Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

995–1000

Authors: Aly Younes, Hanaa El-Sherief, Fathia Gawish, Marwa Mahmoud

Objective: To evaluate the predatory potential of the Odonata nymph on freshwater snails that serve as intermediate hosts for Schistosoma species (Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina). Methods: Observations on the searching, attacking and devouring of the two snail types with series of laboratory-based predation experiments, whose aims were to determine daily predation rate, differential predation, prey preference considering small-, mediumand large-sized snails were conducted. Results: Laboratory evaluation revealed that, the Odonata nymph could kill and consume the two intermediate hosts. The number of snails consumed differed according to the snail type, size and density. The times taken for searching and handling times were dependent on the snail size, type and satiation of the predator. The predation rate varied also with respect to snail type, size and density. This study also evaluated that Odonata nymphs consumed more Bulinus truncatus than Biomphalaria alexandrina per unit time, and that there may be a preference for smaller than larger snails. Conclusions: According to our observation, the predator, Hemianax ephippiger nymph may be a suitable biocontrol agent in connection with Schistosoma intermediate hosts.

1008–1014

Authors: Panan Ratthawongjirakul, Vorraruthai Thongkerd, Wanpen Chaicumpa

Objective: To investigate the impact of the fliD gene on the biofilm formation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Methods: H. pylori fliD mutant was constructed using inverse PCR mutagenesis. The mobility of the bacteria and its adhesion ability to human epithelial cells were assessed using a motility assay and a fluorescein isothiocyanate staining adhesion assay, respectively. The formation of biofilm was evaluated using a pellicle assay and a crystal violet staining assay. The cyto-architecture of the biofilm was documented with scanning electron microscopy. Results: It was found that there was no significant difference in the levels of bacterial adhesion and the biofilm formation between the wild-type ATCC 43504 and the fliD mutant. Apart from a poor motility, the fliD mutant had a slightly delayed formation of its biofilm and an incomplete cyto-architecture of its biofilm. The bacterial cells residing in the biofilm of the fliD mutant showed a loose accumulation with less apparent crosslinking fibrils. Most of the mutant cells had truncated flagella. Conclusions: This study provides the preliminary evidences that fliD potentially regulates biofilm formation and is required for the motility of H. pylori. Further studies need to be performed in order to develop fliD as a novel target for vaccine or antimicrobial agent in future.

1022–1028

Authors: Doroth
ee Dinangayi Tshilanda, Philippe Bila Babady, Damase Nguwo Vele Onyamboko1, Christian Muamba Tshilolo Tshiongo, Damien Sha-Tshibey Tshibangu, Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Philippe Vuka Tsalu, Pius Tshimankinda Mpiana

Objective: To carry out a phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum) harvested in DR Congo and to assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts with respect to the polarity for comparison reason. Methods: The phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil produced by hydrodistillation was performed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis and the antioxidant potential evaluation by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity method. Results: A previously weighed amount of fresh leaves of O. basilicum produced 0.65% of essential oil that led to the identification of a set of 84.44% out of 99.98% as major compounds (> 1.5%). The chemo-type of this essential oil was linalool-methyl chavicol. Chemical components of oil were characterized by oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons (46.00%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (26.75%). With respect to the amount of components, methyl chavicol also known as estragole (35.72%) constituted the very large quantity afterward linalool (21.25%) and then epi-a-cadinol (8.02%), a-bergamotene (6.56%), eugenol (4.60%), 1,8-cineole (4.04%), germacrene D (2.06%), thymol (1.64%), and (E)- citral (1.55%), respectively. Essential oil exhibited antioxidant potential and IC50 = (1.180 ± 0.015)mg/mL. Non-polar crude extracts yieldswere low compared to the one of polar extracts. Only methanol and ethyl acetate had considerably manifested antioxidant potential with IC50 values equal to (0.025 ± 0.013) mg/mL and (0.085 ± 0.012) mg/mL, respectively. As concerns to IC50 values, essential oil was less active than methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The methanol crude extract exhibited the highest activity. Non-polar extracts showed insignificant radical scavenging ability that did not allow assessing IC50 values. These results highlighted the occurrence of antioxidant potential compounds in polar media. Conclusions: Essential oil and crude extracts of O. basilicum growing in DR Congo can be advocated as natural sources of antioxidant potential compounds not only in food but also in pharmaceutical industries. The high antioxidant potential of polar crude extracts highlights antioxidant character of its composition particularly butyl stearate and rosmarinic acid we isolated and identified, respectively in the methanol crude extract.

1037–1043

Authors: Kayini Chigayo, Paul Eanas Lesedi Mojapelo, Simon Mnyakeni-Moleele, Jane Masiiwa Misihairabgwi

Objective: To determine suitable phytochemical extraction solvents, screen for phytochemicals, determine the total phenol and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts of Kirkia wilmsii (K. wilmsii), an ethnomedicine in South Africa. Methods: Extractionswere performed fromdried tubers of the K. wilmsii plant, using several solvents and varying extraction times. Extract yields were determined and suitable extraction solvents were selected. Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically using gallic acid and quercetin as standards. The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, cardenolide deoxy sugars and reducing sugars.Of the 12 solvent extracts used, six gave yields higher than 5%, while the other six gave yields less than 1%. The highest extract yield of 52.9%was obtained using 80%methanol while the lowest yield of 7.3%was obtained using ethanol at 60 min. The 80% methanol, methanol/chloroform/water (12:5:3) and 60% methanol extracts were significantly higher than those of ethanol, methanol and water (P < 0.05). Total phenolic content recorded extracts ranged from (45.32 ± 0.50) to (122.84 ± 0.31) mg gallic acid equivalent per gram. A maximum total flavonoid content of (917.02 ± 0.10) mg quercetin equivalent per gram and a minimum of (206.26 ± 0.10) mg quercetin equivalent per gram were recorded for methanol and water, respectively. The flavonoid content for methanol was significantly higher than all the other extracts (P < 0.05). The scavenging profiles of K. wilmsii extracts were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of ascorbic acid and IC50 values ranged from 129.94 mg/mL for methanol to 225.04 mg/mL for water. An IC50 value of 56.52 mg/mL was obtained with ascorbic acid. Conclusions: Ethanol, methanol, methanol/chloroform/water, 80% methanol, 60% methanol and water can be used as suitable phytochemical extraction solvents for K. wilmsii tubers. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content analysis proved the presence of high levels of phenolic compounds as well as flavonoids. The presence of phenols and flavonoid could be responsible for the radical scavenging activities observed.

