Edukacja Ustawiczna Dorosłych / Polish Journal of Continuing Education

19-28

Authors: Ewa Sarzyńska-Mazurek

Undoubtedly, self-efficacy has a great impact on the well-being and actions undertaken by people. That feature seems to be beneficial for people in emerging adulthood. It is a stage of life that requires young adults to be actively involved in projecting their future and taking up challenges. The aim of the study was to diagnose the self-efficacy of people entering adulthood in the context of their satisfaction with life. The study used the Sense of Effectiveness Test (TPS) by M. Chomczyńska-Rubacha and K. Rubacha and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) designed by E. Diener, R.A. Emmons, R.J. Larson and S. Griffin in the adaptation of Z. Juczyński. The study involved 116 people, aged 19–25, including 75 women (64.7%) and 41 men (35.3%). It was found that people with average and low self-efficacy as well as those with average and high life satisfaction dominate the group. The analysis revealed a weak relationship between self-efficacy and life satisfaction. The obtained results induce to undertake further research that may explain the reasons for the low correlation between the analyzed variables.

71-80

Authors: Barbara Lejzerowicz-Zajączkowska

Analyzes regarding the elderly as subject of education and social activity are situated in the field of interdisciplinary research on subjectivity. The aim of the article is to present solutions regarding the social integration of older people. For this purpose, it is necessary to adopt the assumption of an elderly person as a subject of activities. In the analyzes carried out, the author uses a combination of pedagogical, sociological, psychological and philosophical perspectives based on the subjectivity of the human individual and those derived from the philosophy of human rights.

91-103

Authors: Janusz Erenc, Weronika Kamińska

Poor psychological and social qualifications of medical personnel affect the situation and condition of patients in stationary hospices. Patients often have no possibility of telling about their non-medical ailments, and it is a constant practice to limit the information provided to patients. Content related to accomodation and death are reduced only to the technical side of care, which can not only lead to information hype and confusion, but also to the deterioration of patients’ well-being. It is important to emphasize the importance of balance between hope and honesty in providing information about the patient’s actual condition, even among people under palliative care. Our research confirms that fears in the terminal phase of cancer appear as a result of a sense of powerlessness, worry, as well as an effect of information blocking. We can talk here about adaptive disorders, because the symptoms of anxiety do not weaken, and patients in hospices often do not have the resources or sufficient support to overcome them in disease conditions and new life circumstances. The need for action to reduce anxiety rather than strengthening it becomes one of the main skills of medical personnel in palliative care. Raising qualifications in the field of social and psychological impact allows for better organization of therapy in hospice conditions and comprehensive patient care.

117-129

Authors: Bożena Frączek

Modern information technology (including digital information technology) plays the crucial role in contemporary world development. It penetrates many areas of daily life of individuals, households, enterprises, financial institutions and at the same time influences in direct or indirect way on societies and economies development. Information and communication technology (IcT) usage is ubiquitous and has a strong impact on whole societies, but it is mainly pervasive among present day youth. The study of literature as well as the observation of reality confirm both chance and threat of digital information technology for children and youth development. Therefore, the research questions are: 1) May the digital information technology be a threat to youth with further negative influence on economy? 2) Is the digital information technology sufficiently used by young people? The results of research confirm that young people are not aware about its meaning and responsibility in proper usage of modern technology in contemporary world, what brings serious threats for development of societies and economies. The fundamental problem to solve is to equip the young people in this awareness, which may cause positive change.

143-153

Authors: Jolanta Religa

The article presents the assumptions of comprehensive support for sectoral vocational education in the region, using the Integrated Territorial Investment tool (Zintegrowane Inwestycje Terytorialne). It identifies and analyses selected results of the work, including the results of research on the job placement requirements, which was carried out among employers in the Wielkopolska region.

164-175

Authors: Andrzej Wojciech Stępnikowski

We live in the age of globalization, the fourth industrial revolution and the concept of Labour 4.0. Employees face dynamic technological and organisational changes that require new competences to do complex work, to learn continuously, and update their knowledge and skills. Vocational excellence, upgrading soft skills and exploring the aspect of self-improvement are the main features of a professional and the title of a master craftsm

183-192

Authors: Aleksandra Walecka

A modern university is undergoing intense transformations, towards which not only the formal organization of the education process is changing, but also the atmosphere in which the cooperation of education participants takes place. The aim of the article is to learn about the personal reflections of students of the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz about the experiences of the study process. Based on the analysis of qualitative interviews conducted among 30 students, it can be seen that the respondents perceive studies as a significant stage of their own lives, which sets the boundaries between adolescence and adulthood. They consider studying in three dimensions, namely intellectual, economic and social, and the obtained diploma of a university provides them with the opportunity to achieve a higher socioeconomic status. The surveyed students expect practical knowledge from university, emphasizing that the curriculum contains too much theoretical content.

