International Journal of Research and Review

1-8

Authors: G. M. Kavya, Sushila Sharma

A healthy woman can make healthy family and ultimately a healthy nation. Healthy state of women is very much needed for the society, it growth and prosperity. Ayurveda one of the world’s oldest system of health, gives a detail description of stree roga vyadhies. The fundamental principle followed here in treating these diseases affecting female genital tract is directing towards Panchakarma chikitsa. The purificatory measures to be followed for the purpose of detoxification of the body itself are shodhana karma. It is the prime factor of the Panchakarma chikitsa. For all most all diseases of the female genital tract, treatment modality starts from shodhana karma. So for women to be healthy, undergoing the shodhana karma according to the season is very much needed for the prevention of these diseases. Here an attempt is made for the conceptual study and analyzing of complete diseases of Stree roga. All the classical references regarding chikitsa of the same were collected and analyzed. Study of all these chikitsa sutra found beneficial. All of them are directing towards single base line treatment of Panchakarma chikitsa. The vamanadi shodhana karma can only make the women free from these diseases. The conceptual study of these treatment modality also gives the hint towards preventing the same diseases by following Shodhana karma according to the season every year.

14-17

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

Efficient use of energy resources is one of the most sought after area of studies and research among energy and environment fields. The natural resources of fuel are depleting day by day. The use of renewable resources is considered as promising option. The recovery of waste heat from different thermal units such as boilers, internal combustion units, air conditioners etc. can save considerable amount of energy. Also it reduces thermal pollution. Various investigators have carried out investigation on the use of various waste heat recovery methods. Current review summarizes research and studies on regeneration and recovery of waste heat.

23-26

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

The boundary layer formation plays major role in momentum, mass and heat transfer. The concept and understanding of boundary layer is important to know the transfer phenomenon in fluids. In flow past immersed bodies, the formation of boundary layer is predominant phenomenon. Formation of boundary layer and its thickness depends on roughness, velocity of flow and fluid properties. The current review emphasizes importance of boundary layer and research and studies on boundary layers.

32-35

Authors: Bala Murali Krishna Perala, Rama Lakshmi Koripella, Sulakshana Sony Cheemala

Introduction: Enteric fever which includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever is a systemic febrile illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A, B or C respectively. The definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever requires the isolation of Salmonella typhi but in developing countries, facilities for isolation and culture are often not available and diagnosis relies upon the clinical features of the disease and detection of agglutinating antibodies to Salmonella typhi by the Widal test. Widal test has been widely used for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, simply owing to the fact that no other sero-diagnostic test of sufficient sensitivity and specificity along with cost effectiveness has been developed till date, especially in typhoid endemic regions. The present study was conducted with the aim to determine the prevalence of seropositivity of Salmonella typhi infections in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Materials and Methods: A total of 270 blood samples received in the Microbiology department, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam from January to May 2016 were tested by conventional rapid slide agglutination test. Positive and negative controls were included in each batch of the test. Diagnostic titres of 1:80 and above were taken as positive. Results: Out of 270 samples 84 (31.1%) were positive. Out of the total samples 124 (46%) samples were from males and 146 (54%) females. Most of the samples 128(47.7%) were from 1-20 years age group followed by 58 (21.48%) from 21-30 years. Maximum positive cases 43(15.8%) were from females and 41(15.2%) from males. Conclusions: The disease remains an important public health problem in developing countries. Proper sanitation, public health education and vaccination are the long term preventive measures to decrease or control the disease. Updated data on the incidence or prevalence of typhoid fever is essential before introducing the vaccines into regular programmes.

43-52

Authors: Meirele Rodrigues Inácio da Silva, Giana Zarbato Longo, Paulo Roberto dos Santos Amorim, Patrícia Feliciano Pereira, Fernanda Karina dos Santos, Danielle Cristina Guimarães da Silva, Wellington Segheto, Andréia Queiroz Ribeiro

