International Journal of Anatomy and Research

1192-1197

Authors: Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant *1, Shaheen Rizvi 2.

The importance of Anatomy in undergraduate medical education cannot be adequately emphasised. For doctors, the human body is the focus of investigation and intervention on a daily basis; for this reason, the study of anatomy in some form, will continue to be essential to safe medical practice. It is necessary for core knowledge of anatomy to be assimilated by all doctors in order to practice medicine safely. It may be true that most doctors do not need to dissect a cadaver or study a prosection in order to practice, but if they do, it can improve their understanding and this surely has to be of benefit both for the safety of the patient and satisfaction of the doctor as a professional. Teacher-centered typically refers to learning situations in which the teacher asserts control over the material that students study. In contrast,to teacher centered learning, student-centered typically refers to forms of instruction that, for example, give students opportunities to lead learning activities, participate more actively in discussions, design their own learning projects, explore topics that interest them, and generally contribute to the design of their own course of study. Additionally, student-centered instruction is often associated with classrooms that feature desks arranged in circles or small groups (rather than rows of desks that face the teacher), with “self-guided” or “self-paced” learning, or with learning experiences that occur outside of traditional classroom settings. Anatomy teaching has undergone major changes due to time constraints and the rapid advances in computer technology. Also there has been a shift a teaching methodologies from a passive didactic teacher- centered approach to an active student - centered approach. Conclusion: We should develop and implement an instructional design that focuses on incorporating active-learning and student-centered pedagogy into what is previously a traditional lecture-based course. These changes will lead to sustainable improvements in student attitudes and performance. Although the changes to be implemented may require a significant time commitment in the first year ,it will essentially be a “one time investment” because it will not require extra effort to teach the revised model in the future. Furthermore, it will not only provide a model for revision of an individual course but can also provide a catalyst for institutional reform. KEY WORDS: Anatomy, Medical Education, Doctor, Practice Medicine, Teacher-Centered, Student-Centered, Small Groups, Self-Guided, Revised Model.

1207-1211

Authors: Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant *1, Shaheen Rizvi 2.

Introduction: Anatomy is one of the basic science disciplines in the medical undergraduate curriculum and forms the foundation for the training of future doctors. It not only involves a vast curriculum but for some students it is a complex and dry subject. To make it interesting, a lot of educators are of the opinion that knowledge of Anatomy should be acquired in a situation resembling those in which it will be applied. MCI (Medical Council of India) in its ‘VISION 2015’, has introduced a restructured curriculum and training program for undergraduate teaching with emphasis on early clinical exposure, integration of basic and clinical sciences, clinical competence and skills and new teaching learning methodologies. This according to MCI, will lead to a new generation of medical graduates of global standards. In the present setup, in the undergraduate curriculum, students are exposed to clinical subjects only during the second year. However, it has been observed that students find it difficult to recollect essential basic concepts during clinical postings. To improve this scenario, it has become necessary to introduce the students to clinical problems within the first undergraduate year itself, as advocated by the MCI. As medical education continues to advance, it is the endeavour of educators as well as MCI, to attempt to prepare students for their professional lives. ECE will help students to develop a professional identity, increase motivation to learn, ensure well integrated knowledge of the basic sciences so as to retain knowledge better and even consider career options earlier. ECE also promotes self-directed learning and analytical skills in students. Conclusion: ECE is a useful method for a basic science like anatomy if it is taken up with the traditional teaching method. Anatomy will be better understood, retained and later practically applied, if learned in a clinically significant set-up. KEY WORDS: Anatomy, Basic Science, Medical Undergraduate Curriculum, Future Doctors, Medical Council of India, Early Clinical Exposure, Integration of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Competence and Skills, New Teaching Learning Methodologies.

1216-1224

Authors: Srinivas Rao Bolla.

