Animal Research International

4684 – 4693

Authors: OGUNNUSI, Olayele Joseph, TOYE, Christopher Oladipupo and AKINWEMOYE, Akinwalere Akinwale

The purpose of this review is to provide information about feed management methods for poultry profitability. Generally, feed management in simple terms, is the management of nutrients for different stages of livestock production and purposes with no wastage and balanced diet feeding consideration. Restricted feeding gained momentum in growing birds for energy and protein intake maintenance. Phase feeding enhanced profit maximization concerning its application in conventional egg production. Alternative ingredients like industrial by-products, insects, earthworms, and tree/shrub leave in feed formulation as being researched to reduce the human food/animal feed competition on grains and other important variable ingredients. Egg quality is improved by dietary manipulation to attract prime market prices. Improper feed management is consequential with poultry vices and physiological imbalances such as cannibalism, fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS), fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS), cage layer fatigue, bone break and salt poisoning which pose loss to the poultry farmer.

4705 – 4725

Authors: ZONKPOEDJRE, Simon, ODO, Gregory Ejikeme and EYO, Joseph Effiong

This study identified the levels and potential risks of OCP residues in water and Oreochromis niloticus tissues from Adjohoun, Dangbo and Aguégués of the Lower Delta of Ouémé River. The presence of seventeen OCP residues was detected using gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. The concentration of pesticide residues ranged from below the limit of detection (BLD) to 16.48 μg/L for water samples and BLD to 334.78 μg/kg/ww for fish. Endosulfan sulphate was the predominant residue in all the samples analyzed, at the mean concentrations of 32.2 ± 27.04, 281.91 ± 55.22 and 49.33 ± 5.33 μg/kg/ww in gills, liver and muscle samples respectively. From the health risk analyses, ΣEndosulfan and ΣBHCs were above the Maximum Residual Limit recommended by Codex Alimentarius Commission. The estimated daily intake of all detected OCP residues in fish muscles exceeded the Permissible Tolerable Daily Intake and Acceptable Dietary Intake recommended by WHO/FAO, with exception of ΣEndosulfan. The assessment of the Target Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index indicated no health risk from the consumption of the fish flesh. Routine monitoring of pesticide residues is necessary for the prevention, control and reduction of OCP pollution, and minimizes health risks to humans.

4734 – 4740

Authors: OMOREGIE, Magdalene Ehinomen, ENOBAKHARE, Dan Aisagbonbuomwan and OMOREGIE, Anthony Osarobo

Maize (Zea mays L.), an important staple food crop in Nigeria is recently threatened by an invasive pest species; the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in different parts of the country. Investigating the population dynamics of this pest will be useful for quantifying and forecasting future trends and provide a proper framework for control. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamics of Spodoptera frugiperda on maize during the 2019 maize cropping season in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Weekly data on number of larvae and number of plants with live larvae or fresh frass were collected on 20 maize plants randomly selected at five locations following a ‘W’ pattern in the bulk plot. Meteorological data were obtained from National Centre for Energy and Environment, University of Benin, Benin City. These data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), t-test and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Results revealed that in the early and late cropping season there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the larval abundance, larval instar distribution and percentage infestation in the different sampling weeks (SW). Weather parameters varied in both seasons. Larval abundance had a significant negative correlation with rainfall and humidity and a significant positive correlation with temperature in the early season, however, in the late season; larval abundance had a non-significant correlation with rainfall and humidity but a significant negative correlation with temperature. FAW population and larval instar distribution were influence by the crop phenological stage and prevailing weather.

4748 – 4757

Authors: OLUSOLA, Damilola Joyce, FADAHUNSI, Adeyinka Ignatius, ATANSUYI, Adewale Johnson, OLAYIWOLA, Kehinde Olubunmi, GBEBURU, Marvel Ovo, AFESIMI, Ohiozua Jamiel, AHMED, Kehinde Fatima, ARO, Samuel Olanrewaju and CHINEKE, Clifford Adinma

The negative impact of coccidiosis on the growth performance of chickens is very devastating on farmers. Hence, this study was conducted to characterize the effect of breed and sex on growth and linear body morphometry of two sexed chicken breeds naturally infected with coccidial oocysts. 200 birds comprising two breeds of equal numbers were raised for eight weeks, and each breed was further divided into two based on their sexes. Growth morphometric data were collected weekly. At the end of the experimental period, some birds were randomly selected for the collection of carcass and organ data. Statistical analysis was carried out on the data collected using SPSS (Version 25). Analytical results showed that the breed effect was significant (p<0.001) where Marshall breed recorded higher body weight and linear growth dimensions than Noiler chickens. However, the sex effect was not significant (p>0.05) for all parameters measured with the exception of drumstick length and tail length, gizzard, heart, and lung weight. Male birds recorded higher drumstick length (11.88 ± 0.14 vs. 11.33 ± 0.14 cm) and tail length (3.10 ± 0.03 vs. 3.00 ± 0.03 cm). The interaction effect was significant (p<0.05) in this experiment. The result obtained in this study may be used to design breeding plans for better improvement in the growth performance of Noiler chickens in case of unexpected coccidial outbreak. The study concluded that Marshall Chickens possessed appreciable innate immunity against coccidial infection than their Noiler counterparts. Hence, be considered in areas with high coccidiosis prevalence.

4770 – 4777

Authors: OSO, Teniola Samuel, AYENI, Akinlolu Oluwafemi and ADEBAYO, Oluwaseun Adetomiwa

The importance of eggs in Nigerian nutrition cannot be overstated; being a complete diet, it remains a major supply of protein in infant, children and adult’s diets. The egg is a perishable animal product due to its high moisture and nutritional content, making it vulnerable to microbial assault and nutrient loss, especially during storage. The occurrence of egg glut during specific times of the year has become a nightmare for poultry farmers in Nigeria. Although techniques for preventing quality deterioration and wastage may not be an absolute solution, advanced steps such as egg powdering can be considered a long-term solution to egg glut and wastage, with numerous advantages over preservation and storage techniques. This paper thus reviews the causes, features and remedies for the egg glut situation in the contemporary Nigeria poultry industry, exploring its economic potentials, advantages and the prospects.

4791 – 4816

Authors: EZEH, Gladys Chinelo, OGUGUA, Akwoba Joseph and NWANTA, John Anaelom

Enterococci are Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, catalase-negative, facultative anaerobic cocci and commensal flora of the gastrointestinal tract. Although believed initially to be of low clinical importance, they have been incriminated as nosocomial pathogens. With many of the species being considered drug resistant and resistance genes transfer culprits; they are reported as being responsible for many deaths. Public health concerns about the genus have made it necessary to further scrutinize the existing information on them. This work therefore reviewed studies on enterococci with emphasis on their occurrence, as well as their antimicrobial resistance and pathogenic factors. Available data showed that Enterococci were present in large quantities in the environment and that they are the chief source of food and water contamination, with the multi-drug resistant strains being especially worrisome. They were found resistant to physical and chemical agents; and proven to be extremely pathogenic as nosocomial infections. Their pathogenicity were linked to multidrug resistant strains having certain virulence determinants and the notable strains are the vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Good hygiene practices should be maintained during processing to reduce nosocomial exposure to and ingestion of these organisms in food and water.

