International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research

1009-1016

Authors: Chi Hsien Tsai

In the ICT era and take into account the trend toward NPM, Governance has been urging the e-government to provide “active” and “tailored” services. More importantly, in the aged society resulting from the aging baby boomers, the services of a democratic government need to be more satisfactory and timely when a large part of the citizens in any society become old. A system or database containing personal data by which to identify individuals is indispensable when the e-government wants to deliver services. According to Tsai (2005a: 7)’s research: a method of personal identification is used to distinguish the data specific to personal characteristics such as ID cards, credit cards, GCA, signatures, fingerprint, iris scans, blood vessels, etc. The first part assigns data on personal characteristics on the “carrier,” and the second part makes us of a “live” body. Because the “carrier” may be lost and copied, the second method is less risky from the current perspectives of “duplication” technology. Although a “live” body is better than a “carrier,” considering the method of personal identification, there is another issue that must be considered when the e-government wants to collect personal data that relates to the issue of “privacy,” not to mention the development of a means by which to integrate different kinds of personal “live” data into a database. Therefore, in this research, a literature analysis and the political economy approach are used to explore this issue based on demand and supply, problems of privacy, risks, and management mechanisms because determining a method by which to ensure that personal identification data is not leaked and misused is a very serious issue. This also involves the concept of “risk,” as Beck, Giddens, Lash & Urry (1994) mentioned in their discussion of “Risk Society” in the “Second Modernity.” As a result, risk management is vital, especially the recognition of how risk diverges among people. This essay therefore focuses on the following: how to choose a proper personal identification tool, the establishment of a personal identification database and the creation of a set of safe enquiry mechanisms, which includes both inquiry rights and inquiry methods. This inquiry method contains both public usage and personal usage, based on group decisions and self-decisions, respectively. Furthermore there should be laws established to punish offenders. Thus, this paper not only provides a method for using personal identification to benefit people, but also offer cures intended to prevent risk by using a special enquiry mechanism. Consequently, the e-government will be able to actively provide tailored services and provide welfare to the population. More important, this decision making mechanism model could be widely applied to solve similar kind of problems, especially in the diverged era. Besides, this kind of integrative platforms could be applied to different ministries as a basic infrastructure to achieve the aims of openness, transparency, knowledge accumulation, etc. on the part of e-governments.

1024 - 1036

Authors: Elif Yılmaz

The problem of the implementation of the legal norms in terms of time implies the determination of the dates of enforcement and abolition of legal norms, and applying or not applying these norms to the events that occur before the date of enforcement or after abolition. Within this scope, in law, the application of the later enacted legal rules to the events or proceedings occured in the past is called “retroactıvity”. But the rule is non-retroactivity of legal norms. Parallel to this principle, administrative transactions show their legal effects from the moment they enter into force and non-retroactivity principle of administrative transactions is a requirement in administrative law accepted both in doctrine and judicial decisions. But some exceptions to this rule are available in practice. In this study, the application of the principle of non-retroactivity in terms of taxational and the other administrative transactions in Turkish law will be discussed, an assessment of the curent legal situation will be made in terms of the principles of legal security and the non-retroactivity.

1041-1052

Authors: Oya Eru, Çağrı Köroğlu

One of the important topics in the marketing litareture is word of mouth marketing. Word of mouth marketing, can be defined as the exchange of people's ideas about products or services. Because of the low cost for businesses and positive impact on the purchasing behavior of consumers, word of mouth marketing has become a very important marketing tool both for product and service sectors. Financial advisory services, has a very important place in the service sector and there is an exchange of ideas between the users of accounting services too. Therefore, the concept of word of mouth marketing, also can be applied to taxpayers who use accounting services. Costumers (taxpayers) who satisfied with the accounting service which they use, will loyal to financial advisors and will share this satisfaction with relatives. Proceeding from this point, the effect of word of mouth marketing for selection of a financial advisor has been examined in the study. In the study, descriptive research model has been used. Because of a few articles in the literature on this subject indicates the importance of the study. By the reason of benefiting from word of mouth marketing, to build a relationship with customers for create awareness for financial advisors in the future, makes this study important too. For this purpose it has been applied a questionnaire, which investigates the effect of word of mouth marketing to select a financial advisor, to the selected sampling. The collected data has been analyzed using SPSS. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that word of mouth marketing affects the selection of financial advisors.

1070 - 1077

Authors: Derya Emir

The preoccupation with skin color and other physical qualities of black men to legitimize colonialism and imperialism were of significance in South African history. The implementation of racism, discrimination, and exploitation in South Africa was unprecedented because apartheid was employed to the majority of blacks systematically and institutionally by the colonizer countries. Apartheid régime, as an official policy of the Afrikaner government between 1948 and 1990, created huge disparity and discriminations between the whites and non-whites. Published in 1979, A Dry White Season is André Brink’s fifth novel and it presents the enigmatic events that happen to Ben Du Toit and other black characters. The novel is the account of subjugation, illegal detentions, and murders of black people under the custody of the security police during and after of the Soweto uprising in South Africa. Setting his novel within the backdrop of the Soweto riots, Brink chooses a nameless narrator to narrate the turbulent events which reflects the brutality of apartheid during the 1970s and 1980s. Contented with his wife and his three children, Ben is killed mysteriously in a hit and run accident. The mysterious death of the protagonist and the events are narrated by a nameless narrator who was Ben’s former university roommate. By disregarding the intimidation and seizures, Ben assumes responsibility to research the illegal detentions and tortures individually. This study explores the issues of torture, state violence, and arbitrary arrests of black peoples during the apartheid years in South Africa.

1089 - 1101

Authors: Assiye Aka

On self-identification is a thinking problem. Rather the person is about to become visible unconsciously formed perception of the process. According to Castells (2006: 12) is the people's sense of identity and a source of experience. According to him, talking about the social actors in reference to identity, meaning, a cultural trait or a set of interrelated meanings given priority compared to other sources is built on a foundation of cultural identity. The essence of the issue of identity is shaped by their similarities and differences .Subject of this paper claimed that there were multiple identities in today's world of different age identities (the Balkan Immigrants and Native Çanakkale) feelings and thoughts that have been developed against each other to determine what is going on. This is in line with the findings of observations and the different identities that you can discuss the possibilities of living together, which is on the ground. Research, quantitative research technique, a questionnaire-survey method was used. The study population by creating Çanakkale Central Region with 200 persons were surveyed by means of purposive sampling. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS Windows program and data was analyzed by creating a one-way and two-way frequency tables.

1120 - 1131

Authors: Muhammet Katipoğlu, Bilal Öncü

In this study it is aimed to determine the reasons of social studies teacher candidates having difficulties in perceiving the mathematics. For this purpose qualitative research method was used. The study was carried out under a special case study. Semi-structured interview technique was used as data collection instrument which was prepared and validity analysis were made by researchers. A total of fifteen people consisting of five students from each classrooms which are second, third and fourth constitute the sample group who study in Akdeniz University Faculty of Education, Social Studies Teacher Education. NVivo software programme is used to analyze the interview. With the help of data obtained from the study the reasons of difficulty in mathematic courses and mathematic education according to social studies teacher candidates and the relationship among these reasons will be discussed. The proposals that are required to eliminate the perception of “difficult” about mathematics will be presented.

1142 - 1153

Authors: Fatma Ünal, Emine Ela Kök

The purpose of this study is to examine parents who have children between the ages of 0-6 about fatherhood role. This research comprises voluntary mothers and fathers having children between the ages of 0-6 who live in Antalya. The design of this study is a qualitative phenomenological research in nature. Interviews were made with voluntary mothers and fathers within this research. Data collection was done through a semi-structured interview form. A pilot study was done with the interview form also functionalities of questions were checked. After the pilot study, the interview form was created and applied to the participants. The data obtained was coded and analyzed through content analysis. The findings obtained are significant both in term of analysing the views of parents about the role of father on child development, the role of father on childcare, the role of father on child training and revealing the similarities and differences of parents’ views on the role of fatherhood.

