Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan

305-321

Authors: Han Roliad.i & Dian Anggraini

Small-scalepaperboard industries that use sludgein Indonesia currently facedifficultypromring otherfibrous materialsfor the sludgemixture (particularl)pulp and wastepaper). On the otherhand, unutiiizedempty oil-palmfmit bunches{EFB) are abundant wastesfrom palm-oilprocessing, and potential ligno-cellulosicfibers for such mixture in paperboardindustries. Forgreateruse ofpaperboard (e.g.fancy/ art purposes}, anotherabundantfiber sources(i.e. long•fibered banana stem)deserve also considerationforthe sludgemixture.In relevance, EFB and banana stems were experimental!Jpulped using semi-chemicalhot soda process. EFB pulping was done in a pressurized-kerosenestove-heateddigesterempk?Jing 10% alkali (NaOH)concentration,1:5.5 ratio of EFB chips to cooking liquor, maximum temperat11reat 12(/C keptfor 2 hours under 1.2-1.5 atmospheric pressure. Pulping of banana stems was cond11&ted in the same digesteremplr?Jing 4% and 6% alkali,1:7 ratio of banana-stemchipsto liquor, and maximum temperature1 O(!Cfor1.5hoursunder open (atmospheric)air.The resulting bananapulp with 4% alkali was more suitablefor the mixturewith EFB pulp and sludge (i.e. lower alkali consumption andgreaterkappa number)Fancypaperboard wasformedin a small scalepaperboardfactoryemplr?Jingthe mixtures of 35-50%EFB pulp, 35-50%paper-mill sludge, and 0-30% banana stemp11lp; and incorporating additives (i.e.5% kaolin filler, 2% alum• retentionagent, 4% tapioca binder, 2% rosin soap (size),and 5% coloringmatter). Pf?ysicaland strengthproperties of the resultingpaperboardfrom those mixturecompositions were better than thoseproducedfrom small-scalefactorythat used the mixture of 50% sludge and 50% wastepaper, without additives. Incorporating banana-stempulp up to 15% effordedfanrypaperboard that satisfiedthe commercialpaperboardstandard Also, it exhibited thepaperboard suiface with interestingpatterns. Thissuggests the prospective use of mane facturing fanry paper board from the mixture of EFB pulp,paper-millsludge,and banana-stempulp eitherup to 15% (if strength considered) orover (strengthunconsidered).

358-378

Authors: R.Sudradjat Endro Pawoko D.Hendra & D. Setiawan

Biodiesel is an ester alkyl that can be used for diesel as substitute for diesel engine. Biodiesel was made.from biofuel oil either vegetation or animal oil. Kesambi oil (Schleichera oleosa L) was strongly presumed can be used as raw material for biodiesel due to its fatry acid compositions are almost the same with other biofuel oils. Production process for biodiesel manufacture normally use estrans or esterification-transesterification process.This study examined the effect of some treatments on the characteristics of biodiesel qualty.The measured variable factors were : process stage, methanol concentration,and duration time of esterification process. Data analysis was accomplished through randomized complete design with factorial trial.The treatments of process stages were ET (Esterification-transesterification), EET (Esterification-esterification transesterification), ENT (Esteriftcation-netralizati-on transesterification) and BIN (Esterification transesterification-netralization)M.ethanolconcentrations were 15:1 and 20:1(ratioof methanol molar to oil used). Esterification times were 30 and 60 minutes. Qualilly analyses were consideredon the basis of acid number, moisture, yield,viscosily and densily. The results showed rangevalueof moisture content0.10- 0.82%,acid number 0.625 - 1.330 mgKOH/g oil, kinematic- viscosily 12.70 - 16.40 cSt, densi!J 0.906 - 0.920 g/ cm',biodieseyl ield after degumming 63.01 - 96.9 3%. The ENT procedureis concludedas the best method compared with the others.

