yürümek” “Kadın Destanı” and “Asi… Asi” novels will be examined within the framework of Emile Durkheim's suicide theory.

105-122

Authors: Mustafa SOLMAZ, Ersoy Özmen ALKAN

The purpose of the research is to reveal the sources of the insecurity conditions we live in and to base a viable solution forward against them from Bauman's social theory. A qualitative research was carried out and it was applied to the method of document analysis, especially critical discourse analysis. It is understood that there are three types of insecurity and they can be classified as uncertainty, insecurity and unsafety. It has been determined that the source of the mentioned types of insecurity is the movement of knowledge and power in the international arena, that political power remains within the national boundaries therefore cannot take effective measures against them. It was understood that political power, which could not take effective measures against the international movement of knowledge and especially capital, is trying to seem to be doing things not to damage its legitimacy on them, therefore it saves all types of insecurity to a single component, unsafety. It has been determined that the determining feature of the political power, which against risks caused by uncertainty and insecurity charges all threats to unsafety, is to become a guard state. However, it has been understood that political governments need to take more effective measures to come together and establish a global republic regime that includes international legislative, executive and judicial bodies. It was determined that the reason why the republic was preferred, rather than any other form of administration, was that it provided the possibility of resolving problems to be on negotiation. It was concluded that social media should be seen as new public spaces for the development of the negotiation culture.

135-152

Authors: Salih KAYMAKÇI

In the surveys that we started in 2015 and continued until today in the Eastern Black Sea Region, we detected a small number of settlements with Late Iron Age pottery in Giresun Province and its districts. A group of sherds on the Karadikmen Castle Settlement (a mountainous area in Giresun) that we identified in our surveys in Çamoluk district in the mountainous area of Giresun province had the characteristics of the Late Iron Age ceramics that we know in terms of technique and form. We believe that this pottery group consisting of floral, band and geometric decorations on burnished slip and dating to the Late Iron Age show characteristics of Anatolian Iron Age Pottery, and will be important for redetermining the boundaries of the region in the Iron Age. It is not clear when the Bronze Age ended in the region and when the Iron Age began. In our study, we compared the cultures of Iron Age with previous studies in the Çoruh and Kelkit Basin near the region. As a result of the researches in the region, we can say that there are settlements belonging to the Iron Age in the eastern part of the Kelkit Basin, which constitutes the southern hinterland of the Eastern Black Sea Region, but the written evidence related to the region is still insufficient.

169-187

Authors: Ahmet SEL

With the increasing use of fossil fuels since the industrial revolution, greenhouse gas emission values have also been increasing over the years. Increasing greenhouse gases is one of the major causes of global warming, which is one of today's most important problems. In the study, clustering analysis was performed using 1990-2014 values according to 15 indicators in the World Bank data of 36 countries that are members of the organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The data was evaluated using data mining methods and two-stage clustering analysis due to the large number of total data. At the time of application, the ideal number of clusters was found to be four. Clustering results were obtained separately using SPSS, MATLAB and WEKA programs. Two-stage and selforganizing map (SOM) type neural networks are preferred as clustering methods. For the obtained cluster results, the countries have been combined for taking into account the recurring cluster values. As a result, countries are clustered so that the carbon emission values used are ranked from high to low. The number of countries in the cluster was 1 in the first cluster, 9 countries in the second cluster, 10 countries in the the third cluster and 16 countries in the fourth cluster. Clustering results may guide programs to reduce carbon emissions to countries in the same cluster. In addition, commissions including the countries in the related cluster can be established under the OECD union. The fact that climate change has made him feel more and more recently supports the implementation of measures and practices as soon as possible.