4827 – 4833

Authors: PUKUMA, Micah Sale, MATHIAS, Anaticha and ENOCK, Nuwanyada

Echinococcosis is a neglected zoonotic parasitic infection affecting both domestic animals and human with serious health and economic impacts. A serological study was conducted on human subjects from six Local Government Areas (LGA) of Adamawa State. The questionnaire was designed containing information on socio-demography of subjects and the seroprevalence of human cystic echinococcosis in the study area. This community based study was conducted on consented subjects between August 2019 and April 2021. Five hundred and sixty-four (564) human blood samples were screened for IgG antibodies to Echinococcus granulosus using a commercial ELISA kit. All data were statistically analysed using SPSS Version 26. Out of the five hundred and sixty-four (564) samples screened. Two hundred and eighteen 218(38.65%) were found to be positive. The highest prevalence rate of 10.64% was recorded in Guyuk, while the lowest prevalence rate of 4.43% was recorded in Michika. The socio-demographic information of the subjects with respect to gender reveals that male had the highest prevalence (21.45%) than the female (17.19%). Participants within the age bracket 31 – 40 years had the highest prevalence (17.02%), while in relation to occupation, farmers recorded the highest percentage prevalence (16.84%). Statistically there was a significant relationship between contact/ownership of dog and dog meat consumption at p<0.05.

4862 – 4875

Authors: UKPABI-UGO, Jacinta Chigozie, UHUO, Emmanuel Nnaemeka, UGWU, Obiora Celestine and CHUKWUMA, Enyinna Wisdom

The subacute toxicity of methanol extract of Justicia carnea leaves on rats was evaluated. Thirty six male rats (70 – 100 grams) were randomly divided into four groups replicated thrice with each replicate having three rats. Group A (control group), and groups B, C and D (test groups) were treated with 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of extract respectively. Liver and kidney function markers, antioxidant activities, lipid profile and haematological indices determined after 28 days of treatment indicated that the liver enzymes markers, protein profile of the extract treated groups showed no significant changes (p>0.05), except the group treated with 800 mg/kg BW of extract which showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in alanine transaminase (ALT) activity. Significant (p<0.05) reduction was observed in malondialdehyde level in group treated with 800 mg/kg extract, whereas superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of the extract treated groups were not significantly (p>0.05) different. No significant changes (p>0.05) was observed in the concentrations of the haematological indices, kidney markers and lipid profile of the test groups when compared with normal control. The histopathology examination of the liver and kidney of the rats in control, 200 and 800 mg/kg extracts group showed normal tissue architecture; while rats administered 400 mg/kg BW of the extract had mild portal inflammation with interface necrosis. The findings of this study suggest that the methanol extract of J. carnea may have antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties and be relatively safe for albino rats following acute consumption.

4571 – 4580

Authors: ALAEBO, Prince Ogochukwu, NJOKU, George Chigozie, ANUMUDU, Osinachi Fortune, UGWU, Paschal, ANYADIKE, Norah Nwadiogo, UDENSI, Chukwuma Great, ILOANUSI, David Uchenna and DIKE, Victoria Chiemela

The vast majority of Africans still use traditional medicine as the primary means of treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical and toxicological properties of methanol extract of fresh Dennettia tripetala (pepper fruit) leaves in male albino rats. Twenty healthy male albino rats were divided into four groups of five rats each was used in this study. Group 1 was the control group; groups 2, 3 and 4 received an oral dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg methanol leave extract of D. tripetala daily for 21 days. After 21 days of the administration, the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected through the ocular puncture to assay the biochemical parameters. Animals given the D. tripetala methanol extract at doses up to 1000 mg/kg body weight showed no harm in acute toxicity testing; however, D. tripetala caused a significant derangement in the liver and kidney profile. ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, direct bilirubin, urea and creatinine levels increased non-significantly (p>0.05) from the control. The activities of the antioxidant parameters showed a non-significant increase at all doses compared to the control. In conclusion, this study has shown that administration of methanol leaves extract of D. tripetala at a dose over 100 mg/kg body weight for an extended period may induce toxicity to the liver and kidney, which could cause hepatic disease and renal dysfunction.

4589 – 4594

Authors: ABWAGE, Abigail Chidinma and ANTIA, Richard Eden

In order to investigate the trypanotolerant indices in cattle breeds, haematological parameters were determine in 12 N’Dama (ND), 13 Muturu (MUT), 11 White Fulani Cross (WFX) and 14 White Fulani cattle (WF). The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cell (RBC) values of all the breeds of cattle were within the normal reference interval. MUT had significantly higher PCV, Hb and RBC values than the WFX. No significant difference (p>0.05) in the PCV, Hb and RBC was observed among the other breeds. No significant difference (p>0.05) in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) was observed in all the breeds of cattle. However, ND had significantly higher (p<0.05) mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) compared to MUT, WFX and WF. The trypanotolerant cattle (ND and MUT) had significantly higher (p<0.05) Hb and MCHC than the more trypanosusceptible cattle (WFX and WF). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the white blood cell (WBC) count among the breeds of cattle. However, WF cattle had significantly lower (p<0.05) lymphocyte count than WFX, MUT and ND. ND cattle had significantly higher (p<0.05) eosinophil count than WF, MUT and WFX. The results suggest that MCHC, lymphocytes and eosinophils are considered as possible trypanotolerant indices in the trypanotolerant breeds of cattle.

4604 – 4616

Authors: AGINA, Onyinyechukwu Ada

In Veterinary Medicine, biotechnology plays a significant role in the improvements of animal health, nutrition, and genetics. Advances in biotechnology have remarkably produced genetically modified animals for food production and biomedical research. Biotechnological tools applied in veterinary medicine include genetic engineering, gene editing, gene therapy, sterile insect techniques, and bioinformatics. Genetic engineering led to the production of genetically modified animals (transgenics), which are tolerant to specific infectious agents, and are beneficial for human health. Gene editing technologies such as clustered regulatory interspersed short palindromic repeats/associated protein 9 (CRISPRs/Cas9) have been used to detect and eliminate possible genetic disorders in animals and biological systems. Gene therapy is utilized in cancer treatment and treatment of cystic fibrosis. Areas, where biotechnology has been applied for the advancement of animal health, include molecular diagnostics (PCR, RT-PCR, nanoPCR, biosensors, proteomics, nanotechnology), production of virus vectored vaccines, and DNA vaccine technology. This review, therefore, provides an overview of recent advances and applications of biotechnology in veterinary medicine.