Objective: The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of mobile phone [MP] radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure for different durations on dendritic morphology and nerve cell damage in CA3 sub region of Hippocampus in Swiss albino mice. Materials &Methods: Total 70 Swiss albino mice of both sexes were used in the study. Animals were divided into 10 groups randomly. Five groups (n=6) were used for assessment of neuronal damage by cresyl violet staining. Another five groups (n=8) were used for assessment of dendritic morphology by Golgi- Cox staining. Groups were divided by exposure duration (15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes/ per day for 30 days); age matched unexposed groups served as controls. Results: Results of the study have shown that there was decrease in the number of viable neurons and dendritic arborization in CA3 sub region of hippocampus in 30, 45 and 60 min exposed groups. Conclusions: Increased neuronal damage and decreased dendritic arborization of hippocampal CA3 neurons was found with increase in exposure duration of MPRF-EMF. KEY WORDS: Hippocampus, CA3, Dendritic arborization, Mobile Phone, Radiofrequency.

1230-1236

Authors: Pooja Rani *1, Sunita Kalra 2.

Background: Sciatic nerve, the thickest and the largest nerve of the body, is formed in the pelvis. After passing through the greater sciatic foramen, it enters the gluteal region, and subsequently the nerve passes on the back of thigh to reach the superior angle of popliteal fossa where it bifurcates into tibial and common fibular nerves. It usually divides into its terminal branches outside the pelvis; however it may rarely divide within the pelvis. In such cases, the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve may leave the pelvis through different routes. The knowledge of different routes of exits of the sciatic nerve is of utmost importance for the surgeons and the interventionists dealing with this region as this is the site of innumerable surgical manipulations as well as nerve injuries during deep intramuscular injections in gluteal region, failed sciatic nerve block in anaesthesia and injury during posterior hip surgeries. These variations may result in non-discogenic sciatica because of the nerve compressions under other adjacent anatomic structures. Purpose of the study: This study is an attempt to analyse the course, distribution and levels of the division of sciatic nerve into tibial nerve and common fibular nerve and their clinical implications. Results: Out of the total 120 lower limbs studied, deviation from the usual described pattern was observed in four limbs. One cadaver showed bilateral variation while other two described unilateral disparity from the standard prototype. Conclusion: This knowledge of variant anatomy of division and course of sciatic nerve and its terminal branches will not only assist surgeons to take care during interventions, but also facilitate to plan accordingly during various surgical procedures and management. KEY WORDS: Sciatic Nerve Division, Clinical Implications, Surgical Interventions.

1240-1244

Authors: D.Krupa Daniel *1, Chithambaram Chandrasekaran 2, Ajith Mano 3.

Background: A flexible flatfoot is considered to be a variation of a normal foot. Any deviation from the anatomical plantigrade foot is a deformed foot. Some of the deformities of the foot are: Flat Foot. The normal concavity due to the medial longitudinal arch is absent. High Arch Foot - A normal foot has a medial longitudinal arch which is higher. Materials and Methods: A total population of 625, in age ranging from 5 year to 9 years in Kanchipuram district was chosen. Each individual was made to sit and the foot was brought in contact with the Foot Impression gaining Kit on white sheets in standing posture. Results: The flat feet and high arch feet evaluation was obtained by means of foot prints and the plantar arch index was established. The mean values of plantar arch index within the age group were stable and ranges from 0.72 to 0.73. With plantar arch indices greater than 1.15 was regarded as flatfeet and less than 0.10 was regarded as High arch feet. Discussion: In normal feet with presence of an arch, the stress will be distributed in an even manner so that the person will not experience any kind of pain. Under an abnormal condition that occurs due to lack of stretching of muscles, bones and tendons, there will be absence of arch among these people. In this condition, all the weight will be concentrated in smaller area on the feet and generates a lot more pain than normal. This condition might occur in both children and adults. In some people both feet will be flat and in some only one foot will be flat. Conclusion: Flat foot is highly prevalent in the ages between 5-9. The average values for plantar arch indices are stable and ranges from 0.72 to 0.73 in our sample regarded as Normal foot. Plantar arch index > 1.15 is regarded as Flat foot. Plantar arch index < 0.10 is regarded as High arch foot. KEY WORDS: Normal foot, Flat foot, High arch foot, Plantar arch Index, Types of feet.

1249-1251

Authors: Bindhu.S *1, Blessina Sugandhy 2.