202-211

Authors: Izabela Maleńczyk, Bartłomiej Gładysz

E-learning is not a new phenomenon Poland-wide, nor world-wide. It is practiced in many Polish universities, including those technology-oriented. The main goal of presented article is to present a diagnosis of the level of using e-learning in Polish public universities with specific focus on universities of technology. results of a survey followed by interview with a list of searched data are presented. Basic characteristics of all Polish public universities and a subgroup of universities of technology were presented, analysed and discussed. The result formed a basis for the agenda of further research i.e. statistical hypotheses were proposed. Universities of technology in Poland seemed to be more advanced than all Polish universities (in general) in a common use of e-learning across various form of teaching. Academic decision makers may use presented results as a kind of benchmark and discover potential improvement areas (where they are weaker than other universities) or even try to find strategic advantages.

222-229

Authors: Justyna Bojanowicz

The lecturer's high interpersonal competences translate significantly into the effectiveness of work in the academic environment. The study (using the projection method) shows that in the teaching / learning process students need a lecturer who can build an atmosphere of kindness and partnership. The lecturer should arouse interest in knowledge and convey it in a clear and understandable way. What's more, communication skills are invaluable in establishing good relationships with students. currently, however, it is important to look for answers to the question: how to improve interpersonal competences of academic teachers?

16-26

Authors: Marek Derenowski

The world is aging and life expectancy is extending among world societies. These phenomena undoubtedly create new challenges and result in transformation of the world as we know it. One of the spheres that needs a new approach is education which has to adjust to senior learners who are over 55 years old. Lifelong learning is not a new concept, as it originates from ancient Greece. However, new type of students require new approach and modifications in the educational process. For senior learners education often has compensatory features, e.g. making up for missed opportunities; meeting people and maintaining or developing social contacts. Many seniors attend education in older age simply to have their brain stimulated. Furthermore, older learners may have already developed learning strategies that have served them well in other contexts. The article presents the concept of lifelong learning and selected issues related with senior education in foreign language learning context. The study included in the article aimed at investigating motivational and demotivational factors in senior education. The obtained results point to affective (e.g. anxiety, self-esteem) and social (e.g. opinion of other learners, public performance) factors as the dominating factors in motivational process.

41-50

Authors: Olimpia Gogolin, Eugeniusz Szymik

This article aims at examining the issue of free time spent by participants of activities conducted at the University of the Third Age in Cieszyn. In the theoretical part, we present definitions, functions and forms of spending free time and we describe the University of the Third Age in Cieszyn. In the practical part, we present the results of a survey based on a questionnaire carried out in 2018.

62-77

Authors: Emilia Mazurek, Tomasz Stępień

As part of the competition „Increasing the access of adults to various forms of lifelong learning by preparing schools to become Local Centers of Knowledge and Education” announced by the Ministry of National Education, in 2017–2018 three projects funded by the European Union and country budget were implemented. As a result of the projects 50 Local Centers of Knowledge and Education were opened in Poland. The aim of them is organizing non-formal education for adults in their nearest environment. The article presents methodology and results of the research conducted as part of the project “Academy of Necessary Knowledge – a new face of the school as a Local Center of Knowledge and Education”, which the Beneficiary was Wroclaw University of Science and Technology. The aim of research was to diagnose the needs of adults in the area of education activity and key competences’ development. The research was performed based on the formal documents analysis and 40 focus interviews with adults (potential learners) and specialists from the institutions in their nearest environment. The results were used to prepare educational offer in 20 Local Centers of Knowledge and Education situated in urban and rural areas.

88-108

Authors: Łukasz Arendt, Ewa Flaszyńska

The goal of the paper is to systematise knowledge about the characteristics and structure of online job offers in the light of the scale of the imbalance of the Polish labour market. The analysis is based on data from CBOP and the System of Online Job Offers (SIOP) developed by the Institute of Labour and Social Studies and covers the years 2017–2018. The paper discusses actual trends on the Polish labour market. It presents the characteristics of job offers available in public resources of employment services as well as online job offers collected in SIOP. The conclusions point to the existence of supply-side disequilibrium on the Polish labour market as well as significant changes in the enterprises’ recruitment strategies that are more and more interested in the job placment service provided by PES.