4625 – 4633

Authors: BERROUK, Houda, SID, Abir, LAHOUAL, Ahlem, SAHTOUT, Fatiha, KAOUACHI, Nouha and BOUALLEG, Chahinaiz

Ectoparasites are commonly the largest group of fish pathogenic organisms, and among these, crustaceans cause considerable pathogenic effects on farmed freshwater fishes. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of parasitic copepods on the growth of Carassuis carassuis, from the Beni-Haroun Dam, Mila city, Northeast Algeria. The study was conducted on 242 fish individuals sampled between July 2015 – October 2016. The sex was macroscopically determined and age was specified by the scalimetry method. The identified gill ectoparasites were six ectoparasitic species belonging to four genera and two families, namely Ergasilus briani, E. megaceros, E. sieboldi, Paraergasilus brevigiditus, Neoergasilus japonicas and Lernea cyprinacea. Further, the fishes growth under the effect of parasitic copepods was carried out by the mathematical method of Von Bertalanffy, and accordingly, the growth parameters in C. carassuis were L∞ = 34.1 cm; K = 0.65; t0 =-1.01; Ø’ = 2.87, in the non-parasitized fishes, and L∞= 29.47 cm; K=0.92; t0= -0.80; Ø’= 2.90, in the parasitized fishes. In addition, the parasites slow down the absolute growth in length of the parasitized fishes which, in turn, suffer from a drop in their condition factor (K = 1.26) compared to the non-parasitized fishes (K = 1.34). The evolution of the total weight of the studied fishes in relation to their length revealed minor allometry (b<3) for the non-parasitized and parasitized fishes (without distinction between the two sexes).

4643 – 4647

Authors: EMEME, Mary Ucheagha, EDEH, Richard Emmanuel and MSHELIA, Philip Wayuta

A 23-year-old grey Argentinian mare was presented with a history of chronic weight loss, anorexia, restlessness, pawing, rolling, frequent recumbency, straining to urinate, urinating frank blood and round and firm subcutaneous lumps on left neck and occiput. Clinical examination showed tachypnea, congested mucous membrane and capillary refill time greater than 2 seconds, bruises on different parts of the body, bilateral epiphora, sunken eyelids, and slight loss of skin turgor, body condition score of 3/5, depression and temperature of 38.9oC. Abdominocentesis revealed frank blood while rectal palpation showed a large mass on the left quadrant. Haematology revealed increased packed cell volume (44 %), lymphopenia and neutrophilia. Serum biochemistry revealed hypercalcaemia, increased alanine aminotransferase, uremia, hyperproteinemia and hyperfibrinogenaemia. The horse was treated for colic and died 24 hours after the presentation. At post-mortem examination, the liver and spleen were remarkably enlarged and nodular with numerous surface melanomas. A large black firm nodular mass of about 7 kg was observed on the left kidney. Diagnosis of malignant melanoma was made. In conclusion, this case demonstrates the malignant behaviour of equine melanomas hence early detection and prompt treatment of small lumps before they proliferate is recommended.

4661 – 4672

Authors: OGOANAH, Sylvia, EGBON, Ikponmwosa Nathaniel and ALEGBE, Stephanie

Notably known to consume small animals, anurans’ diets are sometimes affected by their age. This study examined the diet composition of Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, its prey diversity and preferred taxon using snout-vent lengths (SVLs) as a metric for age. With a non-destructive stomach-flushing technique, the gut contents of each actively captured Hoplobatrachus frogs were introduced into properly labelled vials and their prey items fixed in 70% alcohol for microscopic visualization and identification. Before releasing captured frogs, their SVLs [grouped as small (27 – 56 mm, n = 18), medium (57 – 88 mm, n = 35), and large (89 – 120 mm, n = 6)] were determined. A total of 392 preys belonging to 14 Orders, seven Classes and four Phyla of animals, a twig, and a pebble were found. The small and medium frogs significantly (p<0.05) preyed on more Hymenopterans (ants) than any taxon, while the large frogs showed no prey preference. The prey taxa among the small frogs were significantly fewer and less diverse with more dominant taxa than those found among the medium frogs, but not the large ones. Non-parametric estimates showed over 80% prey inventory completeness (a metric for sampling efforts); in conformity with taxa-accumulation curves, which approached their asymptotes for small and medium frogs, unlike the large ones, which had 53%. In sum, age-specific differences were seen in the prey contents, diversity, and preference of H. occipitalis. Ontogenetic changes, among other plausible implications, may impose nutritional demands that modulate the predator’s choices and voracity.

4415 – 4427

Authors: Ugwu, F. S. O.

Controlling mosquitoes translates to malaria control and alleviation of associated impediments practically. Current controls are ineffective so local researchers develop alternatives but authorities refuse uptake. S/o channel/grip devices are innovative house screening approaches from the University of Nigeria that are not up-taken despite confirmed numerous attractive qualities. The objectives here were to rehearse the experiences of the researcher to unveil lessons that help prepare researchers for gains/losses ahead to manage the consequences of innovations, and to prepare policymakers to turn a new leaf. The experiences of the researcher were captured non-formally from his numerous encounters during exhibitions of the devices, seminars, discussions, and interviews with interested parties, professionals, policymakers and chief executives. The outcome revealed mixed reactions to the new devices which ranged from strong enthusiasm to resounding contempt. Inhibitors could be inapparent or vocal. An infertile environment for innovation uptake, unhealthy team players, inadvertent anti-individual policies of relevant institutions, and insidious imperialism are other impediments to innovation uptake. Finally, effective mosquito/malaria solutions developed by native researchers are not up-taken because stakeholders preferred the status quo out of fear of losing pecuniary benefits. To halt and reverse the trend of mosquito-borne diseases, stakeholders must carefully examine/re-examine the evidence/output of relevant home-grown researchers like the utility of s/o channel/grip devices and do the needful. In the crisis-ridden healthcare sector, governments should adopt mono-profession or no significant difference in salaries principle. Legal instruments are required to enforce mosquito/malaria control by insect-proofing all private and public buildings with effective screens.

4434 – 4441

Authors: OMOREGIE, Anthony Osarobo and AIGBODION, Felix Iruobe

Anopheles and Culex species, notorious vectors of malaria and lymphatic filariasis diseases respectively are known to thrive in poor third world countries. Regular monitoring of entomological indices is necessary pre-requisites for instituting effective control against the vectors. An assessment of the parity of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes and their relationships with temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and malaria cases was carried out in school dormitories in Egor, Oredo, and Ikpoba Okha Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Benin City, Edo State. Resting adult mosquitoes were collected from randomly selected school dormitories using a sweep net and mechanical aspirator between 08:00 and 11:00 hours, twice every month for 6 months. Collected mosquitoes were identified and classified as being freshly fed and unfed using relevant published keys. A total of 283 female Cx. quinquefasciatus (n = 265; 93.6 %) and An. gambiae (n = 18; 6.4 %) were dissected and examined for parity. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between total parous and nulliparous rates of An. gambiae in all the LGAs it occurred and also for Cx. quinquefasciatus, except in Ikpoba Okha (p>0.05). Variations in the monthly parous rates of the study mosquitoes in all their LGAs of incidence were not significant (p>0.05). Although, no significant association existed between the parous rate of study mosquitoes and weather conditions (p>0.05), parous An. gambiae and treated malaria cases related highly significantly (p<0.01). Results from this study emphasize the need for the establishment of effective control against mosquito vectors within and around human dwellings.