394-405

Authors: Saptadi Darmawan, Gustan Pari & Adi Santoso

Charcoal with itsporous struaure enabks it to adsorbpollutants in gaseous or liquidphase, altho11ghit does not peifom1 as effictively as its correspondingactive char&0al Meanwhile,filediunl density.fiberboard (MDF) has beco111e one of the wood-basedpanels which develops rapidly.In relevant, this experimentdealt with charcoal addition duringMD F typefiberboard"1anufact11rebonded with ureaformaldel!Jde adhesive and shaped rmderdryprocess, and thefiber materials for theMDF were the mixture of mangiu,,,and mbbenvoodTMP (fhemro-MechanicalPulping)pulp at 3:1 proportion (w/w). Meanwhik,the fiber charcoal resulted from the carbonization of those mixed TMP pulp.Expectedly, the incorporation of charcoal could improve adsorption capacity of the res11ltingMDF. In this experi111e11t, the amounts of chama I as incorporatedi111pliedfrom the cof!lpositions of TMP fiber-charcoal mixture at consemtive!J 100:0, 90: 10, 80:20, and 70:30 based on oven dry weight. Observation was peifomud regarding MDF adsorption-capacities on benzene, chlorofor111, andfor111aldel!Jde (all ingaseous or vaporfomu). Results revealed that the greater the a11101mt of chamal added, thegreater also the adsorption capacity of MDF. Unfortunately,such has brought about the decrease in pllysical and mechanicalproperties of MDF Those MDF properties with TMPfiber-charcoal composition at 90:10 were similar to those of MDF control; and could satis.fl tbestandard of type-25]IS, exceptfor MOE (fype-15 ]IS) and internal bonding strength. Charcoal incorporation enabled the &0msponding to slow down the rate of the MDF fommldel!Jde emission.

415-426

Authors: Mappiratu & Ijirana

The aim of this research is toproduce virgin coconut oil (VCO) which has less water content andfree fatty acid, to obtain optimum condition of the VCO methauolysis, purification method ofgjycerol and extraction tuethod of medium from long chainjatty acid The result showed that theproduction of VCO met the criteria needed for methul ester prodnaion because of low water content and free fatty acid while laurate acid was high (52.86%).Agitation speed and time of reaction effected the production of methyI esters where optimum condition was obtained at 500 rpm and 50 minutes of time reaction.At this condition,the fractional mass offatty acid methyl esters reached 100% Using purificalion tuethod of extraction and neulralization could produce gjycerol of 98 %. purity Fractionation destilation able to produce 6 frattions: 3 fractions( Lll, and VI .fraction) contained methyl laurate which was lower than the original VCO and the other 3.fraclions (Ill, TV, V.fraction) contained methyl laueate higher than the original VCO (above 70 %). The VI fractioncontains medium and long chainfatty acid methyl estersup to 50%from totalfatry acid methyl ester.

201-303

Authors: Gusmailina

Agarwood is one of the non woodfomtprod11cts commodity (NWFP), that having a high value, compared lo other commodity. Due to its distinct and specificfragrantthe high gradeaganvood has been selling in international mark.et as an elite commodily.However, there have been larger amount of the lowgrade agarwood that generally sold at lowprice paid less or lesser mark.eta bk. This articlepresents an effort to increase the qualily of the lowgrade agarwoodby min impregnation.The results indicated that low grade qualilt of agarwood can be improved as indicated by increasing color, specificgravily,and resin content. Specific gravity increament of the iniproved agarwood varies from 0,03 to 0,20. Resin content in the treated agarwood increased of 29,5 to 52,0 %, orapproximatelt 3 to5 times compared to the untreated (control).

222-230

Authors: Barly Neo Endra Lelana & Agus Ismanto

The oijective of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicity of copper-chromate-boron saltsformula against wood termites and fangal attack. The chemical.r used in ibis experimentwere tbose of "technicalgrade"results indicatedthat the preservatives u1ed were highly effective toprevent wood from subterranean termit eCoptotermes curvignathus Holmgren and dry-wood termite Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.The preseruatise brought about 100% termite mortality at 1% concentration 1% and retention of more than 5.30 kg/ m'. higher preservative concentration (7.5%) and retention(above 30 kg/m3) were requiredtoprotectwoodfrom the rottingfangi (Schizophyllum commune)