120-130

Authors: Daniel Kukla, Marta Nowacka

The study is the first part of the characteristic of approach to the work of a selected group of representatives of the Z generation. An attempt to present this approach was made on the basis of an analysis of the literature, secondary research and own research. On this basis, conclusions regarding the values valued by the youth from the Z generation were formulated. It was also indicated which place in the system of values of the surveyed group of respondents occupational work.

146-157

Authors: Katarzyna Kowalik

The article presents the relationship between the performance of professional tasks by a medical rescue worker and the patient's right to medical confidential documentation. The objective of the article is to educate people on performing the profession of medical rescue workers as well as the presentation of their duties indicated by Polish law. Research methods used: document analysis, individual case analysis, observation and interview. It was shown a multitude of situations in which a medical rescue worker can acquire confidential information about a patient. Events which exclude the obligation of confidentiality have been listed and described. Situations, in which it is not necessary to preserve the secrets of information, were listed. Moreover, the author listed situations in which a third-party is informed by a medical rescue worker about the patient's state of health without his knowledge, as well as with his knowledge and the conditions of such behaviour were explained. The author underlined that there are many regulations on the confidentiality, which concern the medical rescue worker profession, but they are included in various legal acts or they are not complete. It was found that a medical rescue worker is absolutely obliged to keep confidential information related to the patient, which were acquired while performing professional tasks.

169-189

Authors: Romulad Gozdawa-Gołębiowski, Beata Nawrot-Lis, Marcin Opacki, Katarzyna Skoczylas

The following article collects information on current experience and state of the art of CLIL methodology in vocational schools across selected countries of the European Union, namely Poland, Austria, Romania, and Spain. Relevant issues, both general and country-specific, are outlined. The analysis suggests that CLIL is the natural ally of vocationally-oriented education, therefore all attempts to introduce CLIL into vocational schools’ classrooms should be valued.

203-2017

Authors: Agnieszka Bzymek

The article below is a part of my considerations based on a literature studies preparing my for further research. I focus on the issue of resilience in pedagogical thought. I am looking for external factors in the social pedagogy related to the category of resilience, especially seeing in the output of Helena Radlinska, the influence of the social forces on the individual. I refer to the concept of pedagogy which a changes of unfavourable development conditions. In addition to this, I show the importance of the social environment, upbringing processes, culture and the phenomenon of compensation in the age of socio-cultural changes. In the conclusion, I try to prove the rightness of the idea of pedagogy directed to social forces, and I giving

15-30

Authors: Agnieszka MAJCHER-TELEON, Ewa Flaszyńska

The aim of the article is to outline the relationship between the classification of occupations and specializations and other systemic tools facilitating labour market policy and education policy in particular European classification of skills/ competences, qualifications and competences (ESCO), Integrated Qualifications System and standards of professional competences (information about professions). The article also presents the opportunities of developing the classification of occupations and skills in the context of the changing situation on the labour market and digitalisation.

43-54

Authors: Krzysztof Symela

nformation and knowledge are integrally connected with each other. They are perceived as a new good on the labour market necessary to effectively compete in contemporary information and knowledge-based society. In the case of the PO WER project “Developing, supplementing and updating information about occupations and its dissemination with the use of modern communication tools – INFODORADCA+” information concentrates on the specifics of performing of a given occupation and its working environment, describes educational requirements, employment possibilities, and professional development opportunities as well as ways to certify qualifications and professional competences defined by the learning outcomes: knowledge, skills and social competences. The joint knowledge of many thousands of experts from various areas of economic and social life and 30 months (2017–2019) of hard work done by 5 Polish institutions (project partners) resulted in the development of information about 1000 occupations. Consequently, a critical mass of the information about occupations has been achieved and it has already become a systemic tool useful for employment purposes as well as formal and non-formal education. Information about occupations illustrates current needs of the labour market; it is methodologically structured according to the description model adopted by the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, and directly related to the Integrated Qualifications System. INFODORADCA+ database contains descriptions of information about 1000 occupations and it is available on the Public Employment Services website. It is an open resource with unlimited access. Information gathered there can be processed by individuals for various purposes and thus develop new information or new knowledge for the benefit of others in many contexts (personal, institutional and systemic). It could be said that INFODORADCA+ database integrates the labour market with education. It may be a useful tool for planning educational and career development paths, assisting the unemployed, designing educational programmes, preparing job offers, or while recruitment. The database may also be of help when new market qualifications are introduced into the Integrated Qualifications System. However, we also need to think about the future and the dynamically changing labour market which will undoubtedly generate new occupations, change the existing ones and eliminate those that are not useful. It will be a challenge for the system and the INFODORADCA+ database owner to face those changes.