4451 – 4459

Authors: SAM, Idorenyin Meme and USORO, Ofoninyene Okon

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of age and body weight on carcass composition of white Fulani cattle raised n Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa, Nigeria. Nine male white Fulani cattle were used for the study, which was categorized into three age groups (3 – 3.5, 4 – 5 and 5.5 – 6.5 years) respectively. Data on the animal carcass composition and external offal (slaughter weight, carcass weight (CW), and dressing percentage) were obtained, and predicting model for carcass composition was also generated. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance. The results indicated that the means for dressing percentages for the three age groups were 52.93 ± 1.18, 51.84 ± 0.53 and 53.92 ± 0.76 respectively. The results also indicated that age had a significant influence (p<0.05) on live weight (LW), carcass composition, and some external offal. The correlation between LW and carcass compositions were high with correlation coefficient ranging from 0.64 – 0.97, 0.90 – 1.00 and 0.71 – 0.99 for age groups 3 – 3.5 years, 4 – 5 years and 5.5 – 6.5 years respectively. However, the correlation between age, carcass composition, and external offal was also positively high with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.50 – 1.00, 0.84 – 1.00 and 0.78 – 0.96 respectively across the different age groups. Thus, this study revealed a strong and positive (p<0.001) relationship between animal age, LW, carcass composition, and some external offal. The present study could be used as reliable indices for carcass composition and some external offal prediction or estimation as age strongly influenced animal LW and carcass trait.

4469 – 4477

Authors: UHUO, Emmanuel Nnaemeka, GODWIN, Kingsley Okechukwu, ALAEBO, Prince Ogochukwu and EZEH, Helen Chinenye

The progression of diabetic complications is marked by abnormal values of some haematological and biochemical parameters and the toxic effects of some drugs used for the management of diabetes have also contributed to the derangements of these parameters. Plant-based natural medicines are popularly acclaimed to be safe, cheaper than allopathic drugs, available, and affordable. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of ethanol leaf extract of Adansonia digitata in diabetic-induced experimental rats. Forty-five male rats were allotted into five groups: (1) normal control, (2) diabetic rats untreated, (3) diabetic rats administered 2.5 mg Kg–1b.wt of glibenclamid (4), and (5) received 200 and 400 mg Kg–1b.wt leaf extract of A. digitata respectively. After treatments, biochemical and heamatological parameters were determined. Significant reduction (p<0.05) of blood glucose and increased body weight among text groups were recorded as against Group 2. MDA decreased significantly (p<0.05) in Group 5 and was not significant (p>0.05) in the experimental group administered 200 mgkg-1b.wt of the extract compared with Groups 1 and 2. Total protein levels increased in the test groups and decreased in Group 2 against Group 3. Heamatological parameters (PVC, RBC, and WBC) significantly (p<0.05) increased in groups 4 and 5 in comparison with the positive control (Group 2). Similar results were obtained when compared with the normal control group. The result suggests that the leaf extracts of A. digitata are safe and capable of ameliorating haematological and some biochemical abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus, thus, could be recommended as an adjunct to dietary therapy.

4488 – 4498

Authors: HOUDA, Berrouk, KAOUTER, Moukhtel and KHADIJA, Touahria

Most studies investigating the effects of heavy metals on soil communities have focused on using earthworms such as Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea giardia as efficient bioindicators of soil health. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the toxicological and histopathological effects of four different concentrations of lead and zinc (0, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 ppm) on Juveniles of A. giardia for four exposure periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours). The physicochemical analysis proved the soil as an appropriate living environment for earthworms due to its richness in organic matter (OM = 8.93 > 4), neutral pH, and the sandy-silty texture owing to the capacity in the field (19.37) and in the interval (12 – 14). Moreover, a reduction in earthworms survival rate confirmed by a proportional increase of lethality rate with the increase concentrations of lead and zinc (Lead: LC50 = 893.27; LC90 = 12394.42; Zinc: LC50 = 785.22; LC90 = 92348.13). The histological findings of earthworms exposed to 100 and 200 ppm of Zn and Pb for 96 hours showed a dispersion or loss of junctions and cohesions of the chloragogen cells, while serious alterations at the level of the epidermal and intestinal cells (chloragogen) characterized by the formation of vacuoles and detachment of cellular fibres were noticed in the concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm of the two metals.

4507 – 4514

Authors: OKE, Philip Oladele, TERHEMBA, Kenward Uma, MANYI, Manasseh Msugh-Ter and OGBAJE, Christopher Igoche

Comparative susceptibility study of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus to eight insecticides in four classes was conducted using 2 – 5 day old laboratory-reared, non-blood fed adult female mosquitoes. Standard WHO test tubes bioassay method was adopted with two thousand four hundred (2400) female mosquitoes. The study revealed that Ae. aegypti was resistant to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT – an organochlorine), showed suspected resistant to Permethrin and Lambdacyhalothrin, susceptible to Deltamethrin, Alphacypermethrin, Bendiocarb, Propoxur, Pirimiphos methyl and to all the pyrethroids. An. gambiae was found to be resistant to Deltamethrin, Alphacypermethrin, Permethrin, and DDT but susceptible to Lambdacyhalothrin, Bendiocarb, Propoxur, and Pirimiphos-methyl. Cx. quinquefasciatus showed suspected resistance to Alphacypermethrin, Lambdacyhalothrin, and Bendiocarb. Cx. quinquefasciatus was found to be highly resistant to DDT, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, and Propoxur but susceptible to Pirimiphos-methyl and resistant to all pyrethroids, the Cx. quinquefasciatus had the highest level of resistance among the three species of the mosquitoes used in the study and all were resistant to DDT.

4523 – 4529

Authors: IBRAHIM, Umar Malumfashi, LAKPINI, Clarence Ayodele Mawo, ABDU, Salisu Bakura and MUSA, Abubakar

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion levels of ginger on performance of Red Sokoto bucks (RSB). A total of twenty-four (24) bucks weighing on the average 17.86 kg were used for the experiment. The animals were randomly assigned to four diets, containing 0, 250, 500 and 750 g/100kg diet levels of ginger respectively, with six animals per treatment diets, in a completely randomized design. The animals were fed concentrate at 1.5 % of body weight. Feed intake, weight gain and nutrient digestibility were recorded. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) and significant treatment means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results obtained showed that bucks fed diet containing 250 and 750 g ginger consumed more feed even though with no significant difference (p>0.05) across the treatment. Animals fed diet containing 750 g ginger had significantly higher (p<0.05) weight gain (2.50 kg) and significantly best (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (28.08) while significantly least (p<0.05) weight gain (1.17 kg) was recorded in the group fed diet containing 500 g ginger. Including ginger at 750 g saved cost of feeding/kg weight gain by 17 % compared to the control. The study showed that ginger inclusion in the diet of RSB improved weight gain, feed conversion ratio, digestibility and reduced cost of feed per kg weight gain. The study showed that ginger can be included up to 750g/100 kg diet of RSB for better performance.