1050–1055

Authors: Patcharawan Tanamatayarat

Objective: To evaluate all parts of Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) Engl. (P. serratum) for their phytochemistry and biological activities including antityrosinase, antioxidant, and brine shrimp lethality. Methods: Nine ethanolic extracts from different P. serratum parts such as twig, whole fruit, pericarp, and root were investigated for their phytochemical screening and biological activities in terms of tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant against 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals, and lethality to brine shrimp larvae. Results: Phytochemical screening also revealed the presence of flavonoids, condensed tannins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, and sugars in P. serratum. The root extract was the most effective for antityrosinase activity with IC50 of (21.63 ± 0.31) mg/mL, and the leaf extract exhibited the highest antioxidation activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods, with IC50 of (4.34 ± 0.09) and (119.80 ± 1.01) mg/ mL, respectively. The essential oil extracted from the whole fruit displayed the highest toxicity against brine shrimp, with LC50 of (3.57 ± 1.82) mg/mL. Conclusions: This study indicates that ethanolic extracts from each P. serratum part have differences in phytochemistry and biological activities (antityrosinase, antioxidant, and brine shrimp lethality). Some parts of the plant should be considered in the further study.

1065–1075

Authors: Hassan Nasirian

The brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (Blattaria: Blattellidae) (S. longipalpa), recently has infested the buildings and hospitals in wide areas of Iran, and this review was prepared to identify current knowledge and knowledge gaps about the brown-banded cockroach. Scientific reports and peer-reviewed papers concerning S. longipalpa and relevant topics were collected and synthesized with the objective of learning more about health-related impacts and possible management of S. longipalpa in Iran. Like the German cockroach, the brown-banded cockroach is a known vector for food-borne diseases and drug resistant bacteria, contaminated by infectious disease agents, involved in human intestinal parasites and is the intermediate host of Trichospirura leptostoma and Moniliformis moniliformis. Because its habitat is widespread, distributed throughout different areas of homes and buildings, it is difficult to control. Considering its possible resistance to insecticides, the control situation may be far more complex. For improved control of S. longipalpa an integrated pest management program is needed. Sanitation, indoor insecticide spraying in the initial cockroach control phase and insecticide formulation baits are recommended simultaneously.

909–913

Authors: Masteria Yunovilsa Putra, Tutik Murniasih, Respati Tri Swasono, Joko Tri Wibowo, Annissa Nur Cahya Saputri, Meilia Rahma Widhiana, Irma Shita Arlyza

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, antimalarial activities and cytotoxicity of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions from a crude extract of Lobophytum sp. Methods: This organism was collected from the Selayar Islands (South Sulawesi). The antioxidant activity was performed by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging method. All fractions from the crude extract of Lobophytum sp. were examined for their cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay and heme polymerization inhibitory activity assay for antimalarial activity. Results: It was found that the ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions exhibited heme polymerization inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 11.7, 14.3 and 12.0 mg/mL, respectively, while the n-butanol fraction showed moderate antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 150.00 and 92.74 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: This study provides information on antioxidant, antibacterial and antimalarial activities as well as the cytotoxicity of all fractions from the crude extract of Lobophytum sp. This is a new report of antimalarial substances derived from Lobophytum sp.

924–930

Authors: Yunita Armiyanti, Renam Putra Arifianto, Elisa Nurma Riana, Kartika Senjarini, Widodo Widodo, Loeki Enggar Fitri, Teguh Wahju Sardjono

Objective: To identify antigenic proteins from the salivary glands of female Anopheles maculatus using a proteomic approach to find the biomarker candidate for serological tools. Methods: The identification of antigenic proteins of Anopheles maculatus salivary gland used these techniques: one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), western blot, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The proteins that have molecular weight (MW) 43 and 34 kDa were the antigenic protein. Computational bioinformatic analysis by Mascot Server revealed seven novel hypothetical proteins (MW: 43 kDa) and two novel hypothetical proteins (MW: 34 kDa). Further analysis (BLASTP, antigenicity, epitope mapping, and specificity analysis) showed that two novel proteins were identified as apolipoprotein D and cathepsin D in Anopheles darlingi. Conclusions: The identified proteins are potential to be developed as a biomarker of mosquito bite's exposure.

937–944

Authors: Idir Moualek, Ghenima Iratni Aiche, Nadjet Mestar Guechaoui, Souad Lahcene, Karim Houali

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Arbutus unedo (A. unedo) leaves. Methods: In this context, the in vitro antioxidant activity was demonstrated by 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical and H2O2 radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating, ferric reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and by the protection against peroxidation of b-carotene-linoleic acid in emulsion. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated first by studying the membrane of human red blood cells against different hypotonic concentrations of NaCl and against heat, inhibiting the denaturation of albumin. Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid content were found respectively [(207.84 ± 15.03) mg gallic acid equivalent/g, and (13.070 ± 0.096) mg quercetin equivalent/g]. The extract displayed significant scavenging activity of some radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl [IC50 at (7.956 ± 0.278) mg/mL],
OH [IC50 = (1015.74 ± 46.35 mg/ mL)], H2O2 [IC50 = (114.77 ± 16.86) mg/mL] and showed a good antioxidant activity through ferrous ion chelating activity [IC50 = (1014.30 ± 36.21) mg/mL], ferric reducing power [IC50 = (156.55 ± 17.40) mg/mL], total antioxidant capacity [IC50 = (461.67 ± 4.16) mg/mL] and b-carotene-linoleic acid protection against peroxidation [I % = (87.04 ± 1.21)% at 1 000 mg/mL]. Conclusions: A. unedo showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the heat induced albumin denaturation and red blood cells membrane stabilization. Our results show that aqueous leaf extract of A. unedo has good antioxidant activity and interesting anti-inflammatory properties. A. unedo aqueous extract can be used to prevent oxidative and inflammatory processes.

