EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE

69 – 74

Authors: Mümtaz Kibar, Kıymet Deniz, Fatma Esra Sarıoğlu

The study area is located to the central part of Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC). The area mainly composed of Kırşehir metamorphic rocks as the basement units and intruded by syenite, foid syenite and foid diorite. The metamorphic rocks mainly represented by mica schist, chlorite schist, vollastonite marble and marble units. Calcsilicatic minerals and hornfels rocks are observed at the contact of intrusive and metamorphic basement in some parts of the study area. In order to determine morphology, mineralogy, geochemistry and physical properties of the soils two profiles were digged in the area. One of them is located in the foid bearing syenite and the other one is located in the syenite with carbonate rocks contact zone. The petrographical studies reveal that the foid bearing syenite characterised by the presence of nepheline, K-feldspar, plagioclases, Na-amphibole, pyroxene with rare amount of garnet (melanite), titanite and opaque minerals. The marble is mainly composed of calcite and rare amount of wollastonite and opaque minerals. Contact of foid bearing syenite profile is lythic xerorthent, and the other one is described as a typical haploxeroll. They contain important morphological, mineralogical, geochemical and physical differences. It was found that these differences belong to the composition of the host rock of the region.

81 – 86

Authors: Mohammad Movahedan, Nader Abbasi, Majid Keramati

Wind erosion of soils is one of the most important problems in environment and agriculture which could affects several fields. Agricultural lands, water reservoires, irrigation canals, drains and etc. may be affected by wind erosion and suspended particles. As a result wind erosion control needs attention in arid and semi-arid regions. In recent years, some polymeric materials have been used for improvement of structural stability, increasing aggregate stability and soil stabilization, though kind of polymer, quantity of polymer, field efficiency and durability and environmental impacts are some important parameters which should be taken into consideration. In this study, a Polyvinil Acetate-based polymer was used to treat different soils. Then polymer-added soil samples were investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel to verify the effecte of polymer on wind erosion control of the soils and the results were compared with water treated soil samples. The results of wind tunnel experiments with a maximum 26 m/s wind velocity showed that there was a significat difference between the erosion of polymer treated and water treated soil samples. Application of 25g/m2 polymer to Aeolian sands reduced the erosion of Aeolian sands samples to zero related to water treated samples. For silty and calyey soils treated by polymer, the wind erosion reduced minimum 90% in relation to water treated samples.

92 – 97

Authors: Melis Özge Pınar, Günay Erpul

Soil erodibility is an important parameter to determine the sensibility of soil to the erosion and there are many methods to specify the erodibility. Until today, many methods were improved and the “Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), which has the most common use in worldwide, is one of them. In this prediction technology, the soil susceptibility to the water erosion is represented by a multiplier factor together with those for climate, topography, vegetation and conservation practices. This study aimed to determine a soil erodibility factor by the laboratory simulated rainfall tests under the specified kinetic energy and rainfall intensity values using the splash cups. For test soils, a total of 256 surface samples were taken from the fallow-crop system in the Asartepe Dam Basin and the splash erosion rate was found with the units compatible with the USLE. However, since the USLE predicts soil losses from not only splash erosion but also sheet and rill erosions, the measured splash values should be mathematically related to the erodibility equations commonly employed in the model in order to meet the model requirement.

104 – 109

Authors: Raul Zornoza, Angel Faz Cano, Dora M. Carmona, Jose A. Acosta, Silvia Martínez-Martínez, Sebla Kabas