1169-1177

Authors: Orcun Alpay

Venedict Vasilyevich Yerofeyev is one of the leading writers of Russian postmodern literature. Having learnt how to write and read when he’s just five years old, he’s obtained various information from history to politics, music to art, philosophy to religion, and for him Bible is the book which he cannot live without. Yerofeyev who knows the Bible by heart has always been proud of it. The Bible which has an important place in his life also reflected to his works. One can face with quotes from the Bible both in his diaries and works. From Moscow to Petushki which was written by the end of 1969 and brought the real fame to the writer is the strikest example of this. The work which is about a physical and spiritual journey in company with alcohol of the autobiographic hero who carries the same name Venichka with the writer is named as “Alcoholic Russian Bible” because of using statements referring to the Bible sometimes in it’s original language literary and sometimes by the way of allusion, metaphor and periphrase. Being used for Venichka to express plenty of feelings and things, Biblical phrases reflect to the whole work as an effective factor of postmodern narrative which aims at constructing an impressive and allusive narration. Making use of Bible’s holiness writer tries to mythcise himself and his hero. In this context, finding out the quotes from the Bible which forms an important stratum of the work and their position in the narration are aimed to be revealed in the study.

1185-1196

Authors: Hayriye Ünlü, Saniye Taşkın, Nalan Özhan Elbaş

Nurses have important role about the processes of protection, development and improvement of the public and individuals health. Determining students' learning styles can be improved to the quality of education, to increase professional success and students can be satisfied with the education they receive. In this study, it is aimed to determine the nursing student's learning style. Method: The research is completed by 148 students accepting to attend. To carry out the research, it is gotten permission from Başkent University Social and Humanities Research Institution. To collect the data, BIG16 Learning Styles Inventory was used to decide the learning styles of the students. Finding: Average of age of the students is 22,01. It is stated that %58,8 of the students choose the Nursing Programme in their 1-5 choice. Most of the students say that they choose this programme because of the guarantee of finding a job. It is stated that dominant learning styles of the students is visual. Second styles of them is auditory. Third style of them is physical. Conclusion: According to this study, it is planned that educators and students should be informed of learning styles. It is suggested that educators should arrange the education environment, choose and use consciously the approaches, learning strategies, methods, techniques and equipments by taking into consideration of learning styles of the students.

1205 - 1215

Authors: Ece Serrican

Today, each discipline constitutes a coherent whole itself and interacts with the different areas. It is seen that information and method exchanges are occurred along different disciplines. Each material used by any art is different. The literature that is one of these arts and uses the language as a material is originated to the very old times. At the beginning of the discipline of psychology gives a new perspective to the literature based on people. Methods that are used by both disciplines are intended to understand and to tell the human. The psychology science that is used in literature reviews is important since it includes the analysis of the work and the author. One of these analysis is the archetypal criticism method proposed by Carl Gustav Jung. Hero in literary works may exhibit both bright and dark appearance owing to the mask he wore against the environment “persona” face and press the “shadow” side. Any male hero can carry “animus” as the feminine side, and any female hero can exhibit “animus” as masculine side against the events. The archetypes such as trickster with cunning and cynical aspect, elderly wise with the wisdom and guidance, grandmother with fertility and abundance can be seen in the work.

1228 - 1238

Authors: Celal Gülşen, Şeyda Dayıoğlu

This research has been carried out to take the opinions of secondary school principals in the city of the İstanbul about the criteria employed for the assignments of school principals and to give sug-gestions to those concerned. The sampling of this research is composed of school principals who were chosen by the appropirate sampling method and who worked in secondary schools in 2014-2015 academic year, in İstanbul. The findings were uploaded to SPSS programme and assesed by using the variant analysis in compliance with demographic variables. The probable differantiations between principal appointment criteria with demographic variables were analyzed by Mann Whitney U Test. When the findings were analysed, it has been observed that there is a meaningful difference with regards to sex, age, seniority variance in management but, no difference, on the other hand, with regards to faculty. When observed on the basis of articles, there is a high level of agreement with regards to the following articles; “Principal assignments needs to be done before the academic year”, “Objective, measurable, dioristic criteria must be taken as basis in the reassingment of principals”, “Based on these findings assignments of school principalls must be done before the academic year and appointments to school must be done according to achievment indicators”.

1253 - 1267

Authors: Zeki Çakmak, Halime Gürdal

This study aim to determination of distinctive elements of job satisfaction level and communication level of research assistants at faculty of economics and administrative sciences with discriminant analysis. With this aim, prepared scale applied to fourty four research assistants, the data which obtained from the scale analyzed with discriminant analysis. According to discriminant analysis result, four variables which are obtained from job satisfaction scale show that research assistants with high level and medium level of job satisfaction are distinguished with respectively %100 and %93.3 correctness. In the same way, according to discriminant analysis result, four variables which are obtained from communication scale show that research assistants with low level, medium level and high level of communication are distinguished with respectively %100,%80 and %100 correctness.

1274 - 1282

Authors: Yasemin Gürsoy

Second World War influences Russia, Russian folk and also Russian Literature deeply. This subject is often dealt in the belles-lettres of both during war time and after war time. Most of the authors who narrates war times in their works of art have taken part in war and they reflect the hard truths to their work of art. One of those authors, Konstantin Dmitrievich Vorobyov has been sent to the front line as a cadet, was captured, stayed in concentration camps and prisoners, escaped from the camp with his own means and returned to the front line, have experienced the war at all points. Vorobyov who narrates his war experiences in a realist way, wrote “Slain near Moscow” in 1961 is one of the important work of art which reveals the war and psychology of the people who went to war. We aimed to prove the relationship between war and men imaged in the story of “Slain near Moscow”.

1296 - 1304

Authors: Serdar Ceyhun, Nedim Malkoç

The study was carried out in order to examine the communication skills of School of Physical Education and Sports in terms of different variables. 293 students attended to Karabük University Hasan Doğan School of Physical Education and Sports during 2014-2015 formed the study group. Communication Skills Assessment Scale which was developed by Korkut (1996) was used in the study. As a result of the study, it was found that although there was no significant difference in terms of gender between communication skills of students attending to Karabük University Hasan Doğan School of Physical Education and Sports, female students are highly skilled in communication than male students. It was also found that there is a significant difference between the communication skills of the students attending to Karabük University Hasan Doğan School of Physical Education and Sports in terms of grade levels. The study is expected to contribute especially to physical education teacher candidates’ communication problems and possible solutions of these problems.

1314 - 1326

Authors: Nil Didem Şimşek

Native language classes aim to provide gain in four skill areas in that language. This is only achieved through the textbooks and the texts in these books. The more the number of texts and text types the students study in the 8th grade, the more successful they will be in the 9th grade literature classes. Reading, understanding and examining the reading comprehension texts in native language textbooks, the students achieve different writing and producing skills. Aiming to develop native language skills, native language classes are essential for every country; as in these classes, the native language is used in the most active way; mental skills are developed; and the students’ vocabulary is enriched. The aim of this research is to compare the native language (English) textbooks for 8th grades in various states in the USA and the native language (Turkish) textbooks for 8th grades in Turkey in terms of theme/unit and text types. In the research, two books have been examined with descriptive analysis method; and have been compared both thematically and in terms of text types. Independent from the curricula or the framework programmes of both countries, this study focuses only on theme/unit and text type. In this way, the study points out the range of native language textbooks used in these two countries with different cultures, geographies and histories in terms of theme/unit and text type. Through the data obtained in the research, the inadequacies of 8th grade Turkish textbooks have been determined; and thus, the study has paved the way for different research that will be helpful for the students.