63-74

Authors: Tadeusz Aleksander

AnThe article acquaints readers with information about the occupation of andragogue in the context of recent development of one of the pedagogical subdisciplines – andragogy, adult education institutions, and the labour market for andragogues. It also presents the directions of their career development.

83-91

Authors: Ireneusz Woźniak

The methodological expert is the leader of the expert team in the process of developing information about occupations. This person has an important function as a link between the expert team and the evaluation experts (reviewers and evaluators) as well as validators (members of the validation and quality team) who verify the descriptions of occupations. In addition to the managerial and methodological function, the methodological expert takes an active part in the development and making modifications in the content of the descriptions according to his or her best knowledge about occupations and available sources of information.

102-114

Authors: Monika Mazur-Mitrowska

The issues of employment opportunities for people with disabilities are included in all descriptions including the information about occupations developed in the PO WER project „Developing, supplementing and updating information about occupations and its dissemination using modern communication tools – INFODORADCA +”. The article focuses on the analysis of different types of disabilities (represented by codes) with regard to the possibility of the disabled being employed in professions from selected sectors of the Polish Classification of Activities (PKD). The data presented in the article proves the unexploited high employment potential of

124-131

Authors: Tomasz Sułkowski

Since November 2017, in the Integrated Qualifications System (IQS), the first market qualification "Assembling of woodwork construction" has been functioning. Since September 2018, first-degree vocational schools have been able to educate students in woodwork construction fitter profession. The article discusses the functioning of IQS in the field of validation and certification of market qualifications, taking the example of market qualification "Assembling of woodwork construction". A comparison was made of the competence profile of persons with market qualification "Assembling of woodwork construction" and future graduates in the profession of woodwork construction fitter.

142-147

Authors: Katarzyna Mysiowiec

The project INFODORADCA+ introduces the database of descriptions including information about the occupations as a new tool to the labour market. It is a consolidated list of requirements for each individual profession. It clearly indicates key competences required by employers. The database is dedicated to career consultants/counsellors, parents, teachers, youth job seekers, employers, labour agencies, training institutions. Effective usage of occupational information shall highly improve job selection and educational decisions.

154-158

Authors: Małgorzata Zaremba

The article discusses some possibilities of using descriptions of occupations developed in the INFODORADCA+ project. Competences, which at a given moment are desirable on the labour market, change dynamically and employers have problems with finding employees with the required and suitable skills. People who have the ability to learn and the willingness and opportunity to improve their skills are currently the most sought-after. Comprehensiveness, transparency and, above all, accessibility of the database of information about professions makes this tool a friend of the boss, employee, advisor or trainer. However, it fulfils also one more important role - it indirectly promotes the concept of lifelong learning, considered by many to be the most important competence of the future.

165-175

Authors: Iwona Barszcz, Wojciech Jabłoński

In the era of globalization there has been a significant transformation in all the spheres of human life and activity. A new type of society has been formed – information society, based on knowledge, and the need for information has become a major factor in economic growth. The basis for the existence and development of a knowledge-based society is a highly qualified, educated society able to use knowledge in professional work. One of the important types of information is career information, which is the source of knowledge about the work environment. One of its elements is the occupational information – materials containing in particular: descriptions of occupations, description of professional competences, a reference to the situation of the occupation in the labour market and professional development opportunities, as well as the employment opportunities of people with disabilities in the profession. Vocational information includes information about education, occupations, and the labour market. This article is an attempt to indicate specific examples of how to use the results of the project INFODORADCA+ in the current companies’ activities and some benefits from them, in the area of human resources management..

192-200

Authors: Weronika Kamińska

In the project INFODORADCA+ promotion of products include extensive spectrum of activities. The social media campaigne is the main point of the promotion. The campaign will last until the end of the project (06/30/2019). The posts on Facebook and LinkedIn apeears regularly. These posts inform i.a. about descriptions of the professions and promotional activities. Among others promotional activities there are 50 short films about occupations, which will appear on YouTube channel and also link to Facebook and LinkedIn. Important initiative are webinars, which has an educational function for potential future users of the descriptions of the occupations.