Introduction: The alarming increase of sedentary behavior (SB) in recent years, mainly by the increasing screen time, emerges as an important public health problem in different population groups. Objectives: this study aimed to identify the distribution of sociodemographic, behavioral and health knowledge for time in SB in adults. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, with sampling by conglomerates. 970 adults were evaluated, aged 20-59 years, residents in Viçosa, MG. Sociodemographic and behavioral variables and the SB were evaluated through a structured interview. Results: Participants spent, in average, 329 min/day sitting (CI 95 % 317.61-340.26) and 147 min/day watching TV (CI 95 % 140.07-153.41). The younger age, being student, living without partner, meeting the physical activity recommendations, having higher schooling and higher socioeconomic level, having meals in front of TV and presenting a greater caloric consumption were identified as factors related to the “sitting time”. Among the factors possibly related to the “TV time”, working, socioeconomic level C, living with partner, knowing the physical activity recommendations and the relationship between SB and cardiovascular disease, having meals in front of TV and higher caloric consumption can be listed. Conclusions: Knowing how traits are distributed according to the time in sedentary behavior, helps in planning effective actions to reduce physical inactivity. It is recommended that sedentary behavior be considered independently of the level of physical activity form in planning health interventions.

1-5

Authors: Hailemariam Solomon, Dagne Wegary

Rice is among one of the three major food crops of the world and also a stable food for majority of African countries. In Ethiopia rice is becoming more popular and considered as a strategic crop and believed to assure food security. Rice research in Ethiopia is focused on evaluating the rice genotypes based on their growing ecosystems in relation to biotic and abiotic factors and hence more upland rice varieties have been generated than for lowland ecosystem. Additionally, the rice genotypes have been evaluated based on their growing ecosystems and not so far the upland rice genotypes were studied under lowland condition. Hence, the objective of the study was to show phenotypic correlation and direct and indirect cause of yield and yield components of upland rice genotypes under lowland condition. Ten different upland rice genotypes were evaluated under lowland condition at Assosa and Woreta Agricultural research centers in 2014. Correlation of traits revealed that grain yield exhibited significant and positive correlation with plant height (r =0.430) and harvest index (r =0.390). Days to heading (r=0.760), days to maturity (r= 0.680), and plant height (r=0.660) exhibited positive and highly significant association with above ground biomass. Panicle length (r=0.500) exhibited significant and positive correlation with above ground biomass. Days to heading (r=0.765) showed positive and significant associations with days to maturity. Harvest index (r=-0.600) had negative and significant correlation with above ground biomass. Days to heading (r=-0.510) and plant height (r=-0.388) exhibited negative and significant associations with harvest index. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the highest and positive direct effect on grain yield exhibited by harvest index (0.667) followed by panicle length (0.466), above ground biomass (0.381), plant height (0.356) and thousand grain weight (0.025). Negative direct effect exhibited by days to heading (-0.170), days to maturity (-0.192) and number of filled grain (-0.194). Days to heading (+0.289) exhibited highest positive indirect effect followed by days to maturity (+0.259), plant height (+0.251), panicle length (+0.190), and thousand grain weight (+0.129) on grain yield via above ground biomass. So that the above mentioned traits were identified and they are the most contributing factors for the improvement of rice grain yield. Hence, those traits have to be taken in to consideration in rice breeding program for further improvement of rice production and productivity.

12-19

Authors: Ikporo Stephen C.

The world is quickly developing into a virtual environment known as cyberspace, where individuals can communicate with one another, or search for knowledge to broaden their horizons. However, some individuals use this cyberspace for their own devious actions, targeting unsuspecting individuals for their own enjoyment or profit. Cyber-attacks on computer and network system have continued to threaten the global information infrastructure, targeting data files, services, network or even service port. The most dangerous aspect of these attacks is how sophisticated they have become in recent times, thereby almost defiling all countermeasures always employed to detect and prevent them. Modern approach of cyber-attack detection is an advanced scientific technique deployed to prevent these sophisticated attacks on cyber networks which had become a serious threat to our network and cyberspace. There are some existing approaches used in detecting cyber-attacks on computers and networks such as signature recognition and anomaly detection and others. In this paper, a new approach to cyber-attack detection has been proposed so as to detect any type of cyber-attack. This approach uses attack-norm separation techniques for scientific discovery of data, features and characteristic of cyber signal and noise. Attack profiling and analytical discovery techniques are used to generalize the data, features and characteristics that exist in cyber-attack and norm data. Well established signal detection models are also leveraged in the physical space. It’s significant to the society is that it will enables us to take the least amount of relevant data necessary to achieve detection accuracy and efficiency.

