Dogal Afetler ve Cevre Dergisi

70-81

Authors: Ayhan Ateşoğlu, Metin Tunay, Talha Berk Arıkan, Saffet Yıldız

This study was carried out in order to determine the dust sources in the Middle status of Middle East region between 2000-2015years have been analyzed using Collect earth methodology initiated by United Nations Food AND Agriculture Organized (FAO) in Antalya/Turkey on July 2015 and the results were reported by FAO.As being free of charge and an open source tool, the Collect Earth software uses very high resolution multi-temporal images from Google Earth and Bing Maps. At the same time, it also allows users to utilize all the datasets generated from mid-resolution images of Modis, Landsat 5, 7 and 8. Data analysis and numerical results can be achieved through SAIKU a statistical analysis program. In this study, by using GIS techniques on the dataset generated for the entire Middle East region, a map of risk level classes for dust resources areas were created. According to the risk classes map, it was confirmed that 63.6% of the total area of Iraq, and 53.7% of the total area of Syria were in the third-degree dust resources area. In addition, when the distribution of water resource areas consider highly important for Middle East region are examined according to risk level classes, it is seen that the largest water resources areas of Iraq were in the third-degree dust resources region with 71.3% while for Syria the largest water resource area were in the fourth and fifth degree dust resources region with 27.4% and 25.9%, respectively. By interpreting the results of the classification with regard to the Middle East, especially respect to sand/dune areas, agricultural lands and water resources, the evaluations are made especially on the scale of Iraq and Syria affected by Euphrates and Tigris River.

89-104

Authors: Yılmaz İçağa, Emin Taş

For many water resources planning and management studies such as water budget and hydrological modeling, it is very important to estimate areal precipitation from point observation stations. There are many deterministic and geostatistical methods for determining the spatial distribution of precipitation. In this study, the most widely used methods, inverse distance weighting (IDW), Simple Kriging (SK) and Co-Kriging (CK) are applied. It is the main objective of the study that Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques are used to compare widely preferred interpolation methods and to model the spatial distribution of monthly precipitation values for prediction in ungauged areas in Akarcay Sinanpasa and Suhut sub-basins, Turkey. At the same time, the effects of number of stations, basin area, characteristics and secondary data usage such as elevation on model performance are investigated. The IDW, a deterministic method and the SK-CK, geostatistical methods are compared with each other by cross validation technique and the applicability of the interpolation techniques for the study areas is analyzed. According to the cross validation test results of IDW, SK and CK methods, the mean RMSE (root mean square error) values of Sinanpasa sub-basin are respectively 13,76 mm, 9,32 mm and 8,72 mm while these values are 9,43 mm, 7,82 mm and 7,90 mm for Suhut sub-basin. Then, uncertainty analysis by means of PSE (prediction standard error) is applied to SK-CK methods with clear advantages over the IDW method and with the close RMSE values. In consideration of the results of the uncertainty analysis, the SK method with the mean PSE values 10,30 mm and 8,54 mm has a little superiority to the CK method whose average PSE values are 11,03 mm and 9,02 mm for both Sinanpasa and Suhut sub-basins, respectively. When the findings are evaluated, it can be seen that all three methods can be used for the study areas. The determination of the spatial distribution of precipitation in this way is considered to be beneficial for many water resources engineering studies in areas of ungauged/sparsely gauged.

113-122

Authors: Aslı Gezer, Ayça Erdem

As the population of the world increases, the water resources rapidly decrease. It is predicted that the population having water stress today will have water shortage in the future. Turkey is among the countries having lack of water and is in danger of becoming a water poor country. Due to the increasing water demand around the world, various measures are being taken starting from the local scale. In addition to these measures, the levels of awareness and perception of public on environmental issues are evaluated. Surveys applied from regional to national scale provide data and guidance to the institution, municipality and ministries that produce works and policies related to water management. In this study, the survey results on the awareness of 300 participants, who work, study and reside within Akdeniz University campus, on "water scarcity, water stress and water saving" are given. The responses to the survey were analyzed with SPSS Statistics Base V23 licensed program. The responses were evaluated according to the demographic information (age, gender and monthly income level) using chi-square analysis. According to the survey results; (i) regardless of gender and age, the vast majority of participants have a similar tendency to use water, (ii) women are more susceptible to water stress, water scarcity and water saving than men, and (iii) as the income level increases, the sensitivity of water use also increases.