656-670

Authors: A. Sait Sönmez, Harun Bıçakçı, Cuma Yıldırım

Ukraine and Russia, the two Slavic societies, are two different nations even if they have common historical past and cultural ties. In the post-Cold War period, Russian and Ukrainian relations progressed in a problematic way. The strategic importance of Ukraine has increased more with the introduction of the transfer of energy sources in the former Soviet Union to the West. Ukraine as a country in the role of an energy corridor has become more important for Russia together with the increased role of the energy sector in the Russian economy. Ukraine as a country which is not rich in terms of natural gas and oil resources is a dependent country to Russia in this field. Therefore, an interdependence between the two countries has occurred due to Russia's energy resources and the location of Ukraine as a transit country. Ukraine has a privileged status compared to other republics in the era of Soviet Union. One of the republics in the UN General Assembly representing the USSR which has the Soviet nuclear industry is Ukraine. Moreover, Minsk summit where the decision of the disintegration of the Soviet Union was taken was held by the leaders of the Russian Federation, Belarus and Ukraine. As the Russia-USA competition deepens, the importance of Ukraine for the Western powers will increase. The Russian-American competition which is becoming very evident in Syria after the invasion of Crimea is the messenger of these possibilities. In such a case, the Western powers will see Ukraine as outpost or front country. This is because today the new frontier of Eastern and Western passes through the Ukraine-Georgia line. In this case, Ukraine will be supported by the economic and financial help of the West. All this is a case about the commitment of Russia to compete with Westerners. However, it is possible that Ukraine will encounter many problems in the internal politics and to enter the domain of Russia in the event that exhibit a stable attitude against Russia as in the example of Georgia. Russia has shown the cost of following a Western-axis foreign policy to the other former Soviet republics by invading Crimea. The issues appearing the East of Ukraine give the hints about the methods which Moscow will use afterwards. The invasion has increased further the opposition towards Russia in the Ukraine society. Georgia which was invaded by Russia begore and Azerbaijan which lost Karabakh due to the support provided to the Armenian society by Russia did not shift to a pro-Russian line as Moscow expected. On the contrary, perhaps Russia seems to have won Abkhazia, Ossetia and Crimea but lost Georgia and Ukraine. However, the Ukraine crisis was deepened by the invasion of Crimea, it is now a complex issue with global, regional and local reasons and results. Russia used to economy and energy issues in order to keep Ukraine under control. On 27 February 2014, Russia invaded the Crimea peninsula by using military force and did not refrain from the explicit violation of sovereignty. This case did not only affect the Russia-Ukraine relationship but also caused the biggest and the most serious crisis between Russia and the West. After the invasion of Crimea by Russia, Crimea went to referendum on 16 March 2014 about the future of the regions of the Autonomous Republic and Crimea joined Russia based on the results of the referendum. With the result of this referendum, the Russian Federation declared that Crimea is a part of the country. Although the Western Block considered this situation illegal, Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol federal cities joined the Russian Federation. Together with this, Donetsk and Lugansk regions with a higher Russian population in the eastern region of Ukraine also declared their independence from Ukraine and as a result of this, a civil war started in the country as a result of intervention of Kiev administration in this area. According to the EU data, more than 4 thousand people died during these incidents. The reasons behind this are the Russian-American competition, the maintained the struggle for dominance in the Eurasian geography, unstable political structure of Ukraine and the Russia-Ukraine relations can be referred to as the reasons of the crisis. One of the issues that negatively affects the Russia-Ukraine relations is the Western government outside the Ukraine foreign policy. This policy gained speed after the Orange Revolution in particular, mainly the Western foreign policy was started to be followed in the Yushchenko era. However, it should be pointed out that the pro-Western policies were followed during the periods of the leaders such as Kraucuk and Kuchma. These leaders were following a balance policy by taking into account the sensitive issues for Russia. On the other hand, despite the pro-Russians in the Ukrainian society, a European dependency has emerged in the country during the period after the independence. In this study Ukraine crisis will be analyzed in the context of political structure of Ukraine and Russia-Ukraine relations in accordance with the abovementioned reasons

680 - 691

Authors: Ermira Qosja, Ertila Druga

In any country, the students’ entrepreneurial spirit is of great economic and social importance. Students will be the entrepreneurs of the future and it is their plans and entrepreneurship which would deeply influence the society of tomorrow and its economic wellbeing. This paper intends to offer an input on the understanding of entrepreneurial spirit among students (of the European University of Tirana), to analyse such a spirit and goals, as well as factor affecting them: entrepreneurship education in the university, personal entrepreneurial motivation, impact of parents and family, and social and economic context. The analysis goes even further, looking at the impact of gender, area of study in university, and at how entrepreneurship is taught: whether through lectures only or it is also closely interlaced with practice at industry level. The paper is based on secondary literature, GUESSS report, and on an on-line distributed questionnaire, which was addressed to and answered by students of all the three higher education levels: BA, MA, and Ph.D. The results this research obtained are important for the university we work at, in order to improve and diversify the ways entrepreneurship education is taught, but they could also be applied at a wider scope.

699 - 707

Authors: Belis Gülay

Which is native to Turkey, arabesque, a folk music genre which contain in Orientalism, emotional, rebellious, unrequited love, despair and is transferred to the music of a life filled with failure, it is an art form that incorporates the enstürümantal values. Arabesque culture, then Anglo-American rock 'n' Arabesk combines the roles of music styles, Orhan Gencebay Bully Muslum Gurses, Ibrahim Tatlises, Selami Şahin sounds like Ferdi Tayfur, have led to the emergence of a new arabesque culture and forth with Turkish motifs Anglo-American rock that incorporates orientalism 'n' roll music has emerged. Because our study focuses especially on Orhan Gencebay arabesque, I would like to mention the reason that of Orhan Gencebay arabesque exit. The most important reasons arabesque that of Orhan Gencebay emergence of state intervention. It wants to break all ties with the Ottoman Empire with the proclamation of the Republic and more westernized effort comes from being in it. The formation of the ban on radio and television broadcasts in the 1930s, wishes to announce voice, a rebellion, the emergence of the idea of freedom can not be expressed in the arabesque is the most important factor. The longing for nostalgia heard today, it has been examined in the framework of the 4P marketing mix as it affects art and especially music.

715 - 721

Authors: Bulent Halvaşi

Communication is one of the most important tie between individuals. From historical view we observe that earliest comunication starts with drawing pictures, body language and facial expressions. After that comes sound and language that reaches its heigt with language and literature. Language is the tool used to carry on values of cultures to following generations. No matter in which language sound is created, the vocal chords that create the vibrations and the ears which give meaning to these vibrations are universal. Education of voice encompasses individuals awareness of how the vibrations are created and how effectively they can be used. Therefore “what creates the voice” and “what needs to be considered when creating the voice” are two important questions that need to be addressed. The vocal capacity of an individual is important in how effectively language is used and thus the effectiveness of communication. A teacher should be able to speak clearly and articulately in order to better convey his/her message. When language is evaluated in terms of voice education, the melodic structure of words and sentences, intonations carry importance. Music acts as a tool to learning language because of its “hear and repeat” quality. In addition, the inherit melodically quality of music constitutes a strong foundation to language learning.

730 - 739

Authors: Fatih Arslan

This study discusses the problem of women rights in the 21st century in terms of human rights. Though the matter of human rights has been studied since very ancient times, it can be said that the discourse of human rights which is common today was established in the 19th century. The discourse of human rights regards the perception of citizenship as the main reference point. We can make mention of three center lines of the discourse of human rights. These are civil rights, freedom of speech and social rights. Civil rights can be sorted as individual freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of thought, freedom of possession and contract and the right of justice. While the political rights express the rights of taking part in the political decision making process as voters and electees, social rights include a set of rights ranging from having the rights within the bounds of the standards of the society such as economic welfare social security, to the right of being able to live as a civilized individual. It is obvious that the age long struggle for women rights cannot be dissociated from that of human rights. However, nowadays this context has been disregarded and women rights have been handled as isolated from general rights. Reevaluation of feminist theory and the situation of women studies today and dealing with the matter in terms of a more general concept of human rights constitute the main axis of this study

758 - 767

Authors: Bircan Dokumacı, Hayriye Çakır-Atabek

The flatwater canoeing competition is held in lake or pond that flow rate is constant. The traction and thrust force are expected to be at high level as well as excellent technique. Also, the 1000-m event demands high levels of both aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Additionally, sportive performance is affected by anthropometric characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anthropometric variables, respiratory function, bio-motoric properties and 1000-m canoe performance. Eight male canoe athletes volunteered to participate in this study (mean age: 17.125 ± 1.12 years; height: 171.86 ± 6.95 cm; weight: 61.262 ± 10.7 kg; BMI: 20.623 ± 2.41 kg/m2). The canoe athletes underwent tests of anthropometric variables (height, weight, BMI, sitting height, arm span, sum of 8 skinfold, body fat percentage), respiratory function (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, FEF25-75 and MVV), bio-motoric properties (right and left hand-grip strength, anaerobic power and isokinetic knee strength) and 1000-m canoe performance. Anaerobic power was estimated by using countermovement jump height. Bilateral concentric isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and flexors was evaluated at 600/s and 2400/s using CSMI-Humac/NormTM-770 dynamometer (Humac Norm Testing and Rehabilitation System, USA). A Spirolab-III ergospirometer (Medical International Research, Italy) was used to measure pulmonary function. The results of the present study demonstrated that there were no significant relationship between anthropometric variables, respiratory function, bio-motoric properties and 1000-m canoe performance (p> 0.05). A limited number of investigations focused on Turkish canoe athletes encourage us to design this study. Lack of training experience of participants may affect the results. Moreover, the small sample size is limitation of the present study.