950–956

Authors: Poonsit Hiransai, Jitbanjong Tangpong, Chuthamat Kumbuar, Namon Hoonheang, Onrunee Rodpech, Padchara Sangsuk, Urairat Kajklangdon, Waraphorn Inkaow

Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity, reduction in nitric oxide production and antioxidative activity of the aqueous leaf extract from Tithonia diversifolia (T. diversifolia) in an in vitro model. Methods: Leaves of T. diversifolia were collected from natural habitats and extracted with distilled water using the decoction method. The cytotoxic effect of the extract in terms of cell viability was determined using RAW264.7 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) via the mitochondrial respiration method using the MTT reagent. The effect of the extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells was measured using the Griess reagent. The chemical antioxidant was evaluated by ABTS- and DPPH-radical scavenging assays. Results: The half-maximal cytotoxic concentration values were 145.87 mg/mL and 73.67 mg/mL for human PBMCs and RAW264.7 cells, respectively. In the presence of phytohemagglutinin-M, the IC50 on PBMCs proliferation was 4.42 mg/mL. The noncytotoxic range of the extracts inhibited LPS-induced nitrite production in RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 11.63 mg/mL. To determine the anti-oxidative properties, the N-acetyl cysteine equivalent antioxidant capacity of the extract was (32.62 ± 1.87) and (20.99 ± 2.79) mg N-acetyl cysteine/g extract, respectively determined by the ABTS-radical and DPPHradical assay. However, the extract did not confer death protection in a hydrogen peroxideinduced RAW264.7 co-culturing model. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated the immunomodulation caused by the aqueous leaf extract of T. diversifolia, resulting from the inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-Minduced PBMCs proliferation and LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Although the anti-oxidative activity was presented in the chemical-based anti-oxidant assay, the extract cannot protect cell death from stress conditions.

962–966

Authors: Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair, Syariful Anam, Subehan Lallo

Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxic activity of wood extracts of Lunasia amara Blanco (L. amara) and to perform further phytochemical standardization. Methods: The wood extracts of L. amara were assessed for cytotoxic activity by in vitro tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method against two human cancer cell lines, cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and breast cancer cells (T47D). Thin layer chromatography, Dragendorf, acetic anhydride-sulfuric acid and ferric chloride were used to detect alkaloids, steroids and polyphenols, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative determination of total alkaloid by ultra fast liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection using lunacrine as a marker compound was performed as well. Results: The ethyl acetate extract exhibited higher cell-growth inhibition than methanol and n-hexane extracts on HeLa and T47D cancer line cells with the IC50 of 71.15 and 79.04 mg/mL, respectively. Total alkaloid in ethyl acetate extract was counted as (10.46 ± 0.28)% (w/w), while lunacrine determined by ultra fast liquid chromatographyphotodiode array detection method was found to be (3.55 ± 0.26)% (w/w). Conclusions: The high total alkaloid and lunacrine concentration on the extract confirm the potential cytotoxic property of ethyl acetate wood extract of L. amara.

973–974

Authors: Silvia Angeletti, Rossella Ottaviani, Arcangela Michela Lanotte, Lucia Pedicino, Marina De Cesaris, Alessandra Lo Presti, Eleonora Cella, Marta Fogolari, Massimo Ciccozzi, Giordano Dicuonzo

No

982–988

Authors: Baha Latif, Azdayanti Muslim

Sarcocystosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a coccidian intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Sarcocystis. More than 200 Sarcocystis species have been recorded and the parasites are found in mammals, birds and reptiles. They require two hosts to complete their life cycle. In Malaysia, sarcocystosis was reported as a potential emerging food and water-borne disease after a series of large outbreak of human infections. There was not enough attention given before even though it was reported in both humans and animals. The first human case of invasive muscular sarcocystosis among local Malaysian was reported in 1975. Besides, a retrospective autopsy examination on 100 tongues revealed 21% positive cases. On top of that, a sero-epidemiological survey conducted in 243 subjects in West Malaysia showed that 19.7% had Sarcocystis antibodies. The clinical symptoms of muscular sarcocystosis were first described comprehensively in 1999. Meanwhile, many types of animals including livestock were found harbor the sarcocysts in their tissue. The first case of human intestinal sarcocystosis was reported in 2014. This review indicates that human sarcocystosis is currently endemic in Malaysia and parallel to that reported in animals. However, more studies and investigations need to be conducted since the source of human infection remains unknown.

825–829

Authors: Rolf Karl Schuster, Saritha Sivakumar, J¨org Kinne

Objective: To study the development of Physocephalus dromedarii (P. dromedarii) in the final host. Methods: For this, 5 adult dromedaries were orally infected with third larval stages of P. dromedarii obtained from naturally infected scarab beetles (Scarabaeus cristatus). The camels were necropsied 14, 42, 70, 84 and 280 days after infection and their abomasi were examined for the presence of nematodes. Results: Early 4th stage larva occurred already 2 weeks after infection. They were still in the sheet of the 3rd stage larva. Six weeks after infection, the nematodes became juvenile male and female adults measuring 9 and 10 mm, respectively. Their size doubled at 10 weeks post infection and patency was reached at 12 weeks. P. dromedarii was still present in the camel that was examined 40 weeks after infection. Conclusions: As a result of experimental infection of the natural host, the determined prepatent period of P. dromedarii equalled 12 weeks. 1. Introduction Nematodes of the genus Physocephalus in dromedaries were reported for

836–840

Authors: Marwa Chraibi, Abdellah Farah, Sara Lebrazi, Oumaima El Amine, Mohammed Iraqui Houssaini, Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim

Objective: To evaluate the susceptibility of Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium smegmatis in vitro to the essential oils obtained from two medicinal plants: Thymus satureioides (T. satureioides) and Mentha pulegium (M. pulegium), and to study their chemical composition. Methods: The aerial parts of T. satureioides and M. pulegium (leaves and stems) were hydro-distillated using a Clevenger-type apparatus and essential oils were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimycobacterial screening of essential oils was performed on the basis of the inhibition zone diameter by disc diffusion method against two mycobacterial strains whereas the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration were determined by using the micro-dilution method. Results: Chemical analysis of their aerial part's essential oils gave as major compounds, borneol (34.26%), carvacrol (31.21%) and thymol (3.71%) for T. satureioides and R(+)- pulegone (75.48%), carvone (6.66%) and dihydrocarvone (4.64%) for M. pulegium. Thereafter their antimycobacterial effect evaluation, using the micro-dilution method, indicated that minimal inhibitory concentration values of T. satureioides essential oil ranged from 0.062% to 0.015% (v/v) and from 0.125% to 0.031% (v/v) for M. pulegium respectively against Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Conclusions: It is clearly evident from the results obtained that the Moroccan medicinal plants have great potential to be used as anti-tuberculosis agents. These findings may help scientists to undertake several research projects to discover useful natural product as new anti-tuberculosis drug. 1. Introduction The infectious

846–850

Authors: Gulcin Bilgin Gocmen, Funda Yanikoglu, Dilek Tagtekin, George K. Stookey, Bruce R. Schemehorn, Osman Hayran

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of herbal medicaments such as ginger, rosemary and honey on remineralization of initial enamel lesion. Methods: Demineralized human enamel specimens were measured for baseline surface microhardness and fluorescence methods. Ten specimens in each of four groups were used in this in vitro recycling study with the following treatments which applied three times a day: 1) sodium fluoride toothpaste (Ipana, Procter & Gamble, Turkey), 2) gingerhoney (Arifoglu Herbals, Anzer Honey, Turkey), 3) ginger-honey-chocolate (Bind Chocolate, Turkey), 4) rosemary oil (Arifoglu Herbals, Turkey). Treatment regimens of demineralization and remineralization cycle were applied for 21 days. The post-treatment data were obtained by measurements of surface microhardness and fluorescence methods. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA test with Tukey's honest significant difference test. Results: Enhanced remineralization was observed with several of the treatment systems including ginger + honey and rosemary. Significant differences between treatments were observed by microhardness and FluoreCam fluorescence assesment, compared to the positive control group (NaF dentifrice). Significantly, greater remineralization was observed with the honey + ginger treatment regimen. No significant differences between groups were observed using the fluorescence assessment method, quantitative lightinduced fluorescence. Conclusions: Herbals (ginger, honey and rosemary) have enhanced remineralization of initial enamel lesion.

858–865

Authors: Sillma Rampadarath, Daneshwar Puchooa, Rajesh Jeewon

Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial activities as well as the phytochemical and lavicidal properties of different parts of Jatropha curcas L. (J. curcas) growing in Mauritius. Methods: Determination of the presence of phytochemicals in the crude plants extracts by test tube reactions. Disc diffusion method and microdilution method were used to detect the antimicrobial sensitivity and activity (minimal inhibitory concentration). The crude solvent extracts were also tested on the larvae of two insects, Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera, Tephritidae). Results: The antimicrobial activities were significantly dependent for the different crude plant extracts on the thirteen microorganisms tested. For the Gram-positive bacteria, the crude ethyl acetate extract was more efficient compared to the Gram-negative bacteria with both solvents being effective. The crude ethyl acetate extract of J. curcas bark and mature seed oil showed the highest efficacy. The highest mortality percentage was observed after 24 h for both Diptera flies with (66.67 ± 2.89)% of Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae killed by ethyl acetate extract of J. curcas bark. Conclusions: This paper compared the different J. curcas plant sections with respect to the effectiveness of the plant as a potential candidate for new pharmaceuticals. The larvicidal effect was also studied in order to demonstrate the dual purpose of the plant.

872–880

Authors: Abdurrahim Kocyigit, Ismail Koyuncu, Murat Dikilitas, Fatemeh Bahadori, Baki Turkkan

Objective: To assess and compare the cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating effects of naringenin (NG) and its new derived compound naringenin-oxime (NG-Ox) on MCF-7, HT-29, PC-12 cancer and L-929 normal cell lines. Methods: The cells were incubated with different doses of NG-Ox and NG (50– 1000 mmol/L) for 24 h. The cell viability was assessed based on ATP cell viability assay. Intracellular accumulation of ROS was determined using the fluorescent probes 2070- dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate. Genotoxic effects were evaluated by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) and, the apoptotic effect was evaluated by acridine orange staining at below the IC50 levels. Results: Both NG-Ox and NG exhibited cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic effects and resulted in increased ROS values in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were more pronounced on cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic effects of NG-Ox were higher than that of NG in all cell lines. Significant correlations were observed between cell viability, DNA damage, apoptosis and ROS, in all cell lines exposed to either NG-Ox or NG. Conclusions: This study showed that both NG-Ox and NG possess cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic activities through the production of ROS on cells, NG-Ox being the more effective one. Therefore, derived compound of NG might be used as antiproliferative agents for the treatment of cancer.

886–891

Authors: Amin Salehi, Hamidreza Tasdighi, Majid Gholamhoseini

Objective: To investigate the effect of drought stress and organic fertilizer on German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) nutrient uptake, leaf chlorophyll content and osmotic adjustment under field conditions. Methods: This experiment was carried out through a randomized complete block design with a split factorial arrangement of treatments in three replications. The main plots were subjected to the following irrigation treatments: irrigation after 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mm evaporation from Class A pan. The sub-plots were treated with three vermicompost doses (0, 5 and 10 t/ha). Results: Although drought stress reduced the nutrient percentages in the shoots, application of vermicompost enhanced the nutrient percentages, particularly when the plants were subjected to moderate to severe drought stress conditions. Moreover, the results of this study showed that the interaction between irrigation treatments and vermicompost rates on leaf chlorophyll content was significant. Comparison between the combined treatments indicated that under normal irrigation and moderate drought stress conditions chamomile plants received 5 and 10 t/ha vermicompost showed significantly higher leaf chlorophyll content comparing to the control treatment. Conclusions: Totally, organic fertilization by vermicompost could partly alleviate the effect of drought stress on chamomile by increasing N, P and K uptake and leaf soluble sugar, especially in stressed treatments.