133-139

Authors: Altuğ Saygılı

Soil remediation methods have become one of the preferred methods due to the need for more space for construction activities in cities and industrial areas. Another reason for choosing the remediation techniques is to obtain economical and faster solutions compared to the conventional methods. In recent years, the use of chemical stabilizers in soil remediation applications, such as slope stability, erosion and bearing capacity, has increased steadily due to economy, easy application, workability and early strength gain. In this study, the effects of liquid melamine formaldehyde polymer on the strength properties of kaolinite type clay were investigated. The changes in compressive strength values were evaluated by adding liquid melamine formaldehyde polymer into the kaolinite specimens compacted at previously determined optimum water content value. The liquid polymer was added at 3, 6, 9 and 12 per cent by weight with water, so as not to exceed the optimum water content of the matrix, and the prepared polymer-added samples were cured for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days to observe the strength gain at different curing times. Significant increases were observed in the strength values of the samples stabilized with different percentages of liquid polymer subjected to unconfined compression tests at the end of the curing period as the polymer addition ratio and the curing time increased. According to the obtained results, melamine formaldehyde liquid polymer can be applied to clayey soils as a soil stabilizer.

156-161

Authors: Cuma Kara

In this study, the effect of tea waste (CA) obtained from Artvin-Borçka Muratlı tea factory as natural fiber on the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete was investigated. For this purpose, C20 / 25 class concrete was produced, then 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 kg tea waste was reinforced into 1 m3 mix and thus 6 different concrete types (CA0, CA1, CA3, CA5, CA7, CA9) were prepared. After determining the amount of collapse and the air content, the CA-reinforced fresh concrete was placed in molds of 100 mm x 100 mm x 400 mm, 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm and 70.7 mm x 70.7 mm x 70.7 mm. On the 7th and 28th day, the capillary water absorption, concrete test hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity, flexural strength, compressive strength and abrasion resistance tests were performed to the concretes held in the appropriate curing environment. As a result, it was determined that the reinforcing concrete with CA increased the need for water, filled the gaps in the concrete and that the ultrasonic pulse velocity, concrete test hammer, flexural strength and compressive strength values were increased with the use of up to 7 kg waste in 1 m3 concrete. When more than 5 kg of waste was used in 1 m3 concrete, it was seen that the amount of abrasion was increased while the water absorption was decreased. As a result, it was concluded that up to 7 kg tea wastes in 1 m3 concrete could be used as natural fiber, but it would be appropriate to use up to 5 kg in places where there might be exposion to abrasion.

171-181

Authors: Hakkı Oral Özhan

Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) is a lining material that is used in waste containment facilities with its low hydraulic conductivity and barrier capability. In this study, %0.5, %1 and %2 cationic polymer by mass was added respectively to the bentonite component of the GCLs and triaxial hydraulic conductivity and free swell tests were performed on the GCLs that were permeated with 0.1 M KCl, 0.5 M KCl and 0.1 M MgCl2 saline solutions respectively in order to evaluate the hydraulic performance of the GCL. As a result, %0.5 cationic polymer in 0.1 M KCl solution and %1 cationic polymer in 0.5 M KCl and 0.1 M MgCl2 solutions improved the hydraulic performance of the GCL by causing almost 0.13, 0.18 and 0.08 times decrease in hydraulic conductivity respectively. However, additional polymer treatment resulted in either no change or increase in hydraulic conductivity. Furthermore, swell index of the GCL increased by adding up to an amount of %2 cationic polymer to the GCL. The effect of adding cationic polymer to the GCL on hydraulic conductivity and swell index was related to the electrostatic forces among polymer-bentonite-saline solution and diffuse double layer respectively. Increasing the concentration and valence of the cation in the saline solutions resulted in both increase in hydraulic conductivity and decrease in swell index. According to the test results, the cationic polymer improved the hydraulic properties of the GCL and resulted in a satisfactory hydraulic performance in saline solutions.