17-28

Authors: Arkadiusz RUTKOWSKI, Magdalena FLOREK-ŁUSZCZKI, Jarogniew ŁUSZCZKI, Dorota ŻÓŁKOWSKA, Ewa DUTKIEWICZ, Monika SZPRINGER, Jarosław CHMIELEWSKI

Dzięki wiedzy z zakresu nauk medycznych i zdrowotnych wynikającej z wy-kształcenia i doświadczenia zawodowego ratownicy medyczni mają możliwość angażowania się w działania edukacyjne mające na celu poprawę stanu zdrowia społeczeństwa. Celem pracy była ocena profesjonalnego przygotowania ratowników medycznych pracujących w zespołach ratow-nictwa medycznego do realizacji nowoczesnych założeń edukacji zdrowotnej. Badania skiero-wane były do ratowników medycznych pracujących w zespołach ratownictwa medycznego na terenie Radomia. Zastosowano w nich ankietę diagnostyczną jako metodę badawczą z wykorzy-staniem anonimowego kwestionariusza przygotowanego przez autorów. Badanie ujawniło istot-ne braki i dysproporcje w profesjonalnym przygotowaniu ratowników medycznych pracujących w zespołach ratownictwa medycznego do realizacji edukacji zdrowotnej, zwłaszcza w odnie-sieniu do poziomu wykształcenia. Chociaż edukacja zdrowotna została wymieniona jako jedno z ustawowych zadań zawodowych ratowników medycznych w Polsce, zawodu tego nie można obecnie zdefiniować jako edukatora zdrowia w ścisłym znaczeniu tego terminu. Zwiększenie kompetencji w zakresie edukacji zdrowotnej wśród członków tej grupy zawodowej wymaga podjęcia odpowiednich środków organizacyjnych, przede wszystkim dotyczących modyfikacji programów nauczania w dziedzinie „ratownictwa medycznego”.

39-50

Authors: Sergo Kuruliszwili

Information technologies determine changes in learning processes and have a significant impact on the revision of self-education methods. The evolution of this form of learning requires reflection and research. The article addresses three issues that are important in this context: an attempt to organise the phenomenon in its new version; location of the newly defined form of incidental e-learning as a self-learning process in the context of heutagogy and microlearning, and finally, some answers to doubts concerning the role of social media in formal learning. The first two issues are based on the results of previous research and literature studies, as well as author's personal observations. To explain the last issue, author presents the results of his research in the extent and nature of the use of social media as a tool to support teaching and learning process at primary, junior high/high school and higher education level. The main research problem undertaken by the author is the attempt to answer the question whether new media are properly used as means of self-education supporting general development of a student.

63-72

Authors: Ludmiła WALASZCZYK, Elmo de ANGELIS, Mojca VUCOVIč, Gabriela VLčKOVA, Evanthia BATZOGIANNI, Beata BELINA

n important element of business launch is a business model, which particularly in the modern times of fast paced technological, economic, market and social changes is a pre-requisite for the success of an enterprise. Unfortunately, not many entrepreneurs-to-be realise the power of business models and seem not to pay enough attention to this stage of company creation. According to EUROSTAT Business Demography Statistics data 83.04% of newly established enterprises has survived the first year. After three year survival the rate is much lower – 53.78%. Data provided by CRIBIS Credit Management show that the main problem of the bankruptcy of new enterprises is the lack of specific business models and plans, not the lack of funds, subsidies or high taxes. CRIBIS also shows that the third year is the most critical for hose companies – 24 and 36 month (CRIBIS, 2018).

90-104

Authors: Grażyna Bartkowiak, Agnieszka Krugiełka

ciąż niewiele wiadomo na temat kwestii związanych z modelowaniem pracy, które (z punktu widzenia badań empirycznych) są nadal w niewielkim stopniu obecne w literaturze przedmiotu. Celem artykułu jest wypełnienie istniejącej luki. Składa się on z dwóch części: teoretycznej, w której omówiono koncepcję job crafting, czyli modelowania pracy oraz wyniki niektórych badań nad zjawiskiem i czynnikami współwystępującymi, a także części empirycznej, która prezentuje metodykę badań (Venkatesch i inni 2013, s. 24) stosowaną przez grupę nauczycieli akademickich z Polski oraz przez wykładowców z krajów Europy Zachodniej i Stanów Zjednoczonych. W konkluzji można przyjąć, że zjawisko modelowania pracy występuje wśród wszystkich nauczycieli akademickich, którzy podejmują działania mające na celu zmianę sposobu myślenia o pracy, ukształtowanie jej według własnych preferencji oraz osiągnięcie autonomii i samozadowolenia z wykonywanych zadań zawodowych.