26-30

Authors: Nalubega Shamim, Loum Janani, Tusimiire Yvonne

The study sought alternative eco-safe materials for production of handmade paper from rice straws. The rice straw fibers were pulped using selected eco-friendly materials viz; wood ash, soda ash (magadi), urea, potassium hydroxide and marcel soap each at concentrations of 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12%).Starch and rosin were used as sizing agents. Selected paper properties namely; grammage, water absorbency, and tensile breaking strength were determined for each sample produced. Wood ash and marcel soap registered high grammage of 182gm-2 and 180 gm-2 respectively at 12% w/w. Urea, soda ash, and potassium hydroxide registered lower grammage. Marcel soap produced paper samples with the lowest Cobb value of 356 gm2 followed by wood ash at 360gm2 at the maximum concentrations. At the concentration of 12%, wood ash and marcel soap registered superior tensile breaking strengths of 1,520N and 1,518N respectively and the weakest breaking strength of 1,116N was recorded by urea at the same concentration.

36-40

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

Profitability can be measured by various profitability methods such as ROR (rate of return), NPV (net present worth), IRR (internal rate of return), capitalized cost, payback period etc. The fixed and working capital contributes to total capital investment. The high rate of return needs lower operational cost. This reduces the inventory and decreases liquidity. There has to be optimization of the various factors for healthy and long term viable operation of industry. The chemical, pharmaceutical, oil, paint and plastic industries across the world are facing different kind of economical problems. These problems are related to competition, environmental regulations, government licensing system and social and geographical issues as well as political constraints. This paper reviews the profitability and liquidity analysis carried out by various investigators.

45-49

Authors: Kasturi Mishra, Hadibandhu Pattnaik

A map has a fixed point at P. If fixed point theorems have useful applications in analysis. Some of the iterative methods which have been studied are related to S. Banach, W.R. Mann, J. Riemermann, W.G. Dastonand a host of other mathematics. Studies by Prof. S. Ishikawa and Prof. B.E. Rhoads, throw new light on the iteration process of W.R. Mann, Prof. Ishikawa studied by the following iteration process. For a subset E of an Ailbert space H, if and only if the sequence generated by Where (cn) are real sequence in [0, 1].

56-60

Authors: Aparna Chincholkar, Ranjit Wagh

Background: Prescribing is an indispensible skill for doctors in nearly all medical specialties. Teaching medical students to choose and prescribe drugs in a rational, safe, and effective manner is a major challenge for medical schools. II MBBS Pharmacology practical curriculum intends to teach the students prescription writing and also to criticize and comment on the fixed-dose combinations (FDCs). The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of an assignment-based intervention on learning outcome of II MBBS students in the area of prescription writing and criticism-commenting on FDCs. Materials and Methods: An interventional prospective study was done pertaining to learning of prescription writing and criticism-commenting on FDCs. The participants were II MBBS students in a medical college in India. Group 1 was the 2014-15 batch (n=103), who were taught by the traditional method. Group 2 was the 2015-16 batch (n=147), who were subjected to an intervention by asking them to learn by assignment-based method. This was done by students themselves studying and writing the taught prescriptions and criticisms on FDCs in an assignment book and getting these exercises duly checked. The marks of II term-end examination in the heads of prescription writing and criticism-commenting on FDCs were compared for both the groups to assess the effect of intervention. Results: The mean scores obtained on prescription writing by Group 1 and Group 2 was 3.06±1.12 and 3.33±0.85 respectively. The mean scores obtained on criticism-commenting on FDCs were 1.9±1.04 and 2.5±1.02 respectively. Conclusion: Higher scores obtained by Group 2 suggested that the assignment-based method was found to be an effective intervention for learning prescription writing and criticism-commenting on FDCs, therefore the techniques based on self-learning would be useful to improve the learning outcomes.