255-265

Authors: Djarwanto

Eleven wood species originated from West Java and East Java were evaluated their metal corrosion properties to iron screw using jam-pot met hods. Wood samples were divided radialfy into three groups, namefy outer, middle and innerpart ef log. Results showed that iron corrosion was found in all wood species. The corrosion intensities were indicated lly the weight loss ef the attached metal screws.Higher corrosion rates werefound on samples of ki biur (Castanopsis acuminatissima A.DC.). The highest weight loss ef screw wasfound, on the innerpart ef ki hiur samples, i.e. 6.89%. The lowest weight loss ef screw was encountered on samples extractedfrom the innerpart ef hum mentek (Lindera polyantha Boeri.).

93-110

Authors: Gusmailina

This article presents several effective growth indications of bulian (Eusyderoxylon zwagen) and agarwood (Aquilariamalaccensis) seedlings which planted in variousmedia of bioactive charcoalcompost. This stutfy emplqyed two main compositions of sawdust activated compost, i.e., sawdust bioactivated compost (ASG) and the ASG plus ricestraw(ASGJ).The research was conducted through 4 months observation in a seedbed belongto Government Forestry DistrictinJambi. Experiments were completely randomize designed with uanousportions of ASG and ASGJ ranging from15 % to 50 %.Growth media contained similar portions of conventional compost wereused for comparison, while the control simply contained 100% of top soil Parameter sobservedin this stutfy consisted o fgrowth percentage, height, andstem diameter increaments. The collected data were then analized accordingto Duncan and 5chejfe test. & suits indicatedthatthe seedling growthof bulian and gaham in AS G and ASGJ media were better than those plantedin conventional compost or controlmedia.

119-129

Authors: Sona Suhartana & Yuniawati

The technique of reduced impact logging is considered to increase felling productivity and decrease production cost. Study was carried out on 2009 in two forest companiesin Riau and Jambi. Theaims of thesffltly are tofind out the effect of RIL implementation on productivity, produaion cost and timber utilization efficiency (IVE). Observations made on were log volume,felling time and operational cost of RIL in comparison with those of the local techniques.Replication consistedof 15 treesfor each technique. Data were the nanalyzed usingt-test procedure. Study results showed that implementation of RIL technique in peat swamp forest plantation could: 1) increase productivity about 0.328 m3/bour (Riau) and 0.982 n/ /hour (ambi); 2) decrease production cost approximatefy Rpt,767.1,-/ m'(jambi) and Rp 518.6,-/ n/ (Riau);3)increase TIJE about 7.9% similar to Rp 25,438,000,000,-/year (]ambi)and 5.6%similarto Rp 15,680,000,000,-/year(Riau). The above characteristics clearfy indicated that the RIL applicationin Jambi is beterthan that in Riau.

145-155

Authors: R.Sudradjat,Yogie,S, D.Hendra & D.Setiawan

There is a tendency of increasing national fossil fuel demand annuallyin Indonesia, on the other hand case of shortage supply has not been solved yet, these tend to make a wider discrepanry of fossil fuel supply and demand So, national strategy focussed on enhancing biofuel production as fossilfuel substitute. One of the efforts is maximum utilization of natural resourcef sar biofuel especially biofuel plants that came from forest area. Kepuh (Sterculia foeticla) is afa restplant biofuel which largely exists in Java and otherisland sthat has agood prospectto be developed for biodiesel In this studY, optimalization of transesterification process of Sterculia foeticla oilwas done using some variable of methanol and KOH concentrations. Evaluation focussed on acid value and other parameters such as, water content, kinematicviscosity and density. Besides, observationwas also conducted to the increasingof acidityduring storaging.The best biodiesel characteristics were produced by using methanol20% and KOH 1 % where acid value, kinematicviscosity and density 0.36 mg KOH/g, 4.28 cSt and 880.7 kg/,.,/, respectively .Acid values of crude oil, degummedoil and biodiesel were increased constantly during storaging.