778 - 790

Authors: Nesrin Akıncı Çötok

There are some differences between the tasks that women and men can do within the present socia-cultural reality. These differences can be expressed as division of labor for the organization of social life. Since the division of labor is necessary for the continuity of social life the different roles of women and men gain legitimacy. While society organizes itself with the help of division of labour, women and men live for the continuity of this organization. Within the routine of social life men and women share different participation rates: both sexes’ representation in the social area changes. In the context of these representations while women have become the subject of private area, men are accepted as the subject of public area. Although this situation is originated from the division of labour the social memory accepts it as a common attitude. This attitude towards two sexes causes a so-called social gender inequality. This inequality seems as a situation that gives rise to the priority of men. And this is one of the reasons of violence to women which occur as a result of economical factors. In this work which presents women’s perspective on the fact of violence to women, it is tried to show the views of fifteen women from different social lives who exposed to violence. In this study, which analyses qualitatively how women perceives their role and the importance of their place based on the fact of violence to women, women’s contribution to economy is examined and also it is shown that the education level effects the women’s perspective on the violence to women.

807 - 813

Authors: Özlem Kurtoğlu Zorlu

Textbooks are among the most commonly used educational tools. Therefore, texts in textbooks should ease learning, be readable and comprehensible. Readability can be simply defined as the level of a text’s easiness/difficulty for its reader. Some significant studies on the readability of Turkish textbooks are Zorbaz (2007), Okur and Arı (2013), Bağcı and Ünal (2013) and Baş and İnan-Yıldız (2015). Studies on other textbooks include Kurnaz and Erdem (2012) (a study on language and expression textbooks), Köse (2009) (on biology textbooks) and Geçit (2010) (on social studies textbooks). The results of them reveal that some texts are not appropriate for students’ educational levels and the level of difficulty varies according to text type. The aim of this study is to determine the readability levels of texts in primary school 3rd grade Turkish and Social Studies textbooks that are accepted to be used in 2015-2016 school year. The formula adapted to Turkish by Ateşman (1997) is used in this study. Only prose is analyzed and poetry is left out of the scope. The results show that the readability levels of both textbooks that are analyzed are easy. However, texts are not given in an order from easy to difficult.

824 - 832

Authors: Mehmet Özberk

In Russian history, for the first time found in XII. century, the name of Moscow is along the centuries the most important settlement, civilization, religion, education, culture and arts center of Russian people. By Czarina Elizabeth In XVIII century, Moscow experienced the largest growth and Moscow University was founded in 1755. The following year, with the support of the University management Russia's first national magazine and newspaper begin publishing. During this period, for the development of literature, in Moscow are established literary communities consecutively. In XVIII century, the literary path, opened by Lomonosov, Karamzin, Fonvizin, Derjavin etc. real progress and power of literature in Moscow reveals the influence of romanticism and realism in XIX. century. From 1817 Pushkin begins to give first works. Pushkin's literary works successively mark the Russian literature and history. Literary newspapers and magazines see the light. Lermontov and Gogol the most important names of that period. In a large accelerating Russian literature, writers as Dostoyevsky, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Chekhov etc. in their works common point is Moscow, which is greatly praised. In this paper, we focused on the role of Moscow in XIX century Russian literary history and Moscow’s signs in these literary works.

840 - 850

Authors: Safiye Genç

The main concern of this study is to analyze the emergence of Turkish Slang amongst the young turkish immigrants and its importance. Rap music is where Turkish Slang is mostly used. Since the midst of the 80s, Rap Music has become a medium of expression for the young immigrants who live in Germany. The correlation between Turkish Slang and Rap Music will be discussed in that sense.

865 - 874

Authors: Mustafa Altınkök, Bahadır N. Kayışoğlu, Cenk Temel, Yılmaz Yüksel

The purpose of this study is determining the level of the Physical Education Classes Sportsmanlike Behaviors of the students of Karabük Secondary School according to different variables, and examining the effects of these variables on sportsmanlike behaviors. The data of the study were obtained by using the Personal Information Form and the “Physical Education Classes Sportsmanlike Behaviors Scale” (PECSBS), which was developed by Koç (2013). The Cronbach Alpha reliability level of the scale was found as .82 after the analyses. Upon the analyses of the data, it was observed that there was no significant differences between the sportsmanlike behavior points of the secondary school students in terms of gender, grades and total family income; however, it was also observed that the sportsmanlike behavior points of the secondary school students who had sports halls in their schools was higher than those who did not have sports halls in their schools (p < 0.05); and total sportsmanlike behavior points of the students was at a high level with 87.07 (max. 110). When these results are evaluated it is considered that the high level of sportsmanlike behaviors of the students in the study group may be associated with the socio-cultural and regional effects or may be related with specificity of the study group. It is also considered that more comprehensive studies must be conducted in order to determine the sportsmanlike behavior points of the secondary school students in detail.

903 - 907

Authors: Elif Başıbüyük

In this study, it is aimed to make an overall assessment of the concept, mental representation from a philosophical point of view. This concept is so merged with countless studies in many disciplines that it becomes indispensible and becomes one of the leading areas of study in cognitive science as well as cognitive linguistics. What is aimed is to present the opposing philosophical views regarding cognitive representations and mental models and to set a general framework. Representationalists and eliminativists offer contradictory arguments. The latter group take the physical aspects, i.e., brain itself, into account while the former focus on mind to study representation of the world and divided mainly into two groups; symbolic vs. distributed representationalists. Symbolic and distributed representationalists offer different mental models for representing world knowledge, thought and language. The result of the discussion indicates that representationalists offer more efficient answers, moreover symbolic (classical) representationalists put forward a more fruitful approach to mental representation especially in terms of computationalism.

921 - 931

Authors: Sezen Kılıç

During the events known as the 1934 Thrace Pogroms, which started on June 21, 1934 and came to an end on July 4, Jewish houses and shops were looted and consequently thousands of Jewish people were left no choice but to immigrate to Turkey leaving their homes behind. The violence and vandalism acts, during which there was no incident resulting in death except for that of a gendarme who was trying to intervene in the events, started with the boycott of the goods of Jewish tradesman and spread to other Thrace cities in a short time. After the events died down, although the majority of the Jewish people who had immigrated to Istanbul returned to Thrace, the very fear of going through the same attacks resulted in the Jews’ immigrating initially abroad after a while and to Israel after the state was founded. It has been claimed that the outbreak of these events against the Jews in Thrace, resulted from misunderstanding the June 14, 1934 dated and 2510 numbered Resettlement Law enacted so as to create nation-state awareness. Besides, the anti-Semitic articles published in the Turkish press, especially those written by Cevat Rıfat Atilhan in Millî İnkılâp (National Revolution) and Nihal Atsız in Orhun magazines have been asserted to have had an influence on the outbreak.Despite the fact that there are many available studies on the immigration of the Jews in Thrace and its consequences, there is not one conducted on the subject concerning the attitude and influence of the Turkish press. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine whether the Turkish press played a role in the Thrace Pogroms by analysing the articles published since June 1934 in Millî Inkılâp, which is propounded to have had a part in the start of the Thrace Pogroms, as well as the articles in other newspapers and magazines of the period. In addition, in order to designate the role of the press, the reactions shown during and after the events will be tried to introduce.