65-69

Authors: Anu Grover

Back ground of the study: Childbirth is one of the most painful events that a women is likely to experience, the multidimensional aspect and intensity of which far exceeds disease conditions .Labor pain is the rhythmic pain of increasing severity and frequency due to contraction of the uterus at childbirth.1 Even though, delivery is a natural phenomenon, it has been demonstrated that the accompanying pain is considered severe or extreme in more than half of the cases. The complain about the backache is one of the most common complaints we are getting from the intranatal mothers during the labor. Over the past 20 years there has been an enormous increase in the use of complementary therapy in health care; especially within the hospice movement. The number of people using complementary therapies has seen a dramatic increase in recent years (42%-57.4%). Aims: The present study aim to know (evaluate) the effectiveness of back massage or hot application on back pain during the active phase of labor among the intranatal women admitted in Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital, Ram Nagar, Rajpura, Patiala. Material and Methods: An evaluative approach with post test only design was used for the present study. Sample consisted of 40 intranatal women with back pain (20 hot application group and 20 back massage group), who met the inclusion & exclusion criteria. Assessment was done in terms of confirmation of back pain & intensity of pain by using NRS. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: There was a significant difference on pain score between subjects of back massage group and hot application group. Hence back massage was more effective than that of hot application. Conclusion: There was significant difference found in back massage and hot application i.e. back massage was found to be significantly more effective on back pain as compared to hot application.

74-80

Authors: Jane Situma, Brenda Ahoya

The first two years of life provide a critical window of opportunity for ensuring children’s appropriate growth and development. However, the complementary feeding period is the peak incidence of growth faltering, micronutrient deficiencies and infectious illnesses. The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of local food vendors on complementary foods. The study was conducted in major markets of Vihiga County, Kenya using a questionnaire and observations. A total of 36 vendors were sampled from seven markets. The vendors were selling cereals, legumes, nuts, roots and tubers. The main food made from the products sold is porridge. 50% of the vendors prepare flour mixtures for sale to the clients and 77.8% of them advise their clients on preparations. Those who admitted having no knowledge of the benefits of the foods were 8.3% while 66.7% could mention the benefits of the foods they were selling. There were differences in knowledge on proportions, mixtures and preparations used by various vendors. There is need to educate consumers on updated nutrition education that gives information on nutrients and their importance while pointing out the recommended food sources

1-5

Authors: Ritu Kumari Pandey, Dhirendra Kumar Nayak

Out of thirty-eight green gram varieties/cultivars screened against root-knot nematode, only thirty-four varieties have shown resistant reaction with 3-6 numbers of galls per plants, while four varieties/cultivars showed moderately resistant reaction with 10-11 numbers of galls per plants. Due to infection of root-knot nematode, the maximum average shoot length of green gram cultivars/varieties was 40.66 cm in variety 20 MH-175. The decrease in shoot length was more pronounced with 22.03 cm in 5 DGG-5 varieties, which was statistically different from other resistant varieties. The decrease is possibly due to improper uptake and transport of elements, nutrients and water resulted from nematode infection. The decrease in shoot weight (22.70 g) and dry root weight (0.3 g) of the green gram variety, 9 GM 11-02 and 15 IPM 2K 15-4 was significantly different from the rest varieties showing resistant and moderately resistant reaction to the test nematode. Possible reason for reduction of shoot weight and root weight in infected plant may be due to improper supply of nutrients resulting from nematode infection for which it is compensated to some extent in resistant varieties.

12-15

Authors: Pratibha Rawal, Rajendra Singh Adhikari

The present studies find out the potential use of plant derived products in the treatment of seed-borne diseases. Medicinal plants are prominent and are cultivated worldwide and are used commercially. The present study evaluated and analysed the effect of aqueous plant extracts from two medicinal plants (Zingiber officinale and Allium cepa) on tomato seed quality. The study found that seed treatment with Zingiber officinale showed greater seed germination than both the control and tomato seeds treated with Allium cepa extract. Zingiber officinale not only increases seed germination but also enhances vigour more than Allium cepa and control. The study concluded that seed treatment with medical plant extracts may enhance seed quality and vigour.

20-25

Authors: Anindita Mahanta

Nerve conduction study (NCS) provides an objective and quantitative measure of nerve function. A number of physiological variables, including age and gender, are known to affect the results of NCS. The present study investigated the effect of age and gender on motor and sensory parameters of NCS of Median nerve, including F-wave study. Study of the NCS records of 49 patients revealed higher compound motor action potential (CMAP) amplitude and longer F-wave latency in males whereas females had higher sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude. Further, with increasing age, latencies became longer, amplitudes became smaller and conduction velocities became slower. Therefore, age and gender of a person should be taken into consideration while interpreting his/her NCS results.