896–902

Authors: Hafiz Irfan Muhammad, Mohd Zaini Asmawi, Nurzalina Abdul Karim Khan

Plants have provided sources to find novel compounds. These plants are being used as therapeutic purposes since the birth of mankind. The traditional healers normally utilize medicinal plants as crude drugs while scientists using the folk claim as guides to explore medicinal plants. Moringa oleifera is a famous edible plant having therapeutic and nutritive values. The present study was designed to cumulate the research data regarding to what extent, phytochemical, nutritional and glycemic control studies has been explored using its different extracts. The articles indicated that the powder, aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera (leaves, pods, seeds, stem and root bark) have significant therapeutic herbal potential to treat diabetes mellitus. Collectively, the mechanism behind is intestinal glucose inhibition, insulin release as well as decrease in insulin resistance probably regeneration of b-cells of pancreas, increase in glutathione and reduction in malondialdehyde. Conclusively, this article give descriptive information about antidiabetic effect, claimed marker compounds and proposed antihyperglycemic mechanism of a single plant. It can be suggested a potential herbal source to treat diabetes mellitus as being widely accepted by major population as nutrition and therapeutic agent

730–734

Authors: Aioub Sofizadeh, Hamideh Edalat, Mohammad Reza Abai, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd

Objective: To determine fauna and some ecological aspects of Anopheles mosquitoes in northeast of Iran. Methods: In this descriptive study, 3 villages in Kalaleh County were selected in different geographical zones. Anopheles mosquitoes were collected biweekly from May to October using standard dipping method for larvae, and hand catch, total catch, artificial pit shelter as well as night-biting collections on human and animal baits for adults. Results: Totally 399 larvae and 2602 adults of Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and identified as 2 species: Anopheles superpictus s.l. (An. superpictus s.l.) and Anopheles maculipennis s.l. The dominant species was An. superpictus s.l. (92.1%). Activity of these mosquitoes found to be started from middle of May and extended till September with two peaks of activity in July and August. Conclusions: An. superpictus s.l. as one of the main malaria vectors in Iran as well as some other parts of the world is the dominant species in the study area. This species has high potential for transmission and possibility of establishing a transmission cycle with low abundance. Other species, Anopheles maculipennis s.l. also has introduced as a malaria vector in northern parts of Iran. As this Anopheles is a complex species, genetic studies are recommended to determine the members of this complex in the study area.

740–744

Authors: Rosella Camere-Colarossi, Gabriela Ulloa-Urizar, Dyanne Medina-Flores, Stefany Caballero-García, Frank Mayta-Tovalino, Juana del Valle-Mendoza

Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of Myrciaria dubia (Camu camu) (M. dubia) methanol extract, against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556) (S. sanguinis). Methods: Two methanol extracts of M. dubia were prepared in vitro, from the seeds and pulp. Ten independent tests were prepared for each type of extract, using 0.12% chlorhexidine solution as positive control. Agar diffusion test was used by preparing wells with the experimental solutions cultivated in anaerobic conditions for 48 h at 37
C. Meanwhile, the minimum inhibitory concentration and the cytotoxic effect over MDCK cell line was found. Results: A higher antibacterial effect was observed with the methanol seed extract with an inhibitory halo of (21.36 ± 6.35) mm and (19.21 ± 5.18) mm against S. mutans and S. sanguinis, respectively. The methanol extract of the pulp had an effect of (16.20 ± 2.08) mm and (19.34 ± 2.90) mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the pulp extract was 62.5 mg/mL for both strains, whereas for the seed antibacterial activity was observed even at low concentrations. The CC50 of the seeds extract was at a higher concentration than 800 mg/mL and 524.37 mg/mL for the pulp extract. Conclusions: The experimental findings demonstrated the antibacterial effect of the methanol extract of M. dubia against S. mutans and S. sanguinis. These extracts were not cytotoxic at high concentrations.

751–754

Authors: Azis Saifudin, Alfian Mahardika Forentin, Arini Fadhilah, Kuswandi Tirtodiharjo, Witri Dyah Melani, Devita Widyasari, Tri Agus Saroso

Objective: To search an herbal material, capable of inhibiting plaque producing bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Twenty materials comprising 10 flowers and 10 rhizomes were extracted with 70% ethanol. Their activity was then examined at a concentration of 10% (w/v) against Streptococcus mutans in vitro on Mueller–Hinton media. Erythromycin (Oxoid, 20 mg disc) was used as a positive control. Meanwhile, to establish a fingerprint guide for authentication or quality control, the most potent material was further analyzed regarding its chemical constituents by means of reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Results: Of the tested samples, Sesbania grandiflora (S. grandiflora) flower and Costus speciosus rhizome extracts showed the most potent activity with inhibited zone diameters of 18.5 and 14.8 mm, respectively. On the other hand, other extract plants showed a diameter zone in the range of 0.5–10.6 mm or being inactive (diameter = 0 mm). The activity of S. grandiflora was comparable to that of erythromycin (diameter = 18.0 mm). The best separation was achieved on HPLC system with acetonitrile-water with a ratio of 2:8, and a flow rate at 0.5 mL/min. TLC, meanwhile, was featured on chloroform– methanol (8.5:1.5) as a mobile system. Conclusions: S. grandiflora flower is a promising material to be developed as the active ingredient of anti-plaque toothpaste as well as mouthwash solution. The developed HPLC and TLC system can be used for a further standard in its material authentication as well as for a fingerprinting of quality control during the manufacturing process.