949 - 959

Authors: Elmas Akın

In the changing and developing transforming social structures, the demographic structure is changing; the elderly population is increasing with the reason of development of technology and extension of human life day by day. ‘Aging’ which expressed as the process which from starting to ending of the live, may confront individuals with new problematics. Definition of ‘elderly immigrants’ emerges with the immigration case get involved to process too. Individuals accumulate to social capital during their lives; being ‘I, we’ with this accumulation of social capital; see themselves as a whole with their environment. Especially elderly immigrants, cannot aging in these accumulation social networks; they face with the issues not only posed by aging but also being immigrant as well. In this article, the concepts of aging and agedness, theories of aging and definition of elderly immigration are examined in the light of the literature reviews. In addition to these studies, sources of social support of elderly immigrants to psychosocial functioning effects are get discussed; evaluation is done in the terms of old welfare and suggestions are presented.

972 - 985

Authors: Zuhal Akbayır, Yeliz Kuşay

Crisis is a chaotic state that damages the operational processes of corporations and there is a limited time to solve it. Because they occur on unexpected times, while the solution mechanisms of the crisis go insufficient, the panic and worries disrupt the communication of the corporation with the target audience. So that, overcoming the crisis depends on the success of the crisis management processes and strong communication/public relations strategies. The increasing power of social media in daily life as a news source, strengthen the position of these mediums in crisis communication strategies. When it is used rightly, social media has a potential to decrease the negative effects of crisis despite its feature letting the rumours travel easy. In other words, it is a need to apply to social media for fulfilling the needs of society for news and for decreasing the bad effects of rumors or gossips in crisis. In this study, the social media strategies of foremost automotive producers in the world during the emission crisis-September 2015, is examined. The official Facebook and twitter profiles of Turkish automotive companies which are effected by emission crisis are analyzed using content analysis method. The strategies of these companies on responding the crisis on social media is argued according to the criteria which are suggested by usage of social media for crisis communication. It is found out in this study that companies do not sufficiently follow the criteria about strategies of responding the crises in social media.

298 - 308

Authors: Alper Göksu, Gonca Güngör Göksu

For a country, reaching to developed civilizations level, development of its economy and socio-cultural structure, increasing quality of individual capital and services offered for citizens is directly proportional with the importance given to education. As the quality and sufficiency of the education service given in a country increases, the development of the country becomes faster in the same extent. In this study where the financing structure of high education which is the last steps of the education service, initially the theory was emphasized and then comparison of resources allocated to financing of the higher education were included among countries. In the last section, the reasons of existing differences among countries in the financing of higher education were focused. In this context, the aim of the study is to determine the relative rates in GDP and government budget of the resources allocated to the financing of higher in the various countries which are the members of OECD (the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and to examine the existing differences among countries.

318 - 328

Authors: Mihai Cercel, Raluca Saftescu

Internet emergence multiplied the number of voices involved in international policy-making, accelerated the spread of information and increased its sources, and offered a framework from real-time communication, so diplomats have to handle with a complex international agenda. To stay competitive, they have to assimilate digital tools in their daily practice, digital diplomacy defining changes in structures, resources requirements, organizational management and processes of MFAs. This is a central point of this paper that is focused on the impact of digital disruption on traditional diplomatic practices. Based on digital diplomacy perspectives the article argues that, even if traditional diplomatic customs remain at the heart of diplomatic activities, internet introduces a new dynamism in conducting diplomacy. A key change refers to embassies empowerment, their role inside diplomatic systems increasing while the centrality of MFA is challenged by the changing operating environment. The article emphasizes that some activities conducted today in headquarters will be assigned more and more to the embassies, ICT using optimizing the resources and the structure of the diplomatic network. The case study regarding digitization impact on Belgian and Romanian MFAs, showed that ICT transformed the manner of sharing information and of attracting foreign audiences having huge penetration potential, data being transmitted quickly to millions targeted people. In this context, diplomats’ professionalization is an obvious and welcomed approach, each MFA having particular methods to develop digital competences. Therefore, the integration of digital tools in the diplomatic work and their optimal use represent the prerequisites for efficiency in the 21st century.

342 - 354

Authors: Yusuf Yıldırım

Iran has been considered among the major players in the region due to its geopolitical position in Eurasia. Since the mid-1970s, it has been striving for expanding its sphere of influence and gaining an upper hand within other countries in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. Iran wanted to improve in terms of conventional weapons and defense sense and perform the its desires in the region and Iran countinued its actions in this direction after Islamic Revolution in 1979, too. In the Post-Cold War era, Iran signed several agreements on conventional arms especially Russia China and redesigned in accordance with technological conditions its military power in the region. Iran's actions in the region provide field of interest to global players and this region was the sphere of influence between Russia, China and USA. Iran increased steadily arming power in the mids-2000s and intimidated to potential competitors in the region. Iran made significant changes, especially in the defense capacity with the support of Russia and China and accelerated its actions against the threat US and Israel in the nuclear sense. Especially Saudi Arabia and Gulf countries who are afraid of Iran’s efforts to export its revolutionary ideology to other countries are in the belief that nuclear proliferation activities of Iran would damage regional stability and security. In this context, Iran's actions gained importance for ensuring security and stability in the Middle East. This paper has tried to analyze effects of Iran’s proliferation activities on regional and global security, and revolves around the issues such as who are the major arms suppliers of Iran, what kind of weapons have been produced by Iran. It also addressed periodical armament relations of Iran along with its conventional armament and nuclear activities within the context of interests of big powers in the region.

367 - 379

Authors: İbrahim Limon

The aim of this study is to determine 9th and 10th graders' metaphorical perceptions about English as a foreign language. Additionally, it was examined if the perceptions of the students differ depending on gender and grade. The sampe of the study consists of 193 students who were getting education in Adapazarı, Sakarya in 2014-2015 educational year. These students were chosen by means of convenience sampling method. The study was carried out using phenomenology which is one of the qualitative research models. The data were collected through a semi structured metaphor form. 125 out of 193 forms were included in the study. 68 of the forms were not included in the study because some of them did not actually have a metaphor and some of whose reason were not consistent with the metaphors used. When these metaphors were analyzed using content analysis, 8 categories were obtained. These categories are English as an entertaining activity, a functional tool, the result of an accumulation, a boring and challenging process, a difficult and complex language, a valuable language, a necessity, an unnecessary and fruitless process. These categories were also grouped as positive, negative and neutral ones.

390 - 398

Authors: Dilar Diken Yücel

This study's subject is about for which purposes and by whom the surveillance is done in these days. In this study, the concept of surveillance were examined through movies in relation with power structures existing at all stages of our lives. In this study, the notion of surveillance is discussed from the perspectives of Michel Foucault's and Jeremy Bentham's approaches. As a part of this study, Bentham's “Panopticon” prison project, which has an architectural design shaped according to the notion of surveillance, and terms of Sinopticon and Superpanopticon which are the complementary notions of "Panopticon" are analyzed. In addition to that, as the person who brought the term "surveillance" into social sciences, M. Foucault's approaches to power and body are at the focus of this study. The study aimed to discuss the films through the concept of surveillance. The study focusing on how films reflect the surveillance and power relations has benefited from a combination of historical and semiotic analysis as a method. Three films released in between 2012 and 2015 of The Hunger Games series have been studied in this research. The study is expected to contribute to both the field of cinema and the ongoing debates on the notion of surveillance.

411 - 423

Authors: Mehmet Burak Taştı, Ümmühan Avcı Yücel, Serpil Yalçınalp

The aim of this study is to investigate mathematics teacher candidates’ processes of learning object development through 3D modeling program. Nine mathematics teacher candidates who continue to mathematics teaching program at a foundation university in 2014-2015 spring term constituted the participants of the present study. Data were gathered through structured open-ended questions and were supported with observation results. Data were analyzed through content analysis. Findings of the study revealed that, participants held positive perceptions on developing 3D learning objects through 3D modeling program since, it helps to understand abstract concepts, it facilitates learning and ensures lasting learning. Besides, mathematics teacher candidates were identified the advantages of the software used as free, easily accessible and user-friendly. It is thought that results of the study may suggest for integrating technology to learning environments in a more effective manner.