4543 – 4550

Authors: DALLA, Victor Chatcham, ANI, Nweze Michael, ONWE, David Aja, ORICHI, Martin Nwele and OGUNLEYE, Oluyomi Olajumoke

Trypanosomiasis, transmitted by tsetse flies has remained a serious health threat to both animal and human life in Nigeria and other countries in the sub-Saharan Africa. This study was conducted between June – July (wet season) and November – December (dry season) of 2017. Biconical traps were deployed at three sampling sites along the gallery forest of River Ewu in Obinagu and the captured tsetse flies were identified and sexed. A total of 182 tsetse fly of the species Glossina palpalis were collected, out of which 42(23.07 %) flies were caught during the dry season and 140(76.92 %) during the wet season. Out of the 42 flies caught during the dry season, 28(66.6 %) were males and 14(33.3 %) were females and of the 140 caught during the wet season 71(50.7 %) were males and 69(49.2 %) were females. The difference in flies caught during the wet and dry season was significant (p<0.05). Similarly, significantly more males (p = 0.01) and female (p = 0.01) were trapped during the wet season compared to dry season. The relative abundance of tsetse flies between dry and wet seasons were 23.07 and 76.9 % respectively, thus, tsetse flies captured were more abundant during the wet season than the dry season. Also, the abundance of the male tsetse flies caught was more than the female tsetse flies. The study confirmed the presence of tsetse flies in Obinagu, Obeagu community in Enugu South LGA Enugu State Nigeria.

4562 – 4570

Authors: OYELEYE, Felix Ayodele, EZENDUKA, Ekene Vivienne and OKOLI, Chinedu Cynthia

Nigeria is considered to have one of the highest burdens of endemic diseases globally and an annual incursion of highly contagious transboundary animal diseases in Africa. The entry points of diseases into the country includes: airports, seaports and land borders. The study was conducted in Lagos, southwest geopolitical zone to evaluate the operations of the quarantine stations, namely: Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Apapa Seaport and Tincan Island Seaport. The stations were evaluated based on procedures and licenses, check operations, reporting and documentation, animal traceability and facility. Validated questionnaires and score sheets prepared according to the OIE standard were used for data collection. The stations were identified as A, B and C, respectively, in order to conduct blinded data analysis. Overall, Station A had 41.9 % of the total marks obtainable by the station. Station B had 26.3 %, while Station C had 45.5 % standard compliance score. Overall, low proportions (10 %) of the respondents are veterinarians, with 67 and 23 % of these having Bachelor of Science Degree in agricultural and non-agricultural related qualification respectively. The study established that facilities and equipment available at each station was found to be below the international standard while none of the stations has an onsite diagnostic laboratory. Inadequate man power, facilities, vet professionals, and equipment are observed to be the reasons for inefficiency. Government, organizations and administrative officers involved in animal quarantine need to improve on the procedures, operations and facilities at these stations to prevent animal disease incursion.

4247 - 4253

Authors: MIJINYAWA, Mujtaba Abubakar, LAMIDI, Owolabi Saka, ABDU, Salisu Bakura, HASSAN, Mohammed Rabiu, BALA, Aminu Garba, IRISO, Boma Victor, NAYAWO, Abdullahi Abdu and BELLO, Suleiman Seyi

A study was conducted to evaluate nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of Yankasa rams fed varying inclusion levels of yeast in bagasse based diet. Twenty (20) growing Yankasa rams were used for the study; the rams were allotted to four (4) dietary treatments in a completely randomised design. The metabolism trial lasted 21 days. The yeast was included at the rate of 0, 5, 6 and 7 g/kg respectively and the diets were offered at 3 % body weight. Data generated were analysed using general linear model procedure and significant differences were compared using Tukey test and contrast analysis. The crude protein (CP) content of experimental diet varied between 13.0 and 13.75 % while neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) ranged from 68.30 to 69.04 %, 32.60 to 33.53 % and 11.28 to 33.52 % respectively. The results of apparent nutrient digestibility showed that rams fed diet with 7 g/kg inclusion level had significantly higher (p<0.05) dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude protein (CPD), acid detergent fibre (ADFD), neutral detergent fibre (NDFD) and acid detergent lignin (ADLD) which were at par with rams fed diet with 0 g/kg inclusion level. Moreover, rams fed 6 g/kg inclusion of yeast had significantly higher (p<0.05) nitrogen retention and nitrogen retention as percentage intake which were at par with rams fed 0 and 5 g/kg inclusion of yeast. Conclusively, the study showed that increasing the inclusion of yeast increased the nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention of Yankasa rams.

4261 – 4269

Authors: OJIANWUNA, Chioma Cynthia, ENWEMIWE, Victor Ngozi, OMOTAYO, Ahmed Idowu and GOLLEY, Deborah

Insecticide resistance is one of the major impediments threatening the control of malaria vector populations in Nigeria. The failure of WHO recommended control, especially with permethrin used for insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and indoor spray could lead to increase morbidities and mortalities, if left unattended to. This calls for sound management approach achievable through adequate knowledge of spread and mechanism of resistance. Hence, this study evaluated resistance status and involvement of metabolic resistance in Anopheles coluzzii populations from Delta State to permethrin. Anopheline larvae were collected from three Local Government Areas (LGA) and reared to adult stage at Entomology Laboratory, Delta State University, Abraka. Adult female mosquitoes aged 3 – 5 days were exposed to 0.75% permethrin using WHO bioassay method. Also, cohort were exposed to PBO and further exposed to permethrin. Exposed mosquitoes were identified molecularly. All identified mosquitoes were An. coluzzii. Exposure of An. coluzzii populations from Ika South, Ndokwa East and Ethiope West Local Government Area to permethrin recorded 62, 74 and 83 % mortality respectively. Mortalities in synergist assay were 99, 99 and 100 % respectively. Differences in mortality between permethrin and PBO/permethrin-exposed population were significant (p<0.0001). Knockdown Time (KDT50 and KDT95) was lowest in Ethiope West LGA. Considering increase in mortality value of the populations with exposure to PBO, this study presents evidence for involvement of cytochrome P450 in development of resistance in permethrin-resistant Anopheles populations from Delta State.