760–766

Authors: Amina Benabdallah, Chaabane Rahmoune, Mahieddine Boumendjel, Oumayma Aissi, Chokri Messaoud

Objective: To investigate the total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins content and the in vitro antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of six wild Mentha species which are Mentha aquatica, Mentha arvensis, Mentha piperita, Mentha pulegium, Mentha rotundifolia and Mentha villosa. Methods: The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenols content while flavonoids were estimated according to the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. To evaluate tannins content, vanillin and HCl were added to methanolic extracts. The antioxidant potential was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating and the inhibition of b-carotene bleaching assays. Results: The methanol extracts of Algerian mints were rich in phenolic compounds and exhibited powerful antioxidant activity ranging from 7.5 mg/mL to 44.66 mg/mL, which varied significantly among species. Mentha aquatica stood out with efficient antioxidant ability which was correlated to the high total phenolics content, followed by Mentha arvensis and Mentha piperita with very close values, comparing to Mentha pulegium, Mentha rotundifolia and Mentha villosa with lowest values. Conclusions: These results show that methanolic extracts of Mentha species from Algeria have a great potential of polyphenols which can be used as a natural food preservative and antioxidant source.

771–777

Authors: Abd El-Moneim Mohamed Radwan Afify, Hazem Mohamed Mahmoud Hassan

Objective: To evaluate three flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (H. rosa-sinensis), Quisqualis indica (Q. indica) and Senna surattensis (S. surattensis) for their antioxidant activity by different methods in addition to total phenolic, flavonoid and pigment contents. Methods: Antioxidant activity of water, ethanol and absolute ethanol extracts of three flowers; H. rosa-sinensis, Q. indica and S. surattensis was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity, ferrous chelating activity, reducing power, nitric oxide scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity as well as total antioxidant capacity. Total flavonoids, total phenols and total pigments including chlorophylls and carotenoids were measured for the three flowers. Results: The results showed that the highest total antioxidant capacity at concentration of 500 mg/L was found in S. surattensis as 0.479 ± 0.001. Scavenging activity of H. rosasinensis, Q. indica and S. surattensis flower extracts against 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical showed the highest activity of (90.20 ± 0.29)% with 500 mg/L. Phytochemical screening of the three flowers extracts were carried out for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, amino acid and mucilages. H. rosa-sinensis showed the total phenolic in water extract of (235.77 ± 14.31) mg/100 g, the other two flowers Q. indica and S. surattensis had the total phenolic in ethanol extracts of (937.70 ± 25.06) and (850.30 ± 13.81) mg/100 g, respectively. On the other hand total flavonoids were identified in absolute ethanol extracts in the three flowers [(32.83 ± 1.34), (49.24 ± 4.87) and (2.79 ± 0.23) mg/100 g, respectively]. Conclusions: The extracts in the constituents of the three flowers could be used as additives as supplement fractions in foods.

785–794

Authors: Fernanda Furlan Gonçalves Dias, Ana Lúcia Tasca Gois Ruiz, Adriana Della Torre, Helia Harumi Sato

Objective: To explore the anti-proliferative activity of purified L-asparaginase from Aspergillus oryzae CCT 3940 (A. oryzae). Methods: L-asparaginase was produced by submerged fermentation and purified to electrophoresis homogeneity by ionic exchanged chromatography in a fast protein liquid chromatographic system. The purified enzyme was characterized and used for the antiproliferative assay against nine tumor cell lines and one non-tumor cell line. Results: The free glutaminase L-asparaginase was purified 28.6 fold. L-asparaginase showed high stability under physiological condition, remaining stable in the pH range 7.0–8.0 after 1 h incubation at temperature range 30–45
C. The Km and Vmax values of purified L-asparaginase were estimated as 0.66 mmol/L and 313 IU/mL, respectively. The purified enzyme could inhibit the growth of a broad range of human tumor cell lines at the concentrations studied. Also, the enzyme from A. oryzae CCT 3940 could inhibit tumor growth of leukemia cell line (K562) with a total growth inhibition value of (3.2 ± 2.5) IU/ mL and did not inhibit the non-carcinogenic human cell line growth at the concentrations studied. Conclusions: The sensitivity of the cells lines to purified L-asparaginase from A. oryzae CCT 3940 appeared to be concentration dependent affording a more significant decrease in cell growth than that observed for the commercial L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli. The L-asparaginase from A. oryzae CCT 3940 has a high potential for pharmaceutical exploitation in the treatment of leukemia.

801–802

Authors: Ouarda Ayadi, Mohamed Gharbi, Mohamed Cherif Benchikh Elfegoun

The authors studied the impact of tropical theileriosis onset on milk yield decrease in 10 local bred cows in Skikda (Northern Algeria) during 2015 summer season. The milk yield decrease estimated weekly during two months was 2.76 L/day/cow corresponding to 31.92% of the total milk yield. This decrease corresponds to 110.5 Algerian Dinars (1.02 US$)/day/diseased cow. The relative variation of milk yield showed a dramatic decrease from 82.72% to 0.76% at Day 21 then became constant. Further studies are needed to improve these estimations of financial losses due to bovine tropical theileriosis in Algeria.

808–814

Authors: Mohamed Amine Gacem, Aminata Ould El Hadj-Khelil

Mycotoxins and their derivatives since their discoveries and until the present time are behind unspecified economic and medical damages. Aflatoxins are classified according to their physical–chemical and toxicological characters in the most dangerous row of the mycotoxins. These aflatoxins are in part responsible, of irreversible medical disasters that are not easily manageable such as cancer of the liver and kidneys, and in the other part, of losses in the stored cereal products. Based on these crucial findings, monitoring of this toxin became imperative in post-harvest food products, during storage, during transformation chain and even during the long phases of conservation. Vigilance of this toxin is delivered by detection methods using very advanced technologies to respond in the shortest possible times. In addition, the knowledge of factors supporting the biosynthesis of aflatoxins such as the temperature, moisture content, concentration of nitrogen and carbon, and the molecules responsible for the genetic control of the synthesis will be reflected later in the choice of bio-control techniques. This control is currently based on new strategies using the bioactives substances of the plants, the lactic bacteria and some strains of actinomycetes that have good inhibiting activity against aflatoxins with fewer side effects on Man. On the other hand, this brief review summarizes the results of new studies demonstrating the toxicity of the toxin, new detection methods and bio-control.