192-209

Authors: Enver Akaryalı, Mehmet Ali Gücer, Selçuk Alemdağ

The mining activities, one of the most important uses of natural resources, which causes environmental degradation and different effects depending on the mining operation type and size. At the beginning of these effects is acid mine drainage (AMD), which creates serious ecological risks on the environment both during operation and years after the mine is closed. AMD describes the formation of acid when sulphide-bearing (especially pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite) mine wastes are exposed to oxidising conditions, typically in the presence of air (oxygen) and water, due to groundwater, rain and run-off. In this study, processes have been carried out to determine the occurrence of AMD in the ore stock and waste storage areas of the Gümüştaş Mining. The potential of AMD development and measures to be taken have been determined in case of possible occurrence of AMD. The mine operation area was located on the Eocene aged Alibaba Formation, which consists of andesite, basalt, and pyroclastics. The pH values in all samples indicate that they are class I. continental water resources quality and also the paste pH and sulphide (S-2) values suggest that there is no AMD potential in the mine operation area. This is supported by low mobility of major and trace element contents. In all samples, Net Neutralization Potential (NNP) and (Neutralization Potential Ratio) NPR values higher than 20 kgCaCO3/tone and 2 respectively, this indicate that the acid mining drainage don't formation in the area. Besides, AMD is not likely to occur in a short-term period according to very low S-2 values. In addition, compacted clay (50 cm thick) was laid in order to make impermeable in the stock area, and the resulting vertical profile was modeled in the finite element network system and water discharges determined. Consequently, all studies in the mining operation area show that the acid mining drainage formation was not expected in a short time period. However, in the area, environmental pollution caused by possible AMD for a long time will be prevented by measures to be taken.

221-235

Authors: Ayberk Kaya, Cem Demirbaş, Serhat Dağ

In the scope of this study, the slope stability problem in the Gündoğan (Ardeşen-Rize) village settlement area covering approximately 2.24 hectares was investigated by means of geotechnical way. The studies were performed in three stages as field, laboratory works and slope stability analyses. For this purpose, along the three survey lines; six boreholes with a total of 150 meters in length were drilled, geophysical studies were performed along the three lines and inclinometer measurements were taken in two boreholes. At the end of the field work, it was determined that the talus whose thickness varies between 5.0 and 16.5 meters overlies the parent material that was formed by the Late Cretaceous-aged Çağlayan Formation consisting of volcano-sedimentary rocks. To determine the physico-mechanical properties of the talus, undisturbed samples were taken from boreholes. Limit equilibrium and the Finite Element based Shear Strength Reduction (FEM-SSR) methods were used to perform stability analyses using the obtained data from field and laboratory studies and the results were compared. When examining the distribution of the failure surfaces obtained from the stability analyses, it was detected that the failure may continue as retrogressive type if there is not any precaution taken on the slope. Performed inclinometer measurements and stability analyses showed that the talus in the Gündoğan village settlement area is unstable and has a landslide potential.

247-253

Authors: Vedat Yılmaz

Although environmental engineering -primarily focusing on healthy water supply and disposal of wastewater- incorporates study areas of various engineering disciplines, it has also undertaken a wide range of activities such as infrastructure activities, climate change, waste management, health and safety, environmental management and etc. since 70’s. The areas of engineering expertise, in line with changing technological approaches and social needs, are undergoing change and transformation over the years. Environmental problems are beyond local boundaries and it is necessary to understand the holistic (integrated) interactions of the effects of engineering applications over ecosystems on a global scale. For example, big dams have been built as well as projecting dozens of river-type hydropower projects in the same river basin. The environmental risks of each individual project should be modeled but also the overall domino effects should take into consideration. It is inevitable to evaluate the effects that the activities will have on the ecosystem with some tools such as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) for this purpose. Today, out of 52 universities in Turkey, 46 of them gives undergraduate level education in their environmental engineering departments and both the departmental curriculum and the specialization of the faculty members are very different in these departments. Therefore, the knowledge and experience of environmental management can not be at the same level. This should be taken into consideration in the accreditation process by the Association of Engineering Education Programs Evaluation and Accreditation (MÜDEK). In this study the priority of watershed management to solve the environmental problems was verified, and the level of ecosystem/watershed management awareness was evaluated in the undergraduate course curriculums of environmental engineering departments in our country.

