East European Journal of Physics

22-33

Authors: Yu.V. Kulish

New classification of particles is proposed. This classification is based on ( , ) (3, U Nf g × SU c)× SU(4, fs)×O(3) -group, where ( , ) f U N g corresponds to the particle generations, SU(3, c) - to the color, SU(4, fs) - to the flavor and the spin (instead of known SU(6, fs) -group), and O(3) - to the orbital excitation with the L -momentum. The f N -number equals the quantity of fermion generations. From the convergence of the integrals corresponding to the Green functions for generalized Dirac equations and the continuity of these functions it follows that the minimal quantity of the f N -number equals six. The homogeneous solutions of derived equations are sums of fields, corresponding to particles with the same values of the spin, the electric charge, the parities, but with different masses. Such particles are grouped into the kinds (families, dynasties) with members which are the particle generations. For example, the electronic kind ( 1 e = e, 2 e = μ, 3 e =τ , 4 e , 5 e , 6 e , ), the kind of up-quarks ( 1 U = u, 2 U = c, 3 U = t, 4 U , 5 U , 6 U , ⋅⋅ ), and the kind of down-quarks ( 1 D = d, 2 D = s, 3 D = b, 4 D , 5 D , 6 D , ⋅⋅ ) can exist. Massless neutrino can be one only. The photonic and the gluonic kinds must include massive particles in addition to usual the photon and the gluon. At f N = 6 the nucleons and Δ(1232) belong to the 56×1× 20×1 -representation. Lagrangians for the generalized Dirac equations of arbitrary order are derived.

43-50

Authors: S. Ahmad, K. Chaudhary

When plasma interacts with the wall of a conductor, electrons due to high mobility reach the wall first and develop negative potential on the wall and very near to the wall plasma is divided into sheath and presheath regions. The quasi-neutral plasma is shielded from the wall by a space charge sheath of the positive ions of the order of few electrons Debye’s lengths ( ) D λ . At the sheath edge quasi neutrality breaks down from presheath side. In asymptotic limit ε = λD L →0 varying area of geometry affects the structure of the presheath scale. In addition to geometry, collisions and ionization also affects the presheath structure. But the sheath region is universal and is independent of either of geometry, ionization rate and collision frequency. The region which play the role of a link between these two regions has characteristics of both regions and is known as intermediate region. Even in the absence of ionization source and collision expanding area of geometry can accelerates the ions towards the wall. The characteristic length of the geometric presheath depends on radius of curvature c R = A A′ , where “ A ” is the area of geometry and “ A′ = dA dz ”. If either of ionization or collisions is present along with the expanding area of geometry then dominant factor for the acceleration of ions in the presheath region is not the expanding area of geometry.

60-65

Authors: V.D. Virich, Yu.V. Gorbenko, G.P. Kovtun, S.S. Nagorny, T.S. Potina, D.A. Solopikhin, A.P. Shcherban

A complex method for refining lead by distillation in vacuum has been described. A brief comparative description of different methods of lead refining was submitted. Analysis of different methods showed that to increase the efficiency of lead deep cleaning the development of complex refining processes is required. The computational studies of the behavior of impurity elements in the ancient lead are performed. The ideal coefficients of impurities separation αi are calculated at lead distillation temperatures. The range of volatile and nonvolatile impurities was detected by magnitude αi in lead. Performed computational studies of the impurity elements behavior in lead formed the basis for developing an integrated method of deep refining of ancient lead. To implement this approach the special distillation device was developed, and the procedure of deep purification of lead was described.The results of the study of the deep refining ancient lead have been demonstrated. The cleaning high efficiency of the proposed approach, combined with high performance and yield of the suitable product, was shown. A pilot batch of ancient lead containing base metal > 99.998 wt.% suitable for growing high quality scintillation crystals PbWO4 and PbMoO4 has been produced.

72-77

Authors: N. Yu. Filonenko

In the paper the physical properties and thermodynamic functions of monoborides ХВ (Х=Ti, Mn, Fe, Co) are studied with accounting for fluctuation processes. The research was performed for alloys with boron content of 9,0-15,0 % (wt.), the rest is metal Х (Х=Ti, Mn, Fe, Co). We use the microstructure analysis, the X-ray structural and the durometric analyses to determine the physical properties of alloys. In the paper it is determined the phase composition of Ti-B, Mn-B, Fe-B and Co-B alloys and physical properties of monoborides. In this paper for the first time it is determined the thermodynamic functions of monoborides using the Hillert and Staffansson model with accounting for the first degree approximation of high-temperature expansion for the free energy potential of binary alloys. We obtain the temperature dependences for such thermodynamic functions as Gibbs free energy, entropy, enthalpy and heat capacity Ср along with their values at the formation temperature for ХВ monoborides (Х=Ti, Mn, Fe, Co). The approach under consideration enables to give more thorough from the thermodynamic point of view description of monoborides formed from the liquid. The outcomes of the thermodynamic function calculation for TiB, MnB, CoB та FeB monoborides are in good agreement with experimental data and results of other authors.