Introduction: Estimation of sex is the ground for an exact identification of unknown human skeletal elements. Methods for sex assessment are based on the existence of morphological features in the skeleton that manifest differently according to sex or statistical differences in skeletal measurements. Due to the specific pattern of ontogeny and age related changes of sterna articular surface during adulthood the clavicle is widely used in the estimation of sex at death and in living people. Objectives: To evolve an easily applied formula to enable the assessment of sex in unknown clavicles and to document the comparative differences between right and left clavicles by using metrical parameters. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical college, Mangalore. The present study was conducted in 50 adult dry clavicle.Maximum clavicular length, maximum breadth of sterna end ,maximum breadth of acromial end and acromial surface area were measured by digital caliper and osteometric board. Results: The maximum length of clavicle () was statistically significant when compared with the clavicle of females. The other values like breadth of sternal end, breadth of acromial end and acromial surface area were greater in males when compared to females. Conclusion: Determination of sex the clavicle has a great medicolegal importance to the forensic people. And it also help the orthopedic implant manufactures and orthopedic surgeons to decide correct size and shape of plates and intramedullary nails for clavicular fractures in open reduction method. KEY WORDS: Clavicle, Acromion, Osteometric board, Digital Caliper.

1255-1258

Authors: Vinay Kumar V *1, Martin Lucas A 2, Vishal Kumar 3, Pradeep Kulal 4.

Introduction: Cadaveric dissection is routinely practiced for teaching anatomy for medical students. Anatomy is one of the most important subjects offered during the first year MBBS course. Dissection is very important in learning anatomy, so the first year students will encounter, most likely for the first time, a dead human body. This experience, even though emotionally stressful, provides essential knowledge and skills for their future studies. Methods: A total of 150 newly admitted first-year medical students emotional and physical reactions to cadaveric dissection were assessed by using a questionnaire. The questionnaires were given just before, after a week and 2 months after the initiation of dissection classes. Results: Most of the students experienced negative physical symptoms, such as eye irritation (63.33%), headache (10%), decrease in appetite (12%), nausea (3.3%), sweating (35.33%) giddiness (2.66%), shivering (4.66%) and desire to leave dissection hall (9.33%) in the first encounter with a cadaver in the dissection hall. They also experienced adverse emotional responses such as fear (61.33%), depression (14.66%). However, most of these reactions decreased significantly 2 months later, except for eye irritation and their interest has increased on subsequent visit to dissection classes. A majority (95.5%) considered the cadaver dissection to be the most helpful tool in learning anatomy and it increased their skills. Conclusion: The initial encounters with a cadaver caused emotional and physical stress to students, but most students adapted gradually to the stressful learning environment. The amount of stress can be greatly reduced if they are properly counselled before the dissection classes. Majority of students preferred dissection as the most useful tool to learn anatomy than any other method. KEY WORDS: Cadaver, Dissection, MBBS, Medical Students.

1267-1272

Authors: Bhagya Shree *1, Meenakshi Khullar 2, Ashwini Kumar 3, Zora Singh 4.

Background: The median artery is a transitory vessel that represents the arterial axis of the forearm during early embryonic life. When present, it appears mainly as two types: antebrachial and palmar. Context and purpose of the study: In the present study the objective was to investigate the occurrence and fate of palmar type of median artery. The study was conducted on 40 cadaveric upper extremities dissected in the department of Anatomy, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot, India. Results: In the present study, persistent median artery (palmar type) was seen in 2.5% of the limbs dissected. It was originating from the posterior aspect of the ulnar artery approximately 3.2 cm distal to the elbow joint. It pierced the median nerve (traversing from its medial to its lateral aspect) in the proximal third of the forearm. The artery then travelled lateral to the median nerve in rest of the forearm. Subsequently, it accompanied the median nerve into the palm passing deep to the flexor retinaculum. Finally, the artery terminated by completing the superficial palmar arch. In addition to the above described variant blood vessel, we also observed high division of median nerve into its medial and lateral branches. Clinical implications: When median artery is patent and reaches the hand, it forms the only arterial supply to the median nerve and damage to this artery could have serious effects. The aim of our study was to provide additional information about anomalous palmar type of median artery and its clinical implications. KEY WORDS: Palmar type of median artery, Median nerve, Superficial palmar arch.

1278-1280

Authors: Aparna. G.