1-10

Authors: Saffet Kılıçer, Korhan Özgan

One of the most common natural disasters in our country is earthquakes with strong ground motion. Earthquake damages structures with the impact of ground shaking. Prediction of earthquake magnitude in advance is a great importance in the civil engineering discipline to minimize possible damages during the earthquake. Therefore, understanding of structural behavior correctly is as important as the estimation of the possible earthquake magnitude. For this reason, structures should be modeled accurately and realistically. Reinforced concrete structures are usually designed using commercial software defined either as rigid or with elastic springs at the base. In this study, considering the earthquake recording of 1999 Kocaeli, a 12-storey reinforced concrete structure was analyzed with rigid foundation assumption, Winkler and Modified Vlasov models. An interface was coded in MATLAB to exchange data between SAP2000 and MATLAB. Thanks to the interface, SAP2000 has gained the ability of performing analyses with modified Vlasov model. In this way, periods, base shear forces, column axial forces, column bending moments and lateral displacements of the structures were compared for each subsoil model. At the end of the study, it is observed that the effect of subsoil on the structural behavior is an indispensable design factor for the reinforced concrete structures.

28-33

Authors: Hande Bahadır, Reyhan Uçku

The Emergency Events Database is a free database containing 115 years’ worth of data for natural and technological disasters. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the distribution of disasters and death figures from the foundation of the Republic of Turkey until the end of 2016. Disasters, which occurred in Turkey between 1923 and 2016 were included in this descriptive study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0 software and descriptive results were presented as frequency. 313 disasters were found in the database between the years 1923-2016 within the Turkish Republic borders. 51.1% of them are natural disasters. The highest number of disasters occurred in 2004 while the highest death happened in 1939. Earthquakes constitute 24.3% of all disasters. The earthquake, which is considered as an unavoidable, is a disaster which can be largely prevented by personal, environmental, structural preventions. In order to avoid deaths, living in earthquake-resistance houses should be encouraged, personal and environmental risks should be assessed and protection trainings should be increased.

45-55

Authors: Anıl Can Birdal, Engin Korkmaz, Gökhan Erşen, Tarık Türk, Rutkay Atun

Climate is one of the most important factors that enable the existence of life on Earth. The climate has been studied by many scientists throughout the history for its influence on all living and non-living beings. Researchers have used climatological parameters (temperature, humidity, rainfall, sunshine duration, evapotranspiration etc.) with different approaches and created a variety of methods. When putting these classifications into consideration, they have taken different criteria into account and have produced different classification. Some of these formulas are short and simple, some are very long and complex. Using these formulas, researchers have determined different climatic types suited to different regions. In this study, two separate climate classification methods were used (Erinç and De Martonne). Meteorological data ranging from 1980 to 2011 were examined periodically and arranged according to determined classification methods. The data were processed in accordance with De Martonne and Erinç classification formulas by GIS and the climate change of İzmir province has been revealed between 1980-1989 and 2006-2011 time periods.

63-69

Authors: Emine Su Turan

Due to various human activities, the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased rapidly since the industrial revolution. The most important consequence of the greenhouse effect, which is the result of greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere, is that the earth's climate is warmer and more variable. On the other hand, climate change, whether global or regional, causes significant changes in the frequency, intensity, area distribution, length and timing of extreme weather and climate events. Potential impacts of global climate change; known to have some impacts already both globally and locally, intensify on clean water resources, agriculture, forests, sea level, energy, human health and biodiversity. It is estimated that our country is among the countries of risk group in terms of the possible effects of the global climate change and will be affected more by the climate change in the future especially in the Mediterranean and Central Anatolia regions. One of the most harmful and least recognized natural disasters is drought. There are many reasons for the increase in drought in our semi-arid climate. It is at the top of these that climate change and precipitation are very different from places where water is needed. Climate change projections show that temperatures will rise throughout the country and precipitation will decrease especially in the southern half of the country. It is inevitable that these changes will affect the water resources of our country in the negative direction and decrease the water potential especially in the southern basins.