4281 – 4292

Authors: ADEBAYO, Oluwaseun Adetomiwa, IBHAZE, Gladys Abienze and ONIBI, Gbenga Emmanuel

This study investigated the feed intake, milk yield and milk composition of lactating West African Dwarf (WAD) does fed fresh Panicum maximum which was substituted at five levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) with fresh mulberry (Morus alba) leaves and concentrate diet was fed alongside the forages. Twenty-five lactating WAD does were used for the experiment for fifty-six days. The does were divided into five groups of five does per group in a completely randomized design and housed in individual pens. Dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield and feed efficiency (FE) for milk production of the goats were measured. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in feed intake, milk yield and FE of the goats. DM intake increased from 612.44 – 676.85 g/day and milk yield from 204.96 to 454.25 g/day with the inclusion of M. alba in the diet. The feed efficiency was 0.33, 0.57, 0.69, 0.74 and 0.48 for 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % M. alba diets respectively. Milk composition was not significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the level of M. alba leaves in the diet. Total solids in milk increased from 16.23 to 17.33 %; protein from 5.94 to 7.36 %; and fat from 4.03 to 4.71 %. In conclusion, supplementation of M. alba leaves in the diet enhanced feed intake and milk production in WAD does.

4297 – 4307

Authors: IBHAZE, Gladys Abiemwense, AKINBANJO, Daniel Taye and ARO, Samuel Olanrewaju

In recent times, interests have been generated globally in the use of plant derived natural enhancers in the food industries due to their acceptability, palatability and minimal side effects on consumers’ health. This study examined the antioxidant, mineral and hydrophobicity qualities of yoghurts made from raw cow’s milk enhanced with tropical fruits and synthetic pineapple flavourants at 1, 7 and 14 days of storage. The antioxidant capacity showed that DPPH was highest (26.95 ± 4.56 %) in orange flavoured yoghurt, while the FRAP value was superior (13.72 mg/ml) in grape yoghurt. All samples showed low (0.01 mmol/g) scavenging activity with ABTS. Storage effect indicated that antioxidants capacity assay was highest at day 1 with values 0.02 mmol/g ABTS, 38.53 ± 1.00 % DDPH and 15 mg/ml FRAP. Interaction effect revealed that grape yoghurt at day 1 had a stronger FRAP activity of 18.08 ± 0.04 mg/ml, while the DPPH activity was superior (43.51 ± 0.29 %) in pawpaw yoghurt at 14-day storage. Lemon yoghurt recorded the highest potassium and zinc concentrations (1164.14 ± 46.54, 50.08 ± 3.88 mg/L respectively). Calcium concentration was highest in orange yoghurt (1629.83 ± 7.94 mg/L). Pawpaw flavoured yoghurt showed superiority in sodium and iron contents (32.96 ± 2.01 mg/L and 12.25 ± 0.23 mg/L respectively), while synthetic pineapple yoghurt had the highest phosphorus (439.40 ± 8.93 mg/L) concentration. L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus had the strongest hydrophobicity. Conclusively, indigenous fruits could enhance the nutritional value of yoghurt and also replace synthetic flavourants in yoghurt production.

4318 - 4323

Authors: PUKUMA, Micah Sale, THADAWUS, Daniel and AUGUSTINE, Linda Midala

Soil transmitted helminths (STH) are major public health problem affecting the growth of children. 360 stool samples were collected and analyzed using Formol-ether concentration technique. Daksiri Primary School had the highest prevalence with 22(6.11 %), while the least was Uba Primary School with 13(3.61 %). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in STH among schools. Ascaris lumbricoides had the highest prevalence with 52(14.44 %), followed by Trichuris trichiura with 28(7.78 %), while the least was hookworm 18(5.00 %). In relation to sex, males had the higher prevalence 56(15.56 %) than females with 42(11.67 %). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between infection and sex. In relation to age group, the age groups 7 – 9 years had the highest prevalence of 42(11.67 %), while 3 – 6 years had the least prevalence with 23(6.39 %). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in relation to STH by age groups. Those whose parents are civil servants had the least prevalence of 16(4.44 %), while those whose parents are farmers had the highest prevalence of 58(16.11 %). There was no significant difference in parent's occupation at (p>0.05). Children, who used the water closet system, had the least prevalence of 18(5.00 %), while those who used pit toilet recorded the highest prevalence of 51(14.17 %). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between infection and methods of stool disposal. There is need to promote child health, through health education, personal hygiene. Deworming should be sustained as control against outbreak of soil transmitted helminthes among school aged children.

4333 – 4342

Authors: LAWAL-ARE, Aderonke Omolara, MORUF, Rasheed Olatunji, OJETOLA, Ibukun Joshua, OBIAKARA-AMAECHI, Amii Isaac and USMAN, Binta Isyaku

The microbial assemblage and occurrence in the gut, flesh and shell of Cardisoma armatum, from the tropical mangrove swamp of Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria, was analysed using standard microbiological techniques. The crab gut had the highest total heterotrophic bacteria count and total coliform count with respective significant (p<0.05) values of 6.90 ± 0.16 x104CFU g-1 and 3.45 ± 0.12 x102CFU g-1. Total feacal coliform of the crabs were 0.05 ± 0.00 x102CFU g-1, 0.01 ± 0.00 x102Cfu g-1 and 0.01 ± 0.00 x102CFU g-1 in gut, flesh and shell, respectively. Highest total fungal count of 7.50 ± 0.04 x103CFU g-1 was recorded in the crab shell. The bacteria and fungi species isolated and their frequencies of occurrences in percentage were: Bacillus sp. (21.4 %), Citrobacter sp. (3.6 %) Enterobacter sp. (7.1 %), Escherichia coli (10.7 %), Klesiellia pneumonia (17.9 %), Providencia sp. (3.6 %), Serratia sp. (10.7 %), Staphylococcus aureus (10.7 %), S. epidermis (7.1 %), Vibrio sp. (7.1 %), Aspergillus flavus (8.6 %), Aspergillus fumigatu (5.7 %), Aspergillus niger (40.0 %), Fusarium sp. (14.3 %), Penicillium sp. (5.7 %) and Saccharomyces sp. (25.7 %). The isolation rates in the different anatomical sites of the crab follow the order: guts > flesh > shell and shell > flesh > guts for bacterial and fungi infestation respectively. The results of this study showed that the gercacinid crab, C. armatum in the tropical mangrove of Lagos harbours microorganisms including those that are pathogenic.