439 - 452

Authors: Hatice Baysal, Pınar Göktaş

The concept of leadership exists and protects its’ importance in every field that there is management mentality from prehistoric period of history. People need leaders that will take away a specific goal from the day that live together to present. Some aspects of characteristics of these leaders who guide such as which characteristics are necessary in which situations and these characteristics of leaders are innate or acquired become mystery and this causes developing various theory and approaches. Culture in leadership research is important topic in terms of leader and audiences in organizational structure. As part of cultural effect, the characteristics about leaders that are located in epics are dedicated to epic qualification are embraced within dada gorgud stories by being mentioned for research. Dada gorgud stories are preferred for research because they have deep and multi-layer structure, characters in dada gorgud stories bear responsibilities, relationships among characters, their educations and locution is different from characters in other epics as well as emotional dimension of dada gorgud stories. As part of research of leadership characteristics, characteristics that characters have are revealed with content analysis method. Characteristics that reveal with the results of mathematical analysis that is applied to dada gorgud stories. Continuity of research will maintain by being made comparisons between content analysis that will make for other epics that become product of central Asia Turk culture and other study finding that will make for mythological stories of western culture.

463 - 475

Authors: Mustafa Altınkök

In this study, it was aimed that the results of the research performed for the purpose of determining the effects of high-intensity interval training model used as one of the training methods in training, exercises and fitness activities on the performance of human organism and several parameters be studied and the spheres of influence of this training model be put forward. When the conducted researches were reviewed, it was ascertained that any sort of exercise had positive effects on the muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems in the human organism. As is also put forth through the conducted studies, human organism maintains the energy required to be able to sustain and actualize all its functions through two ways as aerobic and anaerobic paths. While nutrients (carbohydrates, fat and protein) are burned through oxygen as the energy is being obtained through the aerobic way, the anaerobic energy, on the other hand, is gained when nutrients are burned with very little amount of energy or even none. Walking, trotting, jogging, running and cycling are some of the examples to aerobic exercise, whereas climbing up 10-15 stairs fast and short distance races can be given as examples to anaerobic exercise. Separately, running 100-200-400 metres, swimming 50-100 meters, exercises like weight lifting, and several sports such as football, basketball, handball and tennis are performed by executing anaerobic processes. The energy through the anaerobic way is gained only from carbohydrates, and the time is limited with approximately 2 minutes while promoting intensive and rigorous efforts. However, most exercises comprise the association of these two processes. It is known that the participation rate (turnout) of these processes in gaining energy depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise. With this study, the contributions of the training performed by using the high-intensity interval training method as one of the training methods used by different researchers in different models and in different periods of time to sports sciences and fields of sports, and also their effects on the performance of human organism have been put forward.

489 - 496

Authors: Hatice Elif Diler

Since the 1960s magical realism has been a significant narrative mode used by postmodernist and postcolonial authors all over the world. Disregarding the conventional classical realism and its techniques, magical realist authors have used postmodernist techniques to achieve their postcolonial aims. Their attempts to find innovative techniques have resulted in embracing the Rabelaisian aesthetics and Bakthinian concerns in their works. Grotesque realism is considered a type of magical realism. Thanks to the embrace of the magical, the improbable and the profane, grotesque magical realist texts reflect a strong regenerative carnivalesque spirit and a general worldview in popular carnival forms. The most renowned exponent of magical realism from Latin America is Gabriel García Márquez, the winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in literature. One Hundred Years of Solitude, the Colombian author García Márquez’s magnum opus, is generally regarded as the masterpiece of magical realism. One Hundred Years of Solitude employs carnivalesque-grotesque features and stands out for its carnivalesque spirit. To convey his message, García Márquez mostly relies on Bakhtinian concerns such as folklore, folk laughter and carnivalesque. The aim of this study is to analyze the carnivalesque-grotesque features used in the novel and their contribution to García Márquez’s meaning. Thus, this paper attempts to scrutinize One Hundred Years of Solitude as a grotesque magical realist text.

504 - 515

Authors: Muzaffer Şahin

In journalism, there are series of processes that news; photographs and images have to undergo before they are presented to the viewer. After the correspondent writes the news article, the editor reviews the piece and decides whether to publish it or not. Since the 1980s, with the help of the news writing systems that were developed in Turkey, the process of news writing and publishing have been expedited and improved considerably. Computers and new software systems have replaced the old-fashioned tools of journalism and news broadcasting such as typewriters, negative/positive photography films and darkrooms for film developing, telephotography, cutting and pasting tables, white-outs, the yellow papers used for news writing and so on. The news management systems and the digital technology of today’s world have greatly contributed to many different aspects of how journalism and news management are conducted. Software firms are now developing systems that are compatible with the demands of news agencies, televisions, newspapers, magazines and digital media companies. In the field of educational Journalism, there has been a need for a software system tool that can help and direct students for the purposes of writing, editing, archiving, news searching and managing in an effective and efficient manner. For that matter, Gazi University Faculty of Communication and Journalism has established the ‘Gazi News System’ (GNS) with the support of the university’s Faculty of Scientific Research and Projects that helped develop the software, which has taken around 1,5 years to complete. At present, the editors and writers of ‘Gazi News’ are using the GNS Software for their news management capabilities. The software is also eligible to be used during journalism application courses offered at Gazi University. Furthermore, GNS is practical and proficient for distance-learning education programs. This report presents detailed information about the GNS software and its utilities.

526 - 536

Authors: Adnan Veysel Ertemel, Ahmet Başçı

With the advent of Internet that enables always connected consumers and readily available rich information about all types of products, consumer’s purchase decision process has been radically altered that accompanies more information seeking activity prior to going to the store shelf. First moment of truth (FMoT) and Zero Moment of Truth (ZMoT) are the concepts coined by practitioners studying important moments in the consumer purchase decision process. First moment of truth emphasizes the critical importance of the in-store experience and the first few seconds when the consumer encounters with the brands on the shelve. The Zero moment of truth highlights the consumer’s online research phase that occurs prior to the buying decision. It includes using electronic Word of Mouth (e-WoM) to make more informed decisions. The concept goes back to impulsive purchasing behavior studied in the academic research. This paper lays down the theoretical background of Zero Moment of Truth concept and links it to the existing academic literature. Furthermore, it uses a prior similar research conducted in US market to discover how zero moment of truth effects Turkish consumers’ actual buying behavior. The research analyzes the results across different demographic segments. Finally, the results are compared with the prior research.

547 - 559

Authors: Nalan Damla Yılmaz Usta

Some social-cultural activites on the men’s life effect on their biological structures and so bring about some anomalies on teeth and skeletons. The purpose of the study is identified these activities on the men’s life bringing about anomalies on the teeth and the skeletons and assessed how these datas are important for antropological studies. To this end, is surveyed articles and publics having reference to the anomalies. It is tried to show the information obtained in these negotiations reflected to be an association between the possible reasons of the anomalies and men’s social-cultural life. It is determined that some of these anomalies resulted from traditional applied consciously and some also occured sitting motion or occupational treatment related to daily activites.

572-583

Authors: Mehmet Durnalı

The aim of this study is to establish a framework for financing of Turkey's vocational education system. The literature review is conducted for this study. In addition, one to one consultation with relevant experts from General Directorate of Vocational and Technical Education (of Ministry of National Education, Republic of Turkey) is executed and related regulations, circulars and laws is identified. Moreover, the recent restructuring of vocational training and the student's educational process in vocational education is confirmed. The information obtained synthesized from different angles, in details and integrated in order to create this article. In this article; first of all, general definition of vocational and technical education system, general state of vocational education system structured lastly and school types of vocational and technical education is explained, basic components in vocational and technical education of Turkey, 2005/'06, 2009/'10, 2010/'11, 2011/'12, 2012/'13, 2013/'14 and 2014/'15 education years, are analyzed and discussed shortly. Thereafter vocational and technical education financing sources; mainly vocational training financing sources mentioned in the secondary education financial resources and the official development and dissemination of vocational education fund are described in details. In the last part, the vocational and technical education financing and resource utilization-promoting proposals are presented.