36-38

Authors: SumitGiri, Karandeep Singh

Cancer of the cervix is a major burden on women’s health worldwide. In India this is the commonest cancer among women and this country has the largest burden of cervical cancer patients in the world. The retrospective study of total 540 patients in the age group of 15-70 years, having symptoms like vaginal discharge, bleeding per vagina. A detailed clinical history was obtained. Smears were taken using modified Ayres spatula. Slides were prepared, labeled, fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol immediately and thereafter stained by Papanicolaou stain. Reporting was done by cytopathologists according to The 2001 Bethesda system. Amongst the 540 pap smears that were studied 357 (66.26%) showed inflammatory lesion, 13 (2.47%) showed atrophic changes, 34 (6.29 %) showed Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 2 (0.3%) showed High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 8 (1.48 %) showed frank Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 11 (2.0%) showed metaplasia, 2 (0.3%) had post radiation changes, 21 (3.88%) were unsatisfactory and 92 (17.13%) were within normal limits. We propose that larger studies are required to estimate the pattern of cervical cytological abnormalities along with detection of common (Human papilloma Virus) HPV strains in cervical cancer in Indian population, as this knowledge would be useful for prevention of HPV infection either by vaccines or future targeted therapy.

43-46

Authors: Pintu Sil

The studies of development of different motor abilities in childhood and adolescence are one of the important areas in physical education. Present study concerned with the comparison of developmental pattern of endurance ability between 10-15 years school-going boys and girls. Total 272 school going boys and girls were selected randomly as subject for the present study. Among them 192 were boys and 80 were girls. Two independent group designs were used for the present study. Endurance was the criterion measure of the present study. 9 min run and walk was used to measure the endurance ability. Mean and SD were computed and t-test was conducted to find out statistical significance of the differences between means. Results revealed that, boys were always far ahead in endurance ability than the girls from 10 to 15 years of age span. Endurance increased as the age of the boys increased from 10 to 15 years continuously but the rate of development was different for different age group. Result also revealed that girls have highest endurance level at 11 years of age after that their endurance decreased as the age increased up to the 15 years. This unusual fact cannot be explained by physiology but that might be due to the psychological makeup of the girls usually they have during this age.

56-58

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

The emission of gases such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide etc. is cause of concern from ecological perspectives. These gases can be scrubbed off by using gas absorption and other techniques. Removal of sulphur from fuel can reduce the emission of oxides of sulphur. Coal is one major fuel resource in many sectors. Sulphur can be removed from coal by leaching, bioleaching, precipitation etc. Investigations are reported on various methods for sulphur removal from coal using different methods. Also studies are reported on optimization of the sulphur removal technique by various investigators. Current review summarizes studies and research on sulphur removal from coal.

63-65

Authors: Anupriya Asaithambi, Nivitha Mohan, Uma Alagappan

The incidence of pseudomonas aeruginosa liver abscess (PALA) is around 2-6%.A case of 38 year old previously healthy male presented with fever, abdominal pain. He was diagnosed as having hepatic cyst on left lobe. The fluid was aspirated and sent for culture and sensitivity which revealed pure growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which was sensitive to Meropenem, and resistant to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, amikacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin clavulanic acid, piperacillin tazobactam. Patient was treated with Meropenem for 7 days. He was told to review after a month. An USG taken during review was absolutely normal.

68-75

Authors: Preeti U. Deshpande, Preeti R. Mehta, Shilpa C. Kerkar, Purva P. Sarkate, Nayana A. Ingole, Jayanti Mania-Pramanik, Padmaja Samant-Mavani, Urmila Parikh

Background: Prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), a known cause of cervical cancer has been reported to be more in HIV positive women. However, the HPV prevalence data in general population and HIV positive women in India is scarce. This hinders the development of policies regarding the screening, vaccination and follow- up of women for HPV infection Aims: To estimate the prevalence of HPV in adult women and compare HPV prevalence in HIV infected and HIV non- infected women. Methods: Women attending Gynaecology OPD with known HIV status were enrolled in this cross- sectional study. Their cervical specimens were collected for HPV DNA PCR and genotyping (HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18). Statistical analysis was done using Chi- square/ Fisher’s exact test. Results: A total of 188 women were enrolled of which 38 were HIV positive and 150 were HIV negative. Of the total cervical specimens collected, 172 showed adequate DNA and HPV DNA PCR were positive in 15 of these samples (8.72%). HPV DNA positivity was 13.89% (5/36) in HIV infected and 7.35% (10/136) in HIV non- infected women (P=0.3147). High risk HPV genotypes 16/18 were found in 12/15 (80%) women. Conclusions: Owing to the 8.72% prevalence of HPV, there is a need to screen all adult women for early detection of HPV infection and HPV vaccination should also be considered.