640–645

Authors: Ghada Mohamed El-Bassiony, John George Stoffolano Jr

Objective: To compare the differences in intake and excretion between Musca domestica and other three species from families Muscidae and Calliphoridae which may help explaining the significance of house fly in the transmission of pathogens. Methods: The four adult species were supplied with two concentrations of sucrose via modified capillary feeder assay system. The two sucrose concentrations were applied to one adult male/each experiment and the elimination spots were counted. Using 0.25 mol/ L sucrose + 0.25% bromophenol blue, one active non-starved male/cup was observed carefully for 1 h to record its behavior. As a growing medium used in bacterial transmission experiments, undiluted trypticase soy broth was used to feed 3-day-old females and males of Musca domestica following two different diets upon emergence and the frequency of elimination spots was estimated. Results: The two Musca species have half the weight of the two Phormia species. Comparing the volume of intake per hour, house fly took as much as the other species, all of which were larger. House fly produced twice, or more, the number of elimination spots/h than the other three species. Feeding the flies a sugar liquid diet resulted in producing more fecal spots than regurgitation spots. The male house flies produced less elimination spots/h when fed with trypticase soy broth than with the two sucrose solutions. Conclusions: House flies eliminated more than the other examined fly species and most of these elimination events were defecation which implicates the fecal route for pathogen transmission by this important vector.

651–657

Authors: Mohamed Saleh Abdelfattah, Mohammed Ismail Youssef Elmallah, Usama Wahid Hawas, Lamia Taha Abou El-Kassema, Mennat Allah Gamal Eid

Objective: To isolate and evaluate the cytotoxic activity of different actinomycetes species isolated from the Red Sea coast in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Methods: Forty actinomycetes strains were isolated from different sediments and seawater samples collected from the Red Sea coast in Egypt. Actinomycetes were recognized by morphological and microscopic examinations. Cell viability and cytotoxicity induced by the crude extracts on breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 were assessed using methylene blue assay. The strains with promising cytotoxic activity were identified by sequencing and amplifying the 16S rRNA genes. The antibacterial activities of the crude extracts were performed using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The results indicated that five ethyl acetate extracts exhibited cytotoxicity towards breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231. The highest cytotoxic activity was found for the ethyl acetate extracts of EGY2 and EGY39. The isolate EGY3 was identified as a new Streptomyces species, while the actinomycete EGY22 was found to be a member of the genus Nocardiopsis sp. The crude extract of the isolate EGY8 showed slightly high antimicrobial activity against different test microorganisms. Conclusions: The results of the present study reveal that marine sediments of the Red Sea are a potent source of novel species of actinomycetes. The isolates may be useful in discovery of novel bioactive compounds and an important step in the development of microbial natural product research. 1. Introduction Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among women

665–670

Authors: Moussa Compaore´, Roland Nag-Tiˆ ero Meda´ , Sahabi Bakasso, Laurian Vlase, Martin Kiendrebeogo

Objective: To assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as to determine the flavonoids and phenolic acids content of active fractions. Methods: Two medicinal plant samples were extracted successively in Soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, methanol and n-butanol. Five methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was done through the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2). Polyphenolic compounds were analyzed by using a spectrophotometrical and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) methods. Results: The data showed that the stem leaves extracts of Commiphora africana and Loeseneriella africana possessed significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Polar extracts had radical scavenging effects and they reduced iron (III). The prostaglandin production was significantly stopped by acetonitrile and methanol extracts. These biological activities were supported by some bioactive compounds quantified by using the HPLC-MS. p-Coumaric acid, ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol and apigenin were the most metabolites quantified. Conclusions: The present study may explain the effectiveness of plants in traditional medicine of Burkina Faso, singularly Commiphora africana and Loeseneriella africana. The next investigation was to sub-fractionate the methanol fraction in order to isolate new antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.

677–681

Authors: Christiane Takayama, Felipe Meira de-Faria, Ana Cristina Alves de Almeida, Ricardo Jose Dunder´ 2, Luis Paulo Manzo2, Eduardo Augusto Rabelo Socca, Leonia Maria Batista, Marcos Jose Salvador´ , Alba Regina Monteiro Souza-Brito, Anderson Luiz-Ferreira

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis (R. officinalis) in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in vivo. Methods: The antioxidant properties of the essential oil obtained from R. officinalis were evaluated against gastric injury induced by absolute ethanol. Gastric tissues were prepared to enzymatic assays. The levels of glutathione, lipid peroxides, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase were measured. Results: Ethanol produced severe hemorrhagic lesions in the stomach with ulcerative lesion of (140.2 ± 37.2) mm2. In animals pretreated with essential oil of R. officinalis (50 mg/kg, p.o.), a significant inhibition of mucosal injury of (21.2 ± 7.1) mm2 (84% inhibition) was observed. The essential oil of R. officinalis protected the gastric mucosa probably by modulating the activities of the enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and increasing or maintaining the levels of glutathione. In addition, lipid peroxides levels were reduced. The essential oil of R. officinalis was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer and the main constituents were cineole (28.5%), camphor (27.7%) and alpha-pinene (21.3%). Conclusions: We suggest that the monoterpenes present in the essential oil obtained from R. officinalis may be among the active principles responsible for the antioxidant activity shown by essential oil of R. officinalis.