599 - 611

Authors: Rüveyda Kızıloğlu, Nuray Kızılaslan, Tayfur Ünal

Some of the local products are region specific and the region is remembered with them. There are also local products with a long past which are not only known in their environs but also famous in other places. Mesir paste, which is one of these products, is traditional food produced by mixing a lot of spices and herbs. With this sense, this study aims to investigate the preferences (packaging, product range demand, quality, hygiene, etc.) of the individuals living in the area since they are significant in determining the attitudes and behaviors towards local products. The study covers some suggestions by determining the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and their desires and expectations so that local products can be protected and be sustainable. First, the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of individuals in purchasing mesir paste were analyzed using 5-point Likert scale with 13 variables and the variables were collected under a factor with the help of factor analysis. The factor loads listed under a factor as a result of factor analysis were analyzed as one of the independent variables affecting the awareness level of the individuals about the local product. In the research, Binary Logit model was used to determine the factors affecting the local product preferences of the individuals. The awareness level about local products decreased as the age increased, and this may have stemmed from the fact that young people preferred mesir paste more. The packaging of the product in question was also one of the possible influential variables on awareness level. The packaging, which is also valued by manufacturers, as revealed by the study as well, has a positive influence on individuals, and it is a variable that is important in preferring a product.

625-636

Authors: Gökhan Demirel

The adventure of the photograph has a long story. This adventure leads to many debates, such as whether or not photography is an art, or what should a photographer do when he/she stands against an ethical situation or if the photograph is genuine or is it all a fiction. The acceleration of photography is highly impressive and scientifically evident. Photography has become practical, most popular and pretty cheap with the developing DSL cameras, computer apps such as photoshop, smart phones and its apps such as instagram which uses effective photo-filters. Since it is cheap and practical, reaching photography equipment has become easier than ever and results in a growing number of population interested in photography. Thanks to the latest trend social networks, now people can easily share their photographs with others. It is true that this development has helped the art of photography. Nonetheless, there are two sides to every coin. On one hand, the popularity of photography obviously seems advantageous. Yet, on the other hand the photograph begins at the very moment the Photographer makes a decision on where to stand behind the camera and how she/he chooses to place his/her objective. How will it be cropped, where will it be published, and what will be written below it, the answers to all these questions affect public opinions directly, and not everyone is capable of making such decisions. Photography has an universal language, which makes it more effective than verbal or written products. This makes it a popular agenda which sets the status quo. With only a handful of manipulated photographs, you can change the opinions of a whole society. You can start or end wars just by changing the direction of your objective according to your own intentions. This explains the power of photography why it is a popular propaganda organ.

16-34

Authors: Yusuf Günaydın

The hospitality establishments with rising competition conditions of internal and external costumers in accordance with the expectations should understand the service quality approach and should also explain continiously to their personal. Service quality, costumer satisfaction and costumer loyalty are most effective competition power and tools as well. When the provided service quality is equal or bigger than expected service quality level highlights the importance of success and sustainable business life of hospitality establishments. In research on service quality and customer loyalty, mostly perspectives by external customers are considered. In detailed surveys, it is found out that there are only a few research conducted on service quality, satisfaction and customer loyalty in hospitality establishments analyzing both parties. In this research, service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty are analyzed by considering the perspectives of customers in a 5-stars hotel located and managed in Bodrum. In the first part, secondary data are studied about research topic, whereas in the second part primary data collected on field research are analyzed.

49-63

Authors: Maha Elhini, Tarek Moursi

The proposed paper gauges the extent of social mobility in Egypt via measuring intergenerational educational achievements of youth aged 13 to 25 using cross-section household data from Egypt Labour Market Panel Survey 2012. According to the sample, youth account for approximately 22per cent of the population, roughly 13 million individuals. We assume the schooling-gap is a good proxy for individuals’ future prospects across social classes, thus rendering educational achievement a measure of social mobility. The schooling-gap is used to compute a social mobility index (SMI) for all Egypt and selected sub-regions across alternative age groups and gender. Regression analysis is employed to relate the schooling gap to different socioeconomic regressors and household characteristics including household income and education. Fields decomposition is used to estimate the SMI and identify the percentage contribution of each regressor in explaining variance in social mobility. Differences in SMIs for various social classes are evaluated using bootstrapping methods. Educational mobility estimates for all Egypt suggest high social mobility within a closing gender gap with minor inclinations in favour of females. Diminishing intra-familial discrimination appears towards educational attainment across all age groups. High mobility indexes are in alliance with the Egyptian government’s extensive educational expansion schemes. In response to such efforts, and in anticipation for thriving future prospects via labour market returns to education, youth have achieved world class quasi-convergence rates for schooling enrollment, quality notwithstanding. High social mobility succeeded in transforming urban but primarily rural labour force into a base of educated human capital. Most potential workers have become university graduates demanding higher returns to their invested education in dense urban cities, albeit unsuccessfully in the light of stagnant labour markets, pressing wages and work conditions downwards, thereby raising social tension. Policy implications of high social mobility accompanied by rising unemployment entails expanding rural and peripheral labour markets to absorb educated labour force at urban level returns. Ideally, no level of mobility could spur growth without social inclusion.

88-100

Authors: Hulusi Alp, Hüseyin Çamlıyer

In this study; aimed to examine the effects two years after the implementation of social adaptation of children movement education applied fused extracurricular activities and games program. Who attend primary school of the 7-8 age range of children's social adjustment disorder showing. The research group was created with child 25 social cohesion and behavioral disorders, determined by the school counselor. As determined by the school guidance counselor 25 children from, was formed by the researchers a simple random randomly selected, 14 social cohesion and behavioral problems of children in the experimental group, 11 social cohesion and behavior problems of children in the control group. Measurement as a means Social Adaptive and Behavior Scale is used who developed by the Adaptive Behavior Scale for Elementary School Children Epirus (1974) . Social adaptation process were compared 9-10 years of age in the 7-8 age range of with social adaptation in children. In analyzing the data, Mann-Whitney-U test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used. As the results; The children in the experimental group tracking test scores of the children in the control group applied to the high rise in tracking test scores and game fused extracurricular activities, movement education has been shown to maintain the effects of the program after two years. In addition to, with social adjustment disorder in participating in the experimental group children's adaptive process monitoring scores of the children in the control group according to the adaptive process monitoring points statistically significant (* p <0.05) and (* p <0.01) was significant at the significance level respectively.

112-121

Authors: Mustafa Özgür Seçim

Europe is facing one of the biggest refugee crisis since the World War II. According to the official numbers almost 1 million people from the North African countries have reached to the European Union countries such as Italy, Malta and Spain. When the refugee crisis first appeared, citizens of the countries that accept these people firstly helped these people with mercy and peace. As the time goes on, people started to feel anxiety due to the situation of this crisis. Because as the period of these peoples' duration of stay gets longer, they started to change peoples' psychology. And yet 2011, another big refugee crises appeared in the process of Syrian civil war. Once again according to the official numbers, almost 2 million Syrians left the country and moved to neighbour countries. But as the time goes on, these people started to search for a better life and EU countries were the best choice among others. In this study, based on the news that were appeared in the euronews YouTube channel about the Syrian refugees, the comments of the European citizens are criticised according to content analysis and tried to find out how the nationalism expressions are increased.