High division of sciatic nerve into two components with an associated variation in the origin of superior and inferior gluteal nerves was observed in 70 yrs old male cadaver on right side. The components of sciatic nerve rejoined in the middle 2/3rd of thigh, and they redivided at the superior angle of popliteal fossa. It is a rare variation. Such variation is important for surgeons and nurses too. KEY WORDS: Sciatic nerve (SN), Superior and Inferior Gluteal nerves (SGN and IGN), Common Peroneal nerve (CPN).

1285-1288

Authors: Subhendu Pandit *1, Monalisa 2, Samrat Sapkota 3, Sushil Kumar 4.

Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) are congenital anomalies of the lumbosacral spine causing sacralisation or lumbarisation. Sacralisation has been defined as an abnormality where one of the transverse processes of L5 vertebra may articulate or fuse with the sacrum. The sacralisation has been studied for almost a century for its association with low back pain as “Bertolotti Syndrome”, but there are studies for and against its association. Castellvi in 1984 had propounded a radiographical classification identifying sacralisation in four sub types. Out of this, the Type IIA, is the least prevalent wherein there is a unilateral articulation of the L5 transverse process with the sacral ala. Inspite of the controversy, there is a high association of low back pain with disc degeneration, nerve root compression and degenerative facet joints observed with this condition. It is a widely researched vertebral anomaly for its anatomical, developmental and clinical ramifications. KEY WORDS : Lumbosacral vertebra, Sacralisation, Low back pain.

1293-1297

Authors: Usha Verma *1, Ritu Singroha 2, Preeti Malik 3.

Background: Dermatoglyphics, the study of fingerprints are constant and individualistic. It has been found useful in forensic medicine and identification purpose. It is useful in medical diagnosis of genetically inherited diseases and in detection of crimes. Objectives: The present study was conducted to correlate between digital dermatoglyphics patterns in ABO, Rh blood groups and to evaluate their significance. Methods: A total of 200 first year MBBS students of Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak with known blood groups from age group 17-22 yrs were included in the study. Fingerprints were obtained by Ink method. Parameters studied were arches, whorls, loops. Results: Majority of the subjects (43.5%) in the study were of blood group A followed by blood group O, A and AB of whom 94.5% were Rh-positive. The general distribution of pattern of finger print showed high frequency (51.87%) of loops followed by whorls and arches. Almost same order was noticed in both Rh-positive and Rh-negative individuals or A, B, AB and O blood groups, except blood group O-ve which showed more whorls. Conclusion: There is an association between distribution of finger print pattern and blood groups. KEY WORDS: Dermatoglyphics, Loops, Whorls, Arches.

1302-1305

Authors: Prabhas Ranjan Tripathy *1, Chappity. Preetam 2.

The sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyid and omohyoid constitute the infrahyoid group of anterior neck muscles. All these muscles are supplied by Ansa crvicalis related to the anterior wall of carotid sheath. During regular cadaveric dissection in the Department of Anatomy at AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, a case of right sided absence of sternohyoid muscle with left sided tendinous superior belly of omohyoid muscle was found. Though literature survey shows the tendinous belly (or absence) of superior belly of omohyoid muscle, but its presence in combination with absence of opposite side sternohyoid muscle is hardly reported. The omohyoid muscle has effect on intracerebral venous hemodynamics. Developing from a common muscle primodium the infrahyoid muscle group shows a number of variations. Because of increased use of Infrahyoid myocutaneous flaps for medium sized head and neck reconstruction surgery this knowledge will be helpful for handling and selecting a flap. KEY WORDS: Infrahyoid, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid Muscles, Infrahyoid Myocutaneous Flap.

1312-1315

Authors: A.K.Manicka Vasuki *1, M.Nirmala Devi 2, K.Kalyana Sundaram 3, Deborah Joy Hebzibah 4, T.K.Aleyemma Fenn 5, M.Jamuna 6.

Axillary artery and its branches are prone to have variations in their course. Knowledge about such variations are important for Radiologists in imaging techniques, Surgeons,Orthopedicians and Anesthetists in performing surgeries in the axilla and giving regional nerve blocks in the axilla.During dissection of a cadaver in the department of Anatomy, PSG IMS &R, Coimbatore, We observed a variation in the third part of right Axillary artery. From the common trunk, Subscapular artery, Anterior and Posterior circumflex humeral arteries and Profunda brachii artery arose. Third part of Axillary artery continued down as brachial artery. We are highlighting the variation in this study. KEY WORDS: Axillary Artery, Common Trunk, Arterial Variation, Profunda Brachii Artery, Clinical Significance.