199-219

Authors: Filiz ASLAN ÇETİN, Seyhan ÖZTÜRK

Institutions or individuals who try to survive and survive in a global competitive environment are often faced with various problems brought about by this environment. In general, it is defined as competition that individuals or institutions working in the same field are competing in achieving the same goals, such as being the strongest and most successful. Therefore, while there is a race of knowledge and competence in the right competition; There may be situations that are intentionally created in unfair competition and incompatible with professional ethics. When these concepts are evaluated for the accounting profession, where ethics has a very important place, considering the profession as a race to raise the identity of the profession in normal competitive environments, a situation that adds value to the profession occurs. However, unfair competition between professional accountants and employees includes behaviors contrary to professional ethics, unfair earnings and sharing without producing; It causes financial and moral damage to professional accountants and employees. In this study conducted within the framework of the importance of the subject, the aim is; to ensure that the factors that may cause unfair competition are examined and evaluated in terms of professional accountants and employees. In this context, the concepts of competition and unfair competition are handled theoretically in detail and examined in terms of professional accountants and employees. Subsequently, an application study was carried out with professional accountants and employees operating in Kars, Ardahan and Iğdır provinces, and the results were presented.

235-256

Authors: Eray AKSOY

Archaeological Test Excavations play an important role for the understanding of the archaeological potential of Sinop (ancient Sinope) which was one of the most important port cities of ancient Black Sea. One of these excavations, named as “ORD 2016”, took place within the Gelincik District of the city which is situated at the southern portion of the isthmus. The excavations conducted in multiple openings within a parcel that was chosen for a building construction yielded a varia of archaeological artefacts, architectural elements and some tombs. This paper will focus mainly on the evaluation of the tombs revealed within ORD 2016 together with other archaeological artefacts and architectural elements. First, the overall location and the importance of the locality where the excavation took place will be revealed. Then, a short but descriptive telling of the excavation process will be shared for a better understanding of the find locations and their arrangements. A special attention will be paid to the finds as they will be mediums of dating for the tombs and the whole area as well. The evaluations have shown that the parcel excavated within the scope of ORD 2016 must have belonged to a burial ground from the Southern Necropolis of Sinope. The tombs together with their finds abled us to state that this burial ground only received tombs of ordinary people. An inscribed miniature grave marker in the form of a Doric capital able us to realise that some tombs were marked with such indicators. Especially the tombs help us to date this burial ground between the Early Hellenistic and Early Roman periods whereas other fragmentary ceramics indicate to a use that can be pulled back until the Classical Period.

271-301

Authors: Cantürk CANER

Tha main aim of this paper is to determine the emergence of Comparative Public Administration (CPA), which is regarded as an important sub-discipline in Public Administration research, to examine the phases it has undergone, and to discuss the prominent thinkers in this field as well as their theories. Public Administration has developed as interdisciplinary in character in its two-hundred span of growth. It obviously owes this characteristic to its talents in comparative analysis. The comparative aspect of Public Administration is an inherent characteristic. The comparative method that have been used since the acceptance of Public Administration as a discipline in the modern sense has contributed to its intistutional aspects, and it has also made it easier to analyse by determining the similarities to and differences from its counterparts in the world. The analysis of Public Administration through comparative methods has become possible through CPA. In this regard, CPA is accepted as a sub-discipline, supporting research in Public Administration. CPA research, held methodologically for the first time following World War II, achieved maturation during Cold War era. The Cold War era, when theories of the discipline were mainly developed, is remembered as a period when regulations towards the welfare state were also made. Therefore, studies in CPA mainly followed a path of development in this direction. It can be seen that CPA studies during Cold War era were generally centered upon the administration structures of developed countries. Following the period, global management and liberalism came to the fore in line with New Public Administration Movement (NPAW). With the influence of globalisation, studies in the field expanded and became valid worldwide by attaining a comparative dimension. It is possible to handle research in CPA in its consequential development as “Early Period”, “Classical Period”, “Modern Period”, and “Contemporary”.