123-132

Authors: Ligia Tuszyńska, Agnieszka Pawlak

Pedagogy is a social science which is based on values and it considers upbringing of an individual and functioning of a person in social relationships. Education for sustainable development helps to develop values such as human well-being, feeling of community and responsibility. According to the common interests and goals of education for sustainable development and pedagogy, the authors of the article postulate that the cooperation of varied fields of science should be deepened, particularly in the context of training new teachers.The authors' research shows that students of pedagogy declare they are familiar with terms related to sustainable development. However, the majority of respondents do not feel well prepared to teach about issues in this area. What is more, teachers demonstrate small interest in teaching and upbringing as means to create responsible society. The article concludes that sustainable development should be introduced into teacher training programmes. It may prepare future teachers to be educational leaders for sustainable development in their environments.

144-153

Authors: Teresa Zubrzycka-Maciąg

Based both on internal and external evaluation results, teacher training programmes invariably stress the need for skills which would allow them to tackle various problems occurring in educational institutions. The most serious of these issues pertain to the psychosocial functioning of students and teachers at school. The latter frequently experience stress, disappointment, and work overload, if they concentrate on problems. This paper proposes a new method of teacher training pursuant to the Solution-Focused Approach. The role of the student, the teacher, and their mutual relationship changes as this approach puts emphasis on the resources and accomplishments of both. The paper presents the possibilities of applying the Solution-Focused Approach to the professional development of teachers as well as to the educational process. It also summarises the results of a survey on teachers’ attitude towards work and self-development in two aspects: problem-solving and solution-seeking approach.Wprowadzenie. Potrzeba ustawicznego doskonalenia na

165-174

Authors: Jolanta Lenart

The100th anniversary of Poland regaining independence encourages us to reflect on its difficult road to obtaining actual freedom. It obliges us to recall events and attitudes not only of well-known heroes of past times, but also ordinary people who guided by wisdom, courage, and responsibility defended centuries-old Polish values. In the article, I am looking for the answers to the following questions: Can any constructive values be found in forced labour and what are they? What work attitudes were shaped by forced labour? I have based my reflections on the labour brigades of the "Service to Poland,” which was a labour organisation for the young created by communist authorities in 1948. Their official goal was to shape young people’s attitudes towards work, vocational training, and reconstruction of the country. The hidden goal, however, was the communist indoctrination of young people aiming at making them the so-called new people – "homo sovieticus", i.e. the obedient citizens of the new socialist state.

189-203

Authors: Irena Paufl-Struzik

An important goal of education is shaping a man with a creative attitude, flexible in action, imaginative, creative, solve problems and see the surrounding world in a holistic and integrated way. Teachers with creative potential and a school providing optimal conditions for the creative functioning of teachers and students are necessary to achieve this goal. The article is an attempt to present the working environment at school from teachers’ perspective (n = 361) taking into account their creativity or unproductivity. Collected data indicates that a significant group of teachers critically evaluate their working environment, and give numerous reasons why the atmosphere at the school does not encourage creativity. Teachers point to disinformation, constant changes that make planning impossible, salary inadequate to workload, lack of time to solve students' problems, limited scope of influence on school’s policy, unrealistic requirements, poor organisational conditions, students’ behaviour, parents’ expectations, lack of support, etc. The research provides valuable implications to use in practice.

215-223

Authors: Natalia Ulaniecka

The article presents the role of interpersonal communication in the work of a mediator. It alsso describes interpersonal skills that professional mediators need to successfully help the parties in conflict to work out an acceptable settlement of their problem. Additionally, examples of potential communication difficulties during mediation and ways to overcome them are suggested by the author.

235-244

Authors: Katarzyna ZIĘBAKOWSKA-CECOT

Each year society faces more and more challenges concerned with the cyberspace, especially when it comes to the youth and the content they encounter online. The main interest is to raise digital competences but also pay attention to risk factors including behavioural addictions (phonophobia, nomophobia), and pathological patterns. Therefore, Polish social and educational policy-makers are highly recommended to join their efforts and deliver a common programme supporting the youth and their families in raising e-literacy.