1321-1325

Authors: Arunkumar K R *1, Manoranjitham R 2, Raviraj K 3, Dhanalakshmi V 4.

Background: The supratrochlear foramen (STF), alternatively termed septal aperture of humerus is a deficit of the bony septum in the distal end of humerus that separates the coronoid fossa from the olecranon fossa. The study is focused on the STF owing to its significance in the preoperative planning of supracondylar fractures of humerus. The humerus with STF has narrow medullary canal so ante grade route is advised for nailing supracondylar fractures in humerus with STF. Materials: This study was conducted on 355 dry human humeri belonging to south Indian race. Results: The supratrochlear foramen was present in 76 bones (21.4%). The incidence of STF was more on the left side (23.3%) than the right side (19.6%). The transverse and vertical diameters of STF were measured using digital Vernier caliper. The mean transverse diameter on right side was 5.67 ± 1.71 mm and 5.39 ± 1.57 mm on left side. The mean vertical diameter was 3.9 ± 1.32 mm on right side and 3.84 ± 1.20 mm on left side. Various shapes of STF were noted among which oval shape was maximum. The translucent septum was frequently found more on the right side (56.3%). Conclusions: The STF may be mistakenly interpreted as a cyst or tumors in X rays. Besides its anthropological interest, the knowledge of STF will be helpful for orthopedic surgeons and radiologists. KEY WORDS: Humerus, Supratrochlear foramen, intramedullary nailing, septal aperture.

1331-1340

Authors: Nora A. Shaker, Samah H. El-Bably*.

Background and Aim: Present study provides with more anatomical information on the structure and form of the bones forming the cranium of the Nile crocodile helps in understanding the interpretation of X ray images and surgical affection of the crocodile heads. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on six heads of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). The heads were removed from their bodies and prepared by hot water maceration technique. The bones of the skull were studied separately and identified by using a specific acrylic color for each bone. Results: The cranium of the crocodile composed of the cranial bones and the facial bones. The crocodile had four paired paranasal sinuses; the antorbital, the vomerine bullar, the pterygopalatine bullar and the pterygoid sinuses. The mandible of crocodile formed from six fused bones (articular, angular, suprangular, coronoid, splenial and dentary). The X ray images were applied for identifying the paranasal sinuses which their contribution to the morphological organization of the head. Conclusion: Results show a bony variation between the crocodile, mammals and also the birds that paves the way to the comparative anatomical and radiological studies. KEY WORD: Anatomy, Radiology, Cranium, Para-nasal sinuses, mandible, Nile crocodile.

1345-1350

Authors: Shailendra Singh, Suniti Raj Mishra *, Pramod Kumar, Priyanka Sinha, Sushobhana, Jigyasa Passey, Rahul Singh.

Background: The mandibular foramen, is the emerging point of the neurovascular bundle which makes it fundamental for performing anaesthetic techniques for desensitization of the mandible in oral surgery interventions. The knowledge of position of mandibular foramen is neccessary while anaesthetizing palate during periodontal procedures, tooth extractions and maxillofacial surgeries. Objective: The present study was carried out to identify the position and location of mandibular foramen in relation to the angle of mandible (gonial angle) in adult human mandibles of Indian origin . Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 300 adult human dry skulls of Indian Population. Angle of mandible, Distance of mandibular foramen from angle of mandible and Angle of mandibular foramen with the base of mandible were measured. Measurements were done with Steel measuring tape and Mylometer. The data was statistically analysed. Results and Conclusion: The Mean value of the angle of mandible (Gonial Angle) was 121.870 ± 6.220. The Mean value of the distance of mandibular foramen from angle of mandible was 22.78± 4.05 mm. The angle of mandibular foramen was Mean ± standard deviation of 82.240± 6.870. The morphometric correlation of the parameters analyzed in the mandibles showed a statistically significant Pearson correlation. Regression line was also derived. KEY WORDS: Anaesthesia, Anatomy, Angle of Mandible, Gonial Angle, Mandibular Foramen, Morphometry.