169-183

Authors: Andianto

Anatomical features can be used identify eaglewood producing species. Some of these species are members of thymeleaceae. Wood sample soffive species producing-eaglewood and two related species were prepared by slidingmicrotome into thin sectionsfor anatomical-structureobservation. Fiber and vesseldimensions were measuredon the samples.Results indicated that wood portions of Aquilaria spp., Gyrinops versteeghii and Gyrinopsis cumingiana contained included-phloem which were not ecountered on Amyxa pluricornis and Phaleria sp. Wood of Aquilaria spp. exhibited the vessels in radial multiples of 2(-3) common cells. Radial multiple vessels are also found in Gyrinops versteeghii and Gyrinopsis cumingiana wood with 2-4(-6-8) common cells. Wood of Gyrinops versteeghii and Gyrinopsis cumingiana could be disting uished by their different ray width, wherelly theformer had uniseriatewidth, while the latter revealeduni-to bi-seriate. Further,Amyxapluricornis and Phaleria sp. woods could be differentiated by theirparencbyma types. The formerwood speciespossesses a confluent axial parencllyma, whilethe latter contained vasicentric axial parencllyma. Solitary-vessel percentage, ray height, and fiber length at the stems of Aquilaria malaccensis and Aquilaria microcarpa were greater than those in their roots, but the reverse was truefor vessel diameterand length.

199-207

Authors: Han Roliadi & Setyani Budi Lestari

A trial bas been carried out on processing of wood-longging wastes into pulp and paperboard manufacture using the mixture of pulp from wood-longging wastes and paper-min sludge at two various proportions,i.e. 50:50% and 25:75%. The processing of pulp from those tuastes emplftyed semi-chemical soda process in semi-pilotscale, using the conditions, i.e. alkali concentrations at 14% and 16%, weight ratio of wastes to cooking liquor 1:5.5. & suits revealed that the pulpfrom 14% alkaliconcentration suited better as thes/11dgemixtureforpaperboard manufacture,based onpulp yield, alkali consumption, and Koppa number. Theyield and physical as well as strength properties of paper board from the mixture o fpulp from wood-loujng wastes (50%) and paper-mill sludge(50%) together with additiveswere higher than thosefrom the mixture with 25:75% proportion (with additives). Further, the physical/ strength properties of paperboard from the mixture with 50:50% proportion were higher than conseet1tive!J thoseproducedfrom small scalepaptr board factory using the mixture of waste paper (50%) and sludge (50%) without additives; and those from the mixture ofplantation forest's wood-logging wastes pulp and paper-mill sludge(with additives and at 50:50% proportion). This suggests the prospective use of pulp from natural production forest's wood-longging wastes as a substitute material mixed with sludge, in place of wastepaper mrrently used by small-scalepaper board industries.

9-17

Authors: Djarwanto & Sihati Suprapti

Cultivation medium for G. lucidum was made of mangiutusatudust, bark and mixedof them, were composted with 10% rice bran, 5% grind corn, 2% lime, 0.5% gypstm and sufficint distilled water.Biological conoersion efficienry (BCE) was calculated on the base of mushroom's weight divided by dried wnight of the medium and presented in percentage. The result showed that the mryCelium rowthon spawn of IJ/angium sawd11st11Jas slowerthan thatof mangiu111 bark, boneuer spa1Pn on the mangium sau/dustpossesseda betterqualiry. Mycelimgn rowth nyasspre adentirely both on the suiface of spalvn meditom and cultivationmediufllat4 weeksafter inoculation.The firs thar vesting wascarried out at 64 dflySafterino Ctllation. Production ratesof G. lucidum HHBI-322, HHBI-328 and HHBI-337 werelowi.e.18.68 grarlls to 40.86 grarllS, with the BCE value between 9.8% to 17.1 %. Nutrition values,parlimlarly protein and fatwere variedabout 9. 7%-13. 7% and 1.8%4.5 %, respectiuely.Poiysaabaride content, specifically glucan was around 6.95 %- 9.29 %.