1-6

Authors: Prabhakar Kotte

Micro Finance has been recognised and accepted as one of the new development paradigms for alleviating poverty through social and economic empowerment of the poor with special emphasis on empowering women. Microfinance, by definition, refers to the entire range of financial services rendered to the poor and including skill up gradation, entrepreneurial development that would enable the m to overcome poverty. Various Self Help Promoting Institutions and Non-Government Organisations have been recognized as an entity in the micro finance concept specially in providing credit plus services. NGOs, which were initially confined to the social aspects of development, were enlarged to help the poor and weaker sections of the rural society in their economic pursuits. The Self Help Promoting Institutions are agencies which help the poor to organize themselves into groups, help them in their organizational, managerial and financial matters and in upgrading their skills and in some cases, in countering pressures from vested interests. There have been a wide variety of Self Help Promoting Institutions in the SHG movement in the country ranging from government agencies to the NGOs, Farmers Clubs, banks and Individual Rural Volunteer.

11-18

Authors: Dr. G.M. Purani

As the rationalizing and aging personnel of such a leading state- owned public sector unit is facing tough competition with the rivals especially in the area of cellular services, its marketing activities can be examined in relation to product fair play of the organization because product success have power to allow marketers to gain competitive advantage. This study aims to examine the relationship between persuasive combination and product fair play in context to Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Vadodara. The survey questionnaire was administered to prepaid cellular service users of BSNL. The findings reveal on positive relationship among different dimensions of preferment combination and product fair play of BSNL as one of the cellular Service providers (CSPs) in Vadodara.

31-38

Authors: Dr. G.M. Purani

The study goals to measure and relate the actual preference and superficial expectation level of prepaid cellular services users in Gujarat Telecom Circle. In this study 235 respondents were randomly considered for investigation in civic area of Gujarat State by consisting the variables like; superficial quality superficial value, perceived expectations; repurchase likelihood, Customer complaints and price tolerance. Our research model is based on American Customer Satisfaction Model (ACSM) the collected data conclude customers’ high level of perceived expectations, superficial quality and superficial value. The findings also conclude on positive attitude of highly satisfied customers on repurchase likelihood and willingness to pay more money to sustain the services where as customer complaints are negatively correlated with customer satisfaction in Gujarat Tèlecom Circle. In conclusion, the findings suggest that customers have high expectations that are fulfilled by the mobile phone services providers to some extent in Gujarat Telecom Circle.

43-53

Authors: Neha Chandrakar, Jaya Lalwani, K.K. Sahare, Smriti Bandhu

Background & Objective: Postoperative pain relief is a major concern for reducing postoperative morbidity. Patient controlled analgesia is a better technique for pain relief and for avoidance of drug overdosing and abuse. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is commonly assumed to imply on-demand, intermittent, IV administration of opioids under patient control (with or without a continuous background infusion). Tramadol and nalbuphine are two potent analgesic drugs with different mechanism of action in the central nervous system. Tramadol is a weak opioid agonist and is used in mild to moderate pain relief. Nalbuphine is a newer opioid drug with antagonism at μ receptor and agonism at κ receptor. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy and side effects of these two drugs in PCA for postoperative pain relief. Method: 80 patients ASA I and II, 40 patients in each group undergoing major abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia were allocated in these randomized, controlled, double blind study. They received either 10 mg tramadol or 2mg nalbuphine through PCA pump at complaint of pain. Pain assessment was done with visual analogue scale (VAS). Pain and sedation assessment was done at 30min, 3hrs, 6hrs, 15hrs, 18hrs, 21hrs, and 24hrs in postoperative period. Adverse effects and time of its occurrence, hemodynamic parameters, and respiratory rate were assessed for 24hrs. Vital parameters were monitored hourly for 24 hours. Result: VAS score decreased with time in both groups. Mean VAS score at starting of PCA was 5±0.75 in Tramadol group and 4.775±0.69 in Nalbuphine group. The difference was not statistically significant. (p>0.05).After 30 mins mean VAS score was 3.8±0.79 in Tramadol group and 2.95±0.64 in Nalbuphine group. Both groups VAS score decreased with time but more in Nalbuphine group. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Sedation score decreased throughout the study period. But mean sedation score was significantly more in nalbuphine group. Nausea was observed in 15% and 4% respectively in Tramadol group and Nalbuphine group. Vomiting was observed in 6% and 0% patients respectively in Tramadol group and Nalbuphine group. No other side effects were seen. The comparison of side effects between the two groups was statistically significant.(p<0.05). Conclusion: I.V. Nalbuphine bolus administered through PCA is better for postoperative pain management after major abdominal surgery.