316-337

Authors: Çare TUFANER

The concept of value belongs to human. People form, develop, implement and teach these values in line with the society they live in, their understanding of morality, beliefs and traditions and also how they design the future for their generations to come. Considering from this perspective, one can encounter a few dimensions of the concept of value: universal values, national values, moral values, cultural values, and religious values etc. Among these types of values, the one which is not in conflict with basic human values and can’t be depicted to the local narrowing but at the same time based on the societal practices and future design of a specific society is called National Values. The Republic period of Turkey accepts Turkish National values as an upper identity and starts imprinting them in art, literature and specifically in novels. The family institution manifests itself as the most basic of the social units that make up the society, in this respect, the establishment, development and solidification of the family will mean the well-grown and healthy structure of society. This article examines the printed story books in the period between 1935 and 1950, to observe the effects of the newly established political and social state order on the family institution. Main topics in the story books, related to family institution are classified as; the decision to start a family, responsibilities of being a family, a peaceful family structure, dissolution of the family/divorce. During the specified time period, following ideas were derived from the story books; consensus of both spouses for marriage, spouses had equal rights, each spouse needed to contribute to the family and if needed divorce should happen in a civilized way. In conclusion, we observed that story books impact the new society structure through education and guidance.

354-371

Authors: Zafer AYKANAT, Yavuz KOÇ

Emotional labor can be defined as directing employees, emotions and behavior to present the appropriate emotion based on workplace rules or professional principles. Employee performance can also be defined as a measurement to represent both the determinant of employees’ current knowledge and skills and how they adopt organizational purposes and goals. In that sense, both concepts are considered to play an important role to attain certain goals set by organizations. In this study, the existing literature that addresses the relationship between emotional labor behaviors and employee performances was initially reviewed. In the light of the literature review, research model was developed and frequency, reliability, correlation and regression analyses were performed. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between emotional labor behavior of call center employees and their performance as call centers are principally constituted to perform better customer service. The number of previous research that concentrates on the relationship between emotional labor and employee performance is rather limited although the relationship between emotional labor and other different variables was successfully examined previously. In that sense, the present paper aims to fill this void in the existing literature. Firstly, the concepts of emotional labor behavior and employee performance were theoretically examined. Later, a questionnaire was administered to 318 call center employees of 182 Central Physician Appointment System (MHRS) in Erzurum province and the results of this paper reveal that sincere behavior display was found to have a higher impact on employee performance than other sub-dimensions of emotional labor. The present research can be supported by qualitative research in terms of conveying case studies by respondents. This paper may provide theoretical and methodological contribution to the existing emotional labor and employee performance literature.

394-412

Authors: M. ALİ SAĞLAM

Feminist theory, which advocates gender equality in the political, social and economic spheres, strives to create content that mainly discusses women's efforts in achieving gender equality. Feminist theory handles with the issues such as productive/unproductive labor market, domestic labor/non-domestic labor, wage inequality based on gender, division of labor based on gender which are the primary subject matters of the integrated field of gender and political economy through the theoretical currents developing in this body of knowledge. Feminist theories questions these issues without isolating themselves from their originary ideological perspectives. Differentiated feminist theories are reduced in four currents in this study to be analyzed in terms of their views on these above issues. Liberal feminist theorists, problematizing the female subject through the doctrine of natural rights, discuss gender inequality within capitalism. In contrast, Marxist feminists have contributed to the feminist theory on alienation, division of labor, class-based forms of exploitation using the historical materialist perspective. Radical feminists and gender binary system theorists, emerging from new social movements, have been inspired by the Marxist theory; however, they have left a significant trace in the feminist theory, surpassing this inspiration. Radical feminists, whose focal point in discussion is the patriarchal system, have observed that any kind of inequality is derived from this approach and that the solution is the eradication of the patriarchal system. On the other hand, gender binary system theorists suggesting that both capitalist system and patriarchal system leads to gender inequality have built the solution on transforming this binary system. The main subject matter of the present study is to exhibit the perspectives of different feminist theories on the reflections of gender inequality in political economy. The study tries to clarify how these four feminist theoretical currents approaches the primary subjects of feminist economics such as labor market, domestic and non-domestic labor processes, division of labor based on gender, wage inequality based on gender. In this context, the researcher attempted to form a framework, based on the analysis of texts written by theorists and mainly on the suggestion of gender binary system theorists.