Effective application of organic residues to reclaim soils requires the optimization of the waste management to minimize CO2 emissions and optimize soil C sequestration efficiency. In this study, the short-term effects of pig slurry amendment alone and together with marble waste on organic matter mineralization in two tailing ponds from Cartagena-La Unión Mining District (SE Spain) were investigated in a field remediation experiment. The treatments were: marble waste (MW), pig slurry (PS), marble waste + pig slurry (MW+PS), and control. Soil carbon mineralization was determined using a static chamber method with alkali absorption during 70 days. Soil respiration rates in all plots were higher the first days of the experiment owing to higher soil moisture and higher mean air temperature. MW plots followed the same pattern than control plots, with similar respiration rates. The addition of pig slurry caused a significant increase in the respiration rates, although in MW+PS plots, respiration rates were lower than in PS plots. The cumulative quantities of C-CO2 evolved from the pig slurry mineralization were fitted to a first-order kinetic model explaining 90% of the data. This model implies the presence of only one mineralisable pool (C0). The values of the index C0*constant rate/added C were similar for PS plots in both tailing ponds, but lower in the MW+PS treatment, suggesting that the application of marble reduces the degradability of the organic compounds present in the pig slurry. Thus, the application of marble wastes contributes to slow down the loss of organic matter by mineralization.

116 – 126

Authors: Mustafa Bolca, Yusuf Kurucu, Ünal Altınbaş, M.Tolga Esetlili, Fulsen Özen

With this study, using remote sensing technique, a data base which covers data on the electromagnetic energy reflections of various kinds of plants has been formed with the purpose of determining crop patterns. A 1/5.000 scale cadastral map was used as topographic map for the purpose of using remote sensing technique more effectively and sensibly for such crops as cotton, maize and sun flower of which the agriculture is exercised widely in Torbalı township and in this context in all the Aegean Region. In the current study, August 2001 dated Landsat 7 satellite images of the region were interpreted and ground realities and satellite images of the agricultural crops with high economic value which are widely cultivated in the region were overlapped and their values of reflection were determined. Images thus obtained were overlapped with 1/5.000 cadastre maps and product varieties could be determined at the basis of large section of a map, plot and parcel. Separately collaboration with technical personnel from the Directorate of Torbalı Township Agriculture was achieved in field and lab studies, and by transferring the data obtained into their computers, tangible steps were taken in the direction of applying technology at the basis of the Township. As a result, an important and basic database was formed that could be used for the payout of incentive premiums to the local organization for various crops or that could render functionality to the implementation of Agricultural policies based on record system.

10 - 15

Authors: Rosa María Rosales Aranda, Pedro Martinez-Pagán, Angel Faz Cano

The optimal detection and quantification of contamination plumes in soil and groundwater by petroleum organic compounds, gasoline and diesel, is critical for the reclamation of hydrocarbons contaminated soil at petrol stations. Through this study it has been achieved a sampling stage optimization in these scenarios by means of the location of potential contamination areas before sampling with the application of the 2D electrical resistivity tomography method, a geophysical non destructive technique based on resistivity measurements in soils. After the detection of hydrocarbons contaminated areas, boreholes with continuous coring were performed in a petrol station located in Murcia Region (Spain). The drillholes reached depths down to 10 m and soil samples were taken from each meter of the drilling. The optimization in the soil samples handling and storage, for both volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds determinations, was achieved by designing a soil sampler to minimize volatilization losses and in order to avoid the manual contact with the environmental samples during the sampling. The preservation of soil samples was performed according to Europe regulations and US Environmental Protection Agency recommendations into two kinds of glass vials. Moreover, it has been taken into account the determination techniques to quantify the hydrocarbon pollution based on Gas Chromatography with different detectors and headspace technique to reach a liquid-gas equilibrium for volatile analyses.

22 - 27

Authors: Mahtali Sbih, Antoine Karam, Adrien N’Dayegamiye, Zoubeir Bensid, Amar Boukaboub

The microbial biomass (MB) and light fraction (LF) of organic matter are often considered as active fraction of organic matter (AFOM) and as indices of soil fertility and microbial activity. This study was performed in order to assess the turnover of AFOM using long-term incubation (56 weeks) at25 °Cin 34 meadow soils with different physical and chemical properties such as soil texture, organic C and total N. The MB and LF were determined at 8 and 5 times during the incubation period using fumigation-extraction technique for MB and densimetric method for LF. The amount of MB-C and MB-N mineralized increased with time of incubation. At the beginning of incubation, the C and N content of soil MB represented respectively 0.76 to 3.7% of total organic C and 1.94 to 10.7% of total N. The C and N content of LF represented respectively 2.9 to 25.6% of total organic C and 1.7 to 17.5% of total N. At the end of incubation, the losses of MB-C and MB-N from soils reached respectively 71 and 82% of the initial amounts. The MB and LF dynamic were well described by a two-component first-order rate model. The amount of N in the labile MB and LF pools represented respectively 54% of total MB-N and 61% of total LF-N. The more stable MB and LF pools had higher half-life than labile pools. The results obtained indicated that the stable LF would be the precursor of soil humic compounds.