58-68

Authors: Samuel Lakew

The Purpose of this study was to assess factors that affect active learning method in Debre Markos University specifically sport science department Students. This study was delimited only on second and third year students of Debre Markos Sport Science students. It is believed that inclusions of a large population size in the study could have a great value so as elicit more credible information. However, while the process of the research it was limited on a limited number of participants. The researchers included 50 students (from second 20 and third year 30) and 10 instructors of sport science department by using simple random sample techniques. An effective teaching method requires the use of different instructional methods and pedagogies to the difference individual needs of the learners. Active and teaching involves the use of different strategies which are helpful in maximizing opportunities for interaction. In this findings however, the study revealed that the majority (74%) of instructors employ lecture methods so frequently. Therefore, instructress use teacher cantered a method which is lecturing and the probability of students to interact/participate in different activities is low. The result of study revealed that the awareness instructors towards active learning and its contributions respond was found to be high. But there are numerous problems that tackle them to implement in classroom such as large class size, passiveness of students, lack of recently revised and updated books, lack of resources to fully implement furthermore, from this result it can be deduced that most of the instructors are still with an ideology of teacher cantered approach. To minimize these problems heads have to discuss with concerned body. It is advisable that continuous and extensive orientation should be offered to the instructors, on both theoretical and practical aspects of ALM, so as to enhance their awareness and gradually shift their tendency from teacher dominated to learners focused toward instructional approach.

74-77

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

In the rapidly growing manufacturing sector, the economizing of the processes is being seen as important area for cost effectively. The heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, nickel etc. needs to be removed from wastewater. The precious metals like gold, platinum, silver etc. are used in electronic industries, mobile and computers. The electronic waste and waste jewelries, catalyst industry waste and catalytic converters contain considerable amount of platinum. The platinum removal and recovery is necessary from ecological and economical point of view. The current review summarizes research and studies on platinum recovery from liquid and solid waste.

82-84

Authors: B. Syam Sundar, Vissa Shanthi, Nandam Mohan Rao, Bhavana Grandhi, Ankita Goel

Filariasis is a major public health problem. It is a parasitic infection most commonly caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. The clinical picture of the disease depends on duration of the disease, infection in the human host and worm load. We present an unusual case of testicular filariasis who presented with scrotal swelling.

1-6

Authors: Taddesse Lakew, Sewagegne Tariku, Bayuh Belay, Abebaw Dessie, Desta Abebe, Hailemariam Solomon

Two different sets of field experiments were conducted at Woreta, Metema, Pawe, Addis Zemen and Assosa in Ethiopia during 2008/09 to 2011/12 main cropping seasons with the objective of identifying high yielding, stable, early maturing and disease resistance rice varieties for upland and lowland production systems. In experiment- I, 13 upland rice genotypes (NERICA and some non-NERICA) including one check were evaluated at Woreta, Metema and Pawe. In experiment-II, 20 lowland rice genotypes including one check were evaluated at Woreta, Addis Zemen, Pawe and Assosa. In both sets of experiments, the trials were laid out in a randomized complete block design of three replications. The combined analysis of variance in experiment-I revealed significant genotypic, environmental and genotype x environment interaction effect for grain yield. The highest yielding genotype in Experiment-I was G2, followed by G3 with mean grain yield of 3840.3 and 3656.8 kg ha-1, respectively. Genotype, G2 was also the most stable and diseases resistance. Similarly, in experimental-II, the highest mean grain of 4583.8 kg ha-1, 4243.2 kg ha-1, and 3825 kg ha-1 were recorded by G4, G17 and G9, respectively. Of the three genotypes, G9 with grain yield of 3825kg ha-1 was highly preferred by farmers in terms earliness and diseases resistance. Hence, based on high mean grain yield, diseases resistance and better stability, G 2 (NERICA-12) as NERICA-12 and G9 (IRGA370-38-1-1F-B1-1) as ‘Hibbire’, both in 2013, were recommended and released following national variety release committee evaluation and farmers fed back. Therefore, these varieties should be promoted and popularized in large scale to make use of their merits.