1354-1361

Authors: Rimpi Gupta *1, Rajan Singla 2, Gaurav Agnihotri 3, Reenu Kumari 4, Deepak Goyal 5.

Background: The articular processes of thoracolumbar vertebral column play an important role in weight transmission and determining the range and direction of movements between any two vertebrae. Size of these facets has been correlated with the magnitude of stress imposed on them. Purpose of study: The present study has been conducted on the articular processes of 510 vertebrae (thoracic: 360; lumbar:150) with the aim to provide high quality data sets for constructing the models of spine to study mechanics of spinal instrumentation. The length , width and the distance between the right & left superior & inferior articular processes have been measured with the vernier callipers. The presence/ absence of mamillary tubercle has been observed in the present study. Results: The length of thoracic SAFs was almost same at all levels whereas that of the lumbar SAFs increased gradually from L1-L5. However the width showed a variable trend. In case of thoracic IAFs both these parameters showed a variable trend. Whereas in lumbar region, these increased gradually from L1-L5. The distance between two inferior articular processes was more than that between two superior articular processes at almost all levels except T1-T3 & L1-L4 where reverse was true. The mamillary tubercle/process was altogether absent from T-1 to T-8. From T-9 to T-11, the number of vertebral column showing mamillary tubercle increased from 4-19. However at T-12, it was seen in 29 Vertebral columns. In lumbar region, it was well developed in all vertebrae and termed as mamillary process. Conclusion: The measurements obtained by present study reveals the importance of articular facets in understanding basic spinal mechanics and its application with respect to weight transmission. KEY WORDS: Superior articular facet, Inferior articular facet, Mamillary process, weight transmission.

1371-1375

Authors: Sethi R *1, Singh V 2, Chauhan BKS 3, Thukral BB 4.

Lumbar spinal stenosis is a medical condition occurring due to reduction in the diameter of bony vertebral canal. The transverse diameter of the canal plays a significant role in determining diagnostic criteria for defining stenosis. The present study aims at defining baseline values of transverse diameter of lumbar vertebral canal in healthy north Indian population by radio-diagnosis. Fifty healthy subjects, within age range of 20-70 years were radio-imaged and transverse diameter of vertebral body and canal were assessed. There was a gradual increase in diameter from L1 to L5 vertebral levels. The means of transverse diameter of vertebral body and vertebral canal show no significant differences between genders and the results were compared with earlier published research work. There are subtle differences in morphometry of lumbar canal in different population group suggesting regional and ethnic differences. KEY WORDS: Spinal Stenosis, Lumbar Canal, Interpedicular Diameter,Transverse Diameter.

1381-1386

Authors: Namburu Bhanu Sudha Parimala *1, Pitta Venkata Chandrika 2, Sangam Muralidhar Reddy 3.

Introduction: The left renal vein is preferred over the right in renal transplantation because of its longer length. It is important for the surgeons to know the course of the left renal vein and whether it is pre-aortic or not to avoid unexpected hemorrhage and even death. There are considerable no of radiological studies on Retro aortic Left Renal Vein but anatomical studies other than the Japanese were not found in the literature. In view of its anatomical, embryological, clinical and surgical importance the present study was undertaken. Materials and Methods : The present study was conducted in 60 adult cadavers (10 female and 50 male) allotted to 1st M.B.B.S and M.D P.G students at Pinnamaneni Siddhartha institute of medical sciences & research foundation Gannavaram & N.R.I. Academy of Medical Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India for routine dissection over a period of 5 consecutive years (2010-2015). Results: Left Renal Vein anomalies can be classified into 4 types in the literature.Type1 is the most common in its occurrence followed by type 3,2and 4.Type 4 was rarely reported .In the present study the percentage of incidence of type 1, type 2 and type3 are 6.6%,1.6%,3.3% respectively and type 4 was not observed. Conclusion: Knowing the variable expressions of the renal venous system allows better understanding of the clinical events. Pre operative CT can be considered mandatory as it helps in safe surgical outcome particularly in the retro peritoneal area. KEY WORDS: Retro aortic left renal vein, Renal transplantation, Haemorrhage, Embryology.