34 - 39

Authors: Tayfun Aşkın, Rıdvan Kızılkaya, Rezan Yılmaz, Vladimir Olekhov, Natalya Mudrykh, Iraida Samofalova

In present study, geostatistical techniques was applied to assess the spatial variability of exchangeable cations such as; calcium (Ex-Ca2+), magnesium (Ex-Mg2+), potassium (Ex-K+) and sodium (Ex-Na+) in the tillaged layer in a Perm State Agricultural Academy Farm site in Perm region, West Urals, Russia. A 250x100 m plot (approximately 2.35 ha) was divided into grids with 25x25 m spacing that included 51 sampling points from 0-0.2 m in depth. Soil reaction (pH) was the least variable property while the Ex-K was the most variable. The greatest range of influence (237.6 m) occurred for Ex-Ca and the least range (49.7 m) for Ex-Mg.

45 - 50

Authors: Mustafa Ismail Umer, Shayma Mohammad Rajab

Two Russian soil type, soddy-podzolic soil from Vladimerskaya region and dark-gray forest soil from Korskya region were taken .some microbiological parameters were assyed as basal respiration, substrate induced respiration, microbial biomass, microbial metabolic coefficient and correlated with soil aggregate stability concerning soil organic matter ,soil texture and soil bulk density . The result shown a positive correlation between all microbiological parameters with soil aggregate stability at this rank, microbial metabolic coefficient > microbial biomass = substrate induced respiration > basal respiration. Microbiological parameters and soil aggregate stability in dark-gray forest soil are greater than soddy-podzolic soil except basal respiration as a result of high organic content in this soil as will as the biomass as a percent of soil total organic matter. aggregate disintegration coefficient of dark-gray forest soil is 0.0028 with R2 0.927 and need 85 rain drop (equivalent to an energy of 83385 J Kg-1) greater than soddy-podzolic which had disintegration coefficient 0.0039 with R2 0.849 and needed only 40 rain drop (equivalent to an energy of 39240 J Kg-1).

58 - 63

Authors: Asghar Besalatpour, M. Ali Hajabbasi, Shamsolah Ayoubi, Ahmad Jalalian

A few areas in a large watershed might be more critical and responsible for high amount of runoff and soil losses. For an effective and efficient implementation of watershed management practices, identification of these critical areas is vital. In this study, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT, 2009) to identify and prioritize the critical sub-basins in a highly mountainous watershed with imprecise and uncertain data (Bazoft watershed, southwestern Iran). Three different SWAT models were first developed using different climate input data sets. The first data set (denoted as CRU) was derived from the climate research unit data set developed by the British Atmosphere Data Center (BADC). The second data set (denoted as CDW) was included the climate data obtained from the precipitation and air temperature stations in the study area. The third set (denoted as COM) was a combination of CRU and CDW climate data. The Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) program was used for calibrating and validating the SWAT model. Daily rainfall, temperature, and runoff data of 20 years (1989-2008) were used in this study. In results, the constructed SWAT model using COM data set simulated the runoff more satisfactorily than the two other developed SWAT models according to the statistical evaluation criteria. The correlation coefficient and Nash-Sutcliff values for the constructed SWAT model using COM data set were 0.40 and 0.38, respectively. The model simulated the runoff satisfactorily; however, the predicted runoff values were much more in agreement with the measured data for the calibration period than those for the validation period. Sub-basins S10, S12, and S13 were assigned as the most top critical sub-basins in runoff production in the watershed. The study revealed that the SWAT model could successfully be used for identifying the critical sub-basins in a watershed with imprecise and uncertain data for management purposes.