4354 – 4366

Authors: OSMAN, Alhassan, BASHIRU, Umoru Ibrahim, AGBESI, Daniel, ABDUL AZIZ, Yunus, AMOAH, Kwame Owusu and OSAFO, Emmanuel Lartey Kwame

A ten-week feeding trial was conducted using 25 grower rabbits in a completely randomised design to evaluate effects of the inclusion of varying levels of paper mulberry leaf meal (PMLM) on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and carcass characteristics. The rabbits were of mixed breeds and sexes, aged 8 weeks and weighing between 1000 – 1350 g. PMLM was incorporated into five diets designated T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 % levels of inclusion. Feed intake and live weight changes were monitored throughout the study. A digestibility study was carried out during the sixth week. At the end of the feeding trial, two rabbits per treatment were randomly selected and humanely slaughtered. Hot carcass weight, blood weight, dressed weight, weights of gastrointestinal tract, internal organs and caecum were taken. Dressing percentage was determined by dividing the hot dressed carcass weight by the slaughter weight and multiplied by hundred. Existing market prices for feed ingredients were used for the economic appraisal of feeds. Results did not show significant differences (p>0.05) in live weight changes. However, feed cost/kg and feed cost/kg gain declined with increase in level of PMLM. Digestibility coefficients were similar for all nutrients across the treatments except for ash which improved with increase in level of PMLM. PMLM inclusion also improved dressing percentage without deleterious effects on internal organs. It was concluded that dietary inclusion of PMLM up to 20 % could be used in rabbits to reduce feed cost/kg gain.

4372 - 4376

Authors: AMEMOR, Esther, NYARKU, Rejoice, ADARKWAH, Frederick, OPOKU-AGYEMAN, Tony, FOLITSE, Raphael, EMIKPE, Benjamin Obukowho, AGBEHADZI, Richard Koblah and AMPONSAH, Patrick Mensah

Despite effective vaccination schedules employed in the control of Newcastle disease (ND) in Ghana, the preponderance of ND outbreaks is still high. This study was therefore carried out to compare booster effects of inactivated ND vaccine and thermostable ND I-2 vaccine in layers and its impact on egg production at a private farm in Kumasi, Ghana. Thirty thousand layers (10,000 per group) of 36 weeks old were used for the study. Group C was vaccinated with inactivated ND vaccine (Nobilis Newcavac, South Africa), Group D with ND I-2 vaccine and Group F was the control group, which was not vaccinated. Antibody titres of the birds were determined 10 days and a day before vaccination and from day 4 to day 28 after vaccination using haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and the mean titres were calculated. Both inactivated ND vaccine and thermostable ND I-2 vaccine produced booster responses. The inactivated ND vaccine produced a higher average titre increase of 37.20 % compared to ND I-2 vaccine, 33.33 %. Average titres of the control population reduced by 24.26 %. Egg production reduced by 8 % and 3 % in populations vaccinated with inactivated ND vaccine and ND I-2 vaccine respectively. In conclusion, inactivated ND vaccine and the thermostable ND I-2 vaccine produced booster effect with ND I-2 causing minimal reduction in egg production, indicating that the use of easily applicable ND I-2 vaccine should be encouraged.

4382 – 4389

Authors: ONYIDO, Angus Ejidikeme, ELOSIUBA, Nwanneka Victoria, ANYIKWA, Nkiruka Oluebube, CHIKWENDU, Joy Ifeyinwa, IKEH, Roseline Ekene, UMEANAETO, Pauline Ukamaka and IMAKWU, Cyril Ali

Moringa oleifera is one of nature’s amazing plants that is nutritionally and medicinally beneficial to man. This study was aimed at determining the people’s knowledge, utilization, and distribution of Moringa in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. Three towns were selected from the LGA, and 450 respondents participated in the study. House visits were used to reach the people. Interviewer administered and structured questionnaires were used to gather information from the participants. The distribution of M. oleifera plants was estimated by counting the plant stands in the compounds visited. The utilization of M. oleifera was subdivided into nutrition, agriculture, medicine, and cultural uses. The knowledge of M. oleifera by the people varied among the sexes. More females 108(65.06 %) than the males 58(34.94 %) had knowledge of M. oleifera plant. Knowledge of the plant decreased with increased educational status. It varied with different occupational groups being highest among farmers and least among the drivers. M. oleifera were found growing luxuriantly in the three clans but sparsely distributed due to felled Moringa trees. The plant population ranged from 7 to 11 stands in the study communities. Uses of M. oleifera include human nutrition, animal shed, fodder, and in treating various ailments. Ailments commonly treated with M. oleifera include; toothache, constipation, catarrh, sore throat, helminthiasis, and rheumatism. Following the dearth in the knowledge of the plant among youths and its sparse distribution, there is need for the planting of M. oleifera in the community for better knowledge and utilization by the people.

4403 – 4414

Authors: AYENI Oluwafemi, ADEGBENRO, Muyiwa, OBADARE Israel Gem, OLOJUGBA Lincoln, OLADAYO, Taiwo Olarotimi and AGBEDE, Johnson Oluwasola

The study involved a six-week feeding trial conducted to investigate the efficacy of selected leaves added as composite leaf mix (CLM) on the carcass, relative organ weight, muscle development and performance of broiler chickens. Fresh Vernonia amygdalina, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum gratissimum, Azadirachta indica leaves were harvested, air-dried, milled and mixed with Allium sativum powder in ratio 4:3:1:1:1 to form the CLM. The CLM was tested for phyto-chemicals and added to a basal diet, as additive at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg. 150 day-old Ross 308 chicks were used in the experiment. The chicks were allotted to treatments, replicated three times with 10 chicks per replicate. At the end of the feeding trial, evaluation of three randomly-selected birds from each replicate showed that the treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on growth parameters measured with the exception of feed conversion ratio. Weight gain record was highest in birds fed 20.00 g/kg. The carcass characteristics showed that the highest thigh (117.83 g/kg), drumstick (100.48 g/kg) and live weights (2.25 kg) values were observed in birds fed Diet II, Control and IV respectively. Significantly highest values for the heart weight (6.10g/kg) and pancreas (2.51g/kg) were recorded for birds fed Diet IV and the control diet respectively. Birds fed with Diet IV had significantly higher pectoralis thoracicus weights (182.10 g/kg) and musculu supracoracoideus length (14.07 cm). From the results obtained, Diet IV could be recommended in broiler chickens diet to promote superior muscle development and all level of supplementations, for growth promotion.

4145 – 4152

Authors: AKINTAYO, Oluremi, ADELAKUN, Olubunmi and MAKINDE, Grace Olufunmilayo

Most discussions on the consumption of Animal Source Foods (ASFs) in urban areas focus on single ASF with attention on residents within and around the city centre, leaving out the transitional zones (peri-urban areas). This study was carried out in Ibadan, the capital city of Oyo State, Nigeria and one of the largest urban agglomerations in the country. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to obtain 228 consumers from both urban and peri-urban areas and data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyses done using percentages and regression statistics. The ranking of different ASFs in order of preference by respondents were influenced by factors such as personal tastes and culture. Beef had the highest frequency as the first choice ASF followed by fish in both urban and peri-urban areas. Majority (78.57 %) of respondents in urban and 68.97 % in peri-urban area had access to their most preferred ASF. Factors which significantly affect consumers’ access to ASFs are price of ASFs, consumers’ education, income per week, and income type (monthly or daily). Consumers who received monthly incomes were 18.6% in urban and 16.4 % in peri-urban area more likely to have access to ASFs. Those with a minimum of secondary education were 4.6 % more likely to have access to ASFs in peri-urban area. The price of ASFs in the urban area reduced the probability of access to ASFs by 3.90 %. Appropriate implementation of better income packages will help to improve consumers’ access to their preferred ASFs.