1392-1394

Authors: Dalbir Kaur *1, Monica Jain 2, Lovesh Shukla 3.

Thoracic cage is made up of twelve thoracic vertebrae, twelve pairs of ribs and costal cartilages (CC) and a sternum. Ribs articulate anteriorly with sternum through CC which are flattened bars of hyaline cartilage considered as unossified anterior part of embryonic cartilaginous ribs. Numerical and structural variations of ribs are well documented. In the present study, we observed both structural and numerical variations of thoracic cage, bilaterally. On both the sides, eleven pair of ribs were present, instead of seven, six true ribs were found and second rib with CC was absent. Second and third CC and third CC of right and third CC of left side were bifid. Cartilaginous bridges were present between various CC on both sides. In the midline xiphoid process was found to be bifid. These variations are of immense help to the physicians, surgeons and radiologists. KEY WORDS: Costal cartilage, Ribs, Sternum, Absent rib, Xiphoid process, Bifid, Cartilaginous Bridges.

1399-1403

Authors: Shikha Sharma *1, Anil Kumar Sharma 2, Bhawani Shankar Modi 3, Mohd. Arshad 4.

The foramen magnum is an important landmark located in the posterior part of the cranial base formed by the occipital bone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurements of the foramen magnum in human dried skull and to note the variations in the shape and size of the foramen magnum. Additionally area and index of the foramen magnum were also calculated. Fifty human dried skulls of unknown age and sex were obtained from the department of CMCH Bhopal and FHMC Tundla. Foramen magnum were examined macroscopically for their different shapes. Anteroposterior and transverse diameters, foramen magnum area & foramen magnum index were measured. The foramen magnum shapes were determined as round shaped in 22%, oval shaped in 16%,egg shaped in16%, and irregular in18%,tetragonal in 12% penta and hexagonal 8% each. The mean A-P and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum was determined 38.75mm and 33.44mm respectively. In 4%of skull, the occipital condyle was observed to protrude in to the foramen magnum. The mean foramen index and foramen magnum area were 87.68 & 970.57mm². The data obtained may be useful to the neurosurgeon in analysing the morphological anatomy of craniovertebral junction in trans condylar approach for brain stem lesion. KEY WORDS: Evaluation Morphometry, Foramen magnum variations, skull.

1409-1414

Authors: Vikas Maheshwari *1, M K Tewari 2, Daisy Sahni 3, Navneet Singla 4.

Background: To study the microsurgical anatomy of supraclinoid ICA, the size and number of perforators, any anomalies in normal anatomy of ICA, its branches and surrounding structures in North West Indian population. Materials and Methods: Twenty cadaveric brain dissections were performed under operating microscope (Carl ZeissNC31). Sylvian fissure was meticulously dissected from distal to proximal. Anterior clinoid process (ACP) was drilled intradurally using M-80 pneumatic drill. Vessels, their branches and perforators were dissected with measurement of their length, diameter and number. Supraclinoid ICA was dissected till its bifurcation into anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The length of falciform ligament was also measured. Results: The length of ophthalmic segment was largest varying from 5.5 to 13.0 mm (average 9.75mm).The communicating segment was the shortest varying from 1.5 to 6.0 mm (average 3.2mm). The number of perforating arteries excluding the OphA, PComA and AChA arising from C4 varied from 3-10(average 6). The maximum perforators were from Cho Seg and least from Com Seg. Conclusion: The overall anatomical details of supraclinoid ICA in North West Indian population were comparable to existing literature. KEY WORDS: Internal Carotid Artery, Middle Cerebral Artery, Posterior Communicating Artery, Microsurgical Anatomy, North West Indians.

1419-1424

Authors: Neeta Chhabra *1, Suraj Prakash 2, B K Mishra 3.