131 - 142

Authors: Ulvi Sandalcı, Özgür Saygın, İnci Sandalcı

Goverments need powefull source of revenue to fulfill basic public service. Tax revenues are one of the most important sources of income for the fulfillment of this service. As a result of this each state needs an effective tax system well-functioning. Therefore, effective and efficient collection of tax revenues and providing entry at the least cost to the treasury is a great importance. As long as this activity cannot be achieved, the relationship between the state and taxpayers will affect adversely. Various costs of taxation, tax amounts which be waived, the operational costs of tax administration, the costs of tax burden in the process of a lawsuit and in the way of accrual-collection time lag lost revenue that be caused by inflation reduce tax collection efficiency. In this study, it was examined that what kind of losses of taxes in the process of accured or unaccured it was registered to tax administration were collected. Besides, it was calculated that how much of the state should collect taxes in one year was loss through examing tax collection costs, tax expenditures, costs of tax administration and Olivera-Tanzi effect. For an effective tax system it was offered suggestions by dwelling on costs should be considered and to be reduced.

156 - 162

Authors: Bülent Cercis Tanrıtanır, Kıvılcım Uzun

Toni Morrison is mostly known for frequently bringing up the problems of African-American people living in the US and of the black women in particular and social issues like racism, discrimination, feminism and male domination. She is also famous for revealing starkly the lives of African American society within dominant American culture from past to present. Morrison strengthens her fiction by establishing a close relationship between her stories and various texts as a significant characteristic feature of the postmodern period that she also belongs to. This close relationship can obviously be seen in The Bluest Eye which is the first novel of Morrison. In The Bluest Eye, she shows how the incidents that are the symbols of happiness for white society affect the African-American people by referring to a famous child story Dick-and-Jane that is well-known for American society. Furthermore, entitling the chapters of the novel as a season, she negates the features which people associates with seasons for African people living in the US. This study aims to examine the intertextual relationships in The Bluest Eye.

176 - 188

Authors: Gonca Güngör Göksu

It is a known fact that terrorist activities have many negative impacts on many factors in both global scope and individual countries. Especially, terrorist activities, which put serious obstacles in front of the countries’ progresses and development initiatives, cause to fail public services or not to serve sufficiently. In the study terror economy has been examined in various countries and it has been compared with education economy in related countries. In this context an analysis has been made among countries by gathering the data of public education expenditures in selected countries and the data of military expenditures in selected countries from international institutions as OECD, the World Bank, and SIPRI. The aim of study is examination of terror economy and determination of current similarities and differences among countries by comparing education economy with it. The limits of study contain the years which are from 1988 to 2014 due to easily accessible of all data.

197 - 206

Authors: Pınar Göktaş

Almost born in the same year, the group of individuals with common characteristics can be defined as the generation. Generation classification is made as Traditionalists, the Baby Boomer, Gen X, Y and Z. As part of this research, student’s problems were researched for the Y Generation who was born between 1980-1999. These problems have been identified with brain storming method, have been analysed with fishbone diagram and solution proposals have been presented by why-how tree diagram according to studens’ view of Süleyman Demirel University Isparta Vocational High School. 50 student have been selected from each of the seven departments in other words a total of 350 students of Süleyman Demirel University Isparta Vocational High School participated in this research. As a result of findings obtained from this research, students’ problems and solutions proposals by generation Y perspective should be shared with university management and local authorities so that the quality of education is expected to improve. The importance of this research is to identify the problems of students, to improve of the main problems and implementation of regulation and development works in other issues within the framework of total quality management. Also it would make important contributions if new researchers study about particularly the characteristics of generations in Turkey.

224 - 229

Authors: Serkan Otacıoğlu

The improving technology within the recent years, as well as the recently found and improved devices made understanding the enigmatic human voice and its properties easier, and rendered voice disorders more easily treated (Helvacı: 2003). Alongside to effective experimental practices, voice training includes the theoretical basics of behaviors towards vocal health of a specific individual, its preservation and proper usage, aka a process to be learnt via certain goals (Köse: 2001). An expertise area called “Phoniatry” has been found that regards itself with the problems of individuals that use their voices professionally like singers, politicians, lawyers, teachers, actors and actresses alike. Phoniatry is defined as a team job that necessities the unity among experts. This team is made up of an Otorhinolaryngology expert, a speech and voice therapist and a voice coach concerning the issues in larynx, voice, nose and hearing. Recently it has been made easier to figure out how come the voice of a singer, teacher and/or a theater player roughens and goes hoarse. A tumor that may arise in a smoker or a nodule in a singer are better diagnosed and treated. This is thanks to the researchers conducted to better understand how the human voice came to be, multiplying the importance of voice training. Thereby individuals in different occupational groups started taking voice training lessons to make better use of their voices (Helvacı: 2003). So that the voice of an individual is used in the correct way; this context requires the individuals in speech-related occupations to obtain the necessary physiological info and, thereafter, take up a course to use this info professionally. The most vital of the aforementioned “Team Job” is the individual him/herself, as it all boils down to the willingness of the individual; otherwise the success rate is extremely low. Therefore precautions need to be taken, so as not to encounter any vocal issues. This is, however, related to the education level of the individual. There are vocal training lessons in facilities that produce music teachers and in faculties of education. But there are no theoretical lessons on physiology, not to mention the complete absence of voice use in other faculties. This suggested physiological theoretical lesson is not only required to be mandatory in music education faculties, but also will bring benefits to teacher candidates in other branches for a better occupation.

241 - 249

Authors: Hilal Yakut İpekoğlu

Today, the increasing use of information technology causes information to be transferred by the way of virtual communication tools. Internet users share our ideas, opinion, and demeanor with other users via social media for examples, forums, blogs, internet groups, internet dictionary, etc. It seems to develop the many innovations, new ideas, new thinking, new habits through this information tools not only informs but also cultural sense. Cultural phenomena are open to change which are living phenomena in time. The present generation have ability of cultural adaptation by means of the environment which is multicultural and multinational, when they should have gained this ability by their family and kinship. Today, the internet and especially social media users have influenced other cultures and societies. The aim of this study is to find out the social media users’ perspectives of family and kinship cases. For his aim, the shares which are made on the issues of family and kinship have been examined in the Ekşi Sözlük website. It has been classified the shares of the Ekşi Sözlük author about family and kinship concepts by using the content analysis method and has been evaluated meanings which are attributed on these concepts.

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Authors: Ayça Çekiç Akyol, Yasemin Kuruca

Marketing strategies change, evolve and develop together with the advancement of new communication technologies. At the same time, marketing communication efforts also become more important day by day and marketers seek for further opportunities to communicate the changing consumers. The necessity has arisen to reach out the target audience, to whom the advertisement messages cannot be conveyed, by means of different strategies or methods. Though an old method, one of the marketing communication methods needed more as days pass is the product placement. As a technique increasing the brand awareness, product placement is a practice intensely employed in both the global and Turkish cinema since the 1980s. Seen also in the period earlier than 1980’s, this method is beneficial in both material and reality terms for not only the advertiser but also the film producer or director. Regardless of the genre of film, money is needed to realize any film. Co-production, sponsorship and product placement are the primary sources of income for the cinema films. A new era has started following the 1990s in the Turkish cinema, and directors who created their own language of cinema and received numerous awards in national and international arena, like Dervis Zaim, Zeki Demirkubuz and Nuri Bilge Ceylan. Although these directors make films without bearing commercial concerns, yet again they need material resources to shoot their films. This study titled “Product Placement Practices in Independent and Box-office Films in Turkey” examines, through content analysis method, how the box-office films and independent films employ product placement, and qualitatively interprets and compares the obtained results.

286 - 292

Authors: Engin Koç

China overtook the U.S. as the number one oil importer on April 2015 in the world. Up to 1993, China had been oil exporter, but oil and other energy resources have been insufficient by increasing its share in world trade. Also, China has to persist production for sustainable development and keeping its place in world trade. China needs energy resources for sustainable production and stable export policies. Accessing energy resources is the main priority in agenda of Chinese foreign policy. Due to its energy resources and geopolitical location, Middle East has a crucial significance for China’s needs. China considers all sides in a roundtable debates as an instrument and conducts a cautious diplomacy by non intervening domestic affairs of states for easy access to energy resources. For decreasing costs in importing oil and natural gas from Middle East, China arranges armament agreements with oil exporter Middle Eastern states. In this paper, China’s increasing position in region, obstacles for its interest and counter policies will be studied with regards to energy policies in Middle East.