686–691

Authors: Guntur Berlian, Olivia Mayasari Tandrasasmita, Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata

Objective: To verify that Proliverenol has a potential ability in protecting cells from ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Activity of Proliverenol against ethanol-induced apoptosis was evaluated at mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 cell exposed to Proliverenol for 1 and 3 h. Results: Proliverenol conferred hepatoprotective activity through increasing cell survival up to 53%–69% via up-regulation of APEX1 DNA repair enzyme for 3.0–4.7 fold and down-regulating of nuclear factor-kB, tumor necrosis factora and caspase-8 expression, allowing them to prevent 4.5–6.9 fold of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) leakage in HepG2 cells. Our finding revealed that Proliverenol repressed expression of ALT, which is significantly important as possible alternative mechanism for increased blood transaminase activities. In addition, the result also showed that caspase-8 pathway seemed to be involved in the molecular pathway rather than directly inducing mitochondrial damage. Conclusions: The data support our hypothesis that Proliverenol has a potential ability in protecting cells from ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. We propose that Proliverenol provides hepatoprotective activity through up-regulating expression of APEX1 that repress DNA fragmentation, and down-regulating expression of nuclear factor-kB, tumor necrosis factora and caspase-8, which therefore repress ALT leakage and its expression.

698–701

Authors: Aylin Ugurlu, Aysegul Karahasan Yagci, Seyhan Ulusoy, Burak Aksu, Gulgun Bosgelmez-Tinaz

Objective: To investigate the effects of plant-derived phenolic compounds (i.e. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid) on the production of quorum sensing regulated virulence factors such as pyocyanin, biofilm formation and swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates. Methods: Fourteen clinical P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from urine samples and P. aeruginosa PA01 strain were included in the study. The antibacterial effects of phenolic compounds were screened by well diffusion assay. Pyocyanin and biofilm activity were measured from culture supernatants and the absorbance values were measured using a spectrophotometer. Swarming plates supplemented with phenolic acids were point inoculated with P. aeruginosa strains and the ability to swarm was determined by measuring the distance of swarming from the central inoculation site. Results: Tested phenolic compounds reduced the production of pyocyanin and biofilm formation without affecting growth compared to untreated cultures. Moreover, these compounds blocked about 50% of biofilm production and swarming motility in P. aeruginosa isolates. Conclusions: We may suggest that if swarming and consecutive biofilm formation could be inhibited by the natural products as shown in our study, the bacteria could not attach to the surfaces and produce chronic infections. Antimicrobials and natural products could be combined and the dosage of antimicrobials could be reduced to overcome antimicrobial resistance and drug side effects.

706–708

Authors: Mosaab Adl Eldin Omar, Layla Omran Elmajdoub, Mohammad Saleh Al-Aboody, Ahmed Mahmoud Elsify, Ahmed Osman Elkhtam, Abdelnasser A. Hussien

Objective: To present the molecular characterization of Cysticercus tenuicollis (C. tenuicollis) of Taenia hydatigena (T. hydatigena) from livestock isolates in Egypt, and to introduce a detailed image ofC. tenuicollis infection in ruminant animals in Upper Egypt. Methods: The prevalence rates of C. tenuicollis infections among the slaughtered animals from different organs were determined using the amplification of sequencing of the MT-CO1 gene. Results: In the present study the infection rates of C. tenuicollis were found to be 16% and 19% in sheep and goat samples respectively. Firstly we report one larval stage of T. hydatigena detected in the camel liver in Egypt. C. tenuicollis infection manifested a higher prevalence in females than in males. Those above two years of age manifested a higher infection rate than younger animals. The preferred site for the infection was the omentum: a 70% preference in sheep and a 68% preference in goats. The molecular characterization using the MT-CO1 gene of isolates from sheep, goats and camels corresponded to T. hydatigena. For this study, molecular characterizations of T. hydatigena were done for the first time in Egypt. Molecular tools are of great assistance in characterizing the C. tenuicollis parasite especially when the morphological character cannot be detected, because the metacestodes are frequently confused with infection by the hydatid cyst, especially when these occur in the visceral organs. In the present study, C. tenuicollis manifested high identity in the goat and sheep samples, while differences were found more frequently in the camel samples (10 base pair). Conclusions: Clearly molecular diagnosis for C. tenuicollis infection significantly helps to differentiate it from such other metacestodes as hydatidosis, which manifests a completely different pathogenicity and requires different control programs.

720–726

Authors: Amina Hoceini, Nihel Klouche Khelil, Ilhem Ben-Yelles, Amine Mesli, Sara Ziouani, Lotfi Ghellai, Nadia Aissaoui, Fatima Nas, Mounia Arab

Objective: To compare oral hygiene practices, education and social background, food intake and oral malodor of Algerian adults suffering from dental caries with normal controls, and to determine and compare the bacterial composition of the supragingival plaques from the above-mentioned groups. Methods: Participants completed a questionnaire and were clinically examined for dental caries using decayed, missing and filled teeth index according to the criteria laid down by the World Health Organization. Supragingival plaque samples were collected from 50 caries-free adults (CF) and 50 caries-active adults (CA). Standard procedures of culture and identification of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were used. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: A total of 117 bacterial strains were isolated from supragingival plaques in CF group subjects, 76 (64.96%) of them belonged to 9 aerobic genera, and 41 (35.04%) to 9 anaerobic genera (P < 0.05). While in the second group, 199 strains were isolated, 119 (59.80%) of the strains belonged to 10 aerobic genera and 80 (40.20%) to 10 anaerobic bacteria (P < 0.05). Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecium, Aerococcus viridans, Actinomyces meyeri, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Eubacterium limosum showed a significantly higher prevalence in the CA group (P < 0.05). The findings revealed that CA group had a high sugar intake (80%). A significantly higher frequency of tooth brushing (P < 0.000) and a significantly less self-reported oral malodor (P < 0.000) and tooth pain (P < 0.000) were found in CF group, while there was no association of socioeconomic levels and intake of meal snacks with dental caries. Conclusions: This study confirms the association of some aciduric bacteria with caries formation, and a direct association of sugar intake and cultural level with dental caries. Furthermore, oral hygiene practices minimize the prevalence of tooth decay.