4159 – 4165

Authors: NTIAMOAH, Alfreda, ESSEL-COBBINAH, Daniel, ASENSO-NYARKO, Timothy, YEBOAH, Richmond ASARE, Derrick Adu and EMIKPE, Benjamin Obukowho

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of liver lesions in slaughtered sheep and goat with specific reference to the prevalence, breed, age, sex and month influence on liver lesion and also the pathological changes and its effect on the cost. This study involves a 3 months period (October and December 2015) weekly inspection of 2044 slaughtered sheep and goat, 824 were purposively examined, of which 75 were partially condemned and 36 samples out of the partially condemned were used for histopathological analysis. Lesions recorded were granuloma, necrosis, degeneration, cystic vacuole and some with no lesion. Age, sex and breeds had significant influence (p>0.05) on the prevalence of liver lesions in sheep and goat. West African dwarf was the most susceptible breed. The ages in both species (sheep and goats) above 2 – 3 years were most susceptible to liver lesions. Goats were more susceptible than sheep and within the 3 months study the abattoir loss GH¢ 1125 due to liver lesion Economic loss due to liver condemnation estimated has showed there is much to be done to save loss incomes from liver condemnation. Good husbandry practices, proper feeding and good veterinary care should be given to small ruminants in order to minimize liver disease in small ruminants in Ghana.

4176 – 4185

Authors: ADEGBEYE, Moyosore Joseph, OMOTOSO, Oluwatosin Bode, TOYE, Christopher Oladipupo, ADERIBIGBE, Adebola Monsurat, AJAGUN, Precious, AJANAKU, Femi, ARO, Samuel and FAJEMISIN, Adebowale Noah

This study objective was to assess the effect of time of feeding on nutrients intake and haemato-biochemical indices of West African dwarf (WAD) bucks. Fifteen bucks with an initial live-weight of 7.50 ± 0.35 kg aged between 8 – 12 months were grouped into three treatments and five replicates for 115 days. The bucks were fed once daily in the morning, noon or evening either at 06:00, 12:00 or 18:00 hour for 90 days respectively under natural light-dark cycles. The experimental diets were Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) and concentrate diets at 50:50 % DM ratio. Serum glucose in evening fed-bucks was significantly higher (p<0.02) than noon and morning-fed buck. Nitrogen retention also increased from dawn to dusk with the morning-fed bucks (64.31 ± 3.79 %) having significantly lowest (p<0.02) value, while evening-fed bucks had the highest (74.73 ± 1.15 %) nitrogen retention. However, time of feeding did not significantly affect (p>0.05) nutrient digestibility, haematological parameters, total protein, lipid profile, and mineral utilization. Feeding animals in the evening or early hours of the morning may be healthy for livestock in a changing climate.

4195 – 4202

Authors: ELOM, Michael Okpara, UKAEGBU, Philip Kelechukwu, ELOM, Ogbonnaya and OKPARA-ELOM, Ifeoma Anthonia

Parasitism affects output in pig production and introduces high risks of diseases. This study investigated ectoparasites and endo-helminths of pigs in Abakaliki and Izzi Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. One hundred and sixty eight (168) pigs were examined for both ecto- and faecal parasites. Snowball and simple random sampling techniques were employed in the study. Faecal samples collected using appropriate procedures were processed and examined using concentration techniques. Collection and processing of ectoparasites followed standard parasitological procedures. The recovered parasites were identified using morphological characteristics and standard guides. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square. Statistical significance was established at p<0.05. Overall, 44 pigs (26.1 %) were infected with ectoparasites. Pigs were infested most with Ctenocephalides canis (9.52 %) and least with Haemaphysalis species (1.79 %). There was significant difference (p = 0.042) in prevalence of C. canis with respect to sex. Sixty eight pigs (40.48 %) were infected with faecal parasites. Ascaris suum had the highest overall prevalence (17.86 %) while Taenia solium had the least (1.79 %). There waSixty-eights no significant difference between faecal parasite infection and age of pigs (p>0.05). However, a significant association (p = 0.026) was established between sex of pigs and infection with Fasciola hepatica. Thirteen (7.74 %) and 14(8.33 %) of the pigs were infested and infected respectively with more than one parasite taxa. Parasitism increased with advancement in age of pigs. Adequate utilization of veterinary services, good sanitation and proper training of farmers are recommended.

4216 – 4227

Authors: UGWU, Francis Stephen Ogbonna and UMEH, Ifeoma Ginikanwa

Plasmodium falciparum has conquistador prowess that depends on its knack for arrested development. This phenomenon is poorly defined/understood; therefore stakeholders neglect its relevance in malaria control strategies. This study provides requisite knowledge and motivation to interested parties to now begin to factor in arrested development of P. falciparum in order to prepare Sub Sahara Africa to strategize for malaria elimination. Reviews of published works and anecdotes were used to generate the reports embodied in this study. P. falciparum arrested development was redefined and contextualized in the light of current laboratory findings that prove that absolute arrest is incompatible with life. During arrest, metabolism is only down-regulated while essential processes continue. Arrested P. falciparum is found in all stages of its complex forms which permits it to cope with inhibitory substances thereby enabling it to exist asymptomatically while modulating some notable genes to resist chemotherapy or mobilizing the resources of the host to shield itself to frustrate host reactions. Arrested development is a defensive strategy par excellence that P. falciparum depends on for relevance in ways that are strikingly complicated. Progress in malaria control would depend on pressuring P. falciparum and its vector to change their habit through strict use of house screening. Man can also apply the principle of arrest to deal with sociopolitical problems especially in Africa.

4239 – 4246

Authors: AKINTOMIDE, Aanuoluwapo Adeyemi, OSHO, Innocent Bamidele, ONIBI, Gbenga Emmanuel and OBOH, Ganiyu

This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) as an alternative feed ingredient in broiler chicken ration using growth, haematology and meat quality parameters as criteria. One hundred and eight (108) started chickens were divided into four treatments with three replicates/ treatment and nine birds/ replicate in a completely randomized design. SPLM was included in their feed at 0(control), 5, 10 and 15 %. Data on body weight and feed intake were taken during the experiment. Blood parameters and meat quality were assessed at the end of the trial. Results showed that weight gain (WG), feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by SPLM treatments. Broiler chicken fed 5 % SPLM diet had 1.18 kg WG, which was statistically same as control whereas those on 15 % SPLM diet had the least value of 0.76 kg. Values for FCR increased progressively with increasing inclusion of SPLM, chickens on 0 % had a value of 2.79 and those on 15 % had 4.66. Inclusion of up to 15 % SPLM did not have any detrimental effect on blood profile and meat quality of the chickens. It was concluded based on growth performance that the use of SPLM in broiler chicken diets should not exceed 5 %.