29-42

Authors: Han Roliadi & Yoswita

Small-scale paperboard industries that use the mixed ran-materialef paper-mill sludge and waste currenty encounter diffimlties obtaining the latter item. In other side, uoad wastes generatedfrom the logging of industrial plantation forest are potentially abundant and sofarnotyetutilize deffectivel y As the releuance, a trial has been carried out on paperboard111a111ifact11re 11si11g the mixture efpulp from industnal plantation forest'swood-logging waste and paper- mill sludgeat two uarious proportions,i.e. 25%:75% and 100%:0%. The processing of those wastes intopulp wascondutted in a semi-pilot scale cooking digester usingthe semi-cbemical soda pulping conditions, i.e. alkali (NaOH) concentration at 14% and 16%, ratio ef mastesto cooking liquor 1:5.5, maxinmm telyl peratureal 120 C kept far 3 boars under 1.2-1.5 atmosphericpressnres. The resulting pulpat 14% was judged more appropriate as the sludge mixture based out the yield, alkali consmnption and Kappa number. The paperboard-sheeftorm ingfrofll the mixture was carried out at a small-community-owned paperboard industry, incorporating the use ef additives, i.e. 5% clayfille1; 2% alum retmtion-agent,4% tapioca binder,2% rosin soap. Yield, plysical/ strength propertiesand water absorption ff paperboardfrovl the mixt11reef industrial plantation forest's wood• logging,wastepulp (25%)and paper-mi// sludge(75%) nereworse than thosefrom 100% logging wastepulp, but still better than thoseproducedly small-scale communty-industry that uses the mixture of wastepaper (50%) and sludge (50%), withouI additives; and co11/d mostly satiify the requiremenf for colllmercial paperboard. This suggests the prospective use ef pulp from piantation forest's nlood-logging tuastes as substitute material mixed with sludge (al 25%:75%proportion),in place ef the wastepaper thesmall-scaleindustry mrrently asesfar the sludge mixture.

55-65

Authors: Jasni & Han Roliadi

This researchaimed to look into the resistanceof 25 rattan speciesagainst subterranean termites(Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren). Each rattan species was prepared into testsamples with length of 2 cn1 and particular diameter depending on the rattan species itself. The test took place in jampot into which were previous!Jput 200 subterranean termites of the morker type,being active and healtlly. Theparameterstestedinc/tidepercentagesof rattan-weightloss and number of termitesurviva4 which were then statistical JanalJzedaid,furtherused to classifythe 25 rattan species in accordance with their resistance class. In addition, degree of attack fly termite was suljective/y examinedon the rattan. Results revealedthat out of the 25 testedrattan species,7 species (28%) were categorizedas high-resistance class (class I and II), while the rest .i.e. 18 species (12%) belonged to low-resistanceclass (class Ill,IV; V). In their uses, rattan species with-low-resistanceclass require a thoroughpreservationprocess. It also turned out that despite being suljectively examined, the degreeof termiteattacks correlatedpositive!Jwith the rattan weightloss (R = + 0.618**) and with thenumberof rattansurvival (R = + 0.697**).

77-83

Authors: Sri Komarayati & Gusmailina

This paper present research regarding the application of charcoal-incorporated organic fertilizer(OOF) and charcoal-incorporated organic fertilizer(CIMOF) lo the growth media for Shorea crysopllyila seedlings, which lasted separately but conrurrently far 6 month in the greenhouse. This research ainud to look into the effect of OOF and CIMOF mplfy!11ents on thegrowth responses i.e. weight and diameterof those seedlings. & suits revealed that the use of one tablet of CIMOF brought about significant effect on the height and diameter growths of Sborea crysopllyila seedlings, in that thereIJJQS an increase as much 4 3.9% the height and 4 9.3% the diameter as those of the control (without CIMOF). Meanwhile, the use of OOF seemed less effective lo inflictmch increase than that of CIMOF. The increase was only 33.65% and40.06%forheightand diameter, respectively It can be inferred that to enhance thegrowth of Sbores crysupilyila seedlings, it was s11.fficient by msten plqyingone tablet of CIMOF rather than the use of OOF. Further, the use of CIMOF tablet proved fl/Ore effective increasing the seedlingheight and diameter.