Introduction: Glenoid cavity of scapula has variable morphology and therefore its anatomy is of enormous importance for orthopaedic surgeon and prosthetic designers. Presence of notch in the antero-superior part of glenoid rim affects the morphology of glenoid labrum. Anatomical variations of glenoid cavity are also important for understanding the various pathologies involving the shoulder joint. Present study aims to determine various anthropometric measurements of scapula and glenoid cavity including the variations of its shape. Materials and Methods: A total of 126 adult dry scapulae available in the Dept. of Anatomy, ACMS Delhi Cantt., India, and also procured from medical colleges in the vicinity were taken for the study. Results: The mean length and breadth of scapula observed were 141.94±12.76mm 103.65±6.82mm respectively. The mean length of the glenoid observed in the present study was 38.78±3.03mm. The mean AP glenoid diameter 1 and 2 were 24.93±2.55mm and18.66±2.13mm respectively. The mean Glenoid cavity Index (GCI) found in the present study was 64.29 ± 9.79. Conclusion: The dimensions of the glenoid observed in the present study were similar to those recorded in the studies done on other populations except for the shape. Higher percentage of glenoid cavities without a definitive notch was recorded in the present study compared to earlier studies. This fact may be taken into consideration while designing glenoid prostheses for the North Indian population. KEY WORDS: Scapula, scapular length, scapular breadth, glenoid cavity, Glenoid cavity index

1429-1431

Authors: Varalakshmi KL *1, Jyothi N Nayak 2, Sangeeta M 3.

Introduction: Eustachian tube is a communication between the nasopharynx and middle ear extending between the lateral wall of the nasopharynx to anterior wall of tympanic cavity.It maintains the equilibrium of air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane for proper vibration of sound. The pharyngeal orifice of Eustachian tube is an important landmark for endoscopic surgeries and also for transnasal approach to infratemporal fossa. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 (25 right &25 left)sagittal section of head and neck specimens from adult formalin fixed cadavers from the department of anatomy, MVJ Medical college and Research Hospital, Banglore, India, were used for the study.The distance of pharyngeal orifice to posterior border of hard palate,C1 vertebra,posterior choana,tip of uvula, spehenoid sinus were measured with the digital Vernier caliper.The mean and standard deviation of these parameters were calculated. Conclusion: The knowledge of the relationship of Eustachian tube with anatomical landmarks would be useful to surgeons,otolaryngologists and radiologists. KEY WORDS: Eustachian tube, Hard palate, C1 vertebra, Posterior choana, Tip of uvula, Spehenoid sinus.

1436-1440

Authors: Sherry Sharma *, Meenakshi Khullar, Harpreet Singh Gulati, Sunil Bhardwaj.

Introduction: Variations of nerve are not only of anatomic and embryological interest but also of clinical importance. Their adequate knowledge will help in increasing surgical precision and decreasing morbidity. Materials and Methods: In the present study the communicating branches of sural nerve were studied. The material for the present study comprised of 60 lower extremities belonging to 30 adult human cadavers obtained from Department of Anatomy, GMC, Amritsar, India. The sural nerve was identified and traced downward in the limb. Result: In the present study these communicating branches arose either from lateral sural cutaneous nerve (branch of common peroneal nerve) or superficial peroneal nerve (intermediate dorsal cutaneous branch) or from tibial nerve itself. Discussion: Sural nerve is usually used as grafting material. So these described variations are helpful for planning operative approaches that minimize risk of sural nerve injury. Moreover the anatomic course of nerve in distal leg and ankle makes it susceptible to local trauma and also to increased risk of injury during surgical intervention at ankle. KEY WORDS: Sural nerve, Communicating branch, Grafting material, Nerve injury.

1445-1448

Authors: Charitha GN 1, Thyagaraju K 2, Rajasree TK 3, Subhadra Devi Velichety *4.

Renal blood supply presents a large degree of variations. In the present case there was existence of bilateral variations in renal blood supply along with right sided bifid ureter. During routine cadaveric dissection in a middle aged male cadaver we found two renal veins draining right kidney and a bifurcating single renal vein on left side. On both sides one polar artery arising from main renal artery going to upper pole of kidney and left side accessory renal artery originating from abdominal aorta and giving origin to left testicular artery were observed. There is bifid ureter on the right side. The knowledge of renal vascular anatomy and its variations are very much essential in case of renal transplantation, renal surgeries, uroradiology, gonadal color Doppler imaging, in abdominal aortic aneurysmal and gonadal surgeries. KEY WORDS: Renal Blood Supply, Renal Artery Variations, Accessory Renal Artery, Aortic Aneurism.