12-17

Authors: P. Arulbalaji, B. Gurugnanam

The present study represents the application of geospatial technology for land use land cover, accuracy assessment and change detection with the use of satellite image. A Landsat image has been used in two difference years, which were acquired in USGS website. ERDAS imaging software has been used and the supervised classification method applied to classify the land use land cover pattern. The land use land cover map was prepared the year 1992 and 2015. The study specified that the land use land cover pattern of the Salem district is composed of Deciduous forests, Evergreen and semi evergreen forests, Crop land, Cultivation and Plantation Land, Build up land, Water bodies, Mines and Barren land. Each land use land cover map have examined the accuracy of the classification, which are considered as Overall accuracy, Kappa accuracy, Producers’ accuracy and User’s accuracy. The changes of land use land cover have assessed from 1992 to 2015. From this investigation, the changes have noticed over a period of 23 years interval, those are, deciduous forests, Crop land, Cultivation and plantation land and water bodies has decreased in 398 Km2, 250 Km2, 45 Km2, 16 Km2 respectively. In contrast, Evergreen and Semi evergreen forests, Build up land, Mines and Barren land have increased in 288 Km2, 293 Km2 and 128 Km2 respectively.

25-30

Authors: Ajay Sood, Alok Sood

Background: Street children are a term used to refer to children who live on the streets of a city. They are basically deprived of family care and protection. Most children on the streets are between the ages of about 5 and 17 years old and their population between different cities is varied. Street children live in abandoned buildings, cardboard boxes, and park or on the street itself. While 18 million children work on the streets of India, It is estimated that only 2-20 percent of them are truly homeless and disconnected from their families because the street children in India have unique vulnerabilities the amount of time they spend on the street, their livelihood depending on the street, and their lack of protection and care from adults-they are a subgroup of Indian population that deserve specific attention in order to ensure that their needs are known. Methodology: The present study was conducted by department of Paediatrics and department of orthopaedics combined, Major S.D. Singh Medical College, Farrukhabad. It was a cross sectional study among street children of Farrukhabad district. The study was conducted from 1st January, 2014 to 31st December, 2014. The study population was street children who gave consent and were ready to participate in the study. Simple random sampling techniques were used for selection of sample. Farrukhabad district was selected purposively. 80 street children aged 10-12 years were selected for the study purpose. Results: In the present study 43.75% street children were having the height of 120-130 cms., 50% were having weight of 25-30 kg. Out of 80 children, 92.50% children were suffering from hunger, 90% were from anaemia, 95% were malnourished 22% having rickets and other skeletal deformities and 100% were found suffering from growth stunt. In the present study all of the street children were begging due to poverty and lack of education.

36-38

Authors: Imtiyaz Hussain Dar, Mohammad Mussa, Sulaiman Sath, Munir Farooq, Ansarul Haq Lone

Introduction: Tennis elbow affects 1 - 3% of general population; the reported incidence among tennis players is a 5 - 8%. Lateral epicondylitis can occur during activities that require repeated supination and pronation of the forearm with the elbow in near full extension. Most of patients with tennis elbow can be managed conservatively; treatment is successful in 95% of patients. Methods and Materials: The present study titled “Role of local corticosteroid injection in the management of tennis elbow” was conducted in postgraduate Department of Orthopaedics, Bone and Joint Hospital Barzulla Srinagar from June 2012 to November 2013. 80 patients with tennis elbow of either sex were included in the study. After taking written informed consent all the patients received local steroid injection (triamcinolone 20 mg mixed with 1 ml of injection lignocaine 2 %). Results: Out of 80 patients in our study 55 (68.75%) patients obtained complete relief of pain at six weeks time. But at final follow-up of 12 weeks only 15 (18.75%) patients were pain free. At 12 weeks follow-up 50% (40) of patients had recurrence of symptoms. Conclusion: In patients with tennis elbow use of corticosteroid should be limited to short term use only.

46-50

Authors: Pintu Sil

Introduction: Old age person are now more health conscious and a numbers of them are participating exercise regularly. For them walking is an ideal exercise to maintain health and fitness. Purpose: Present study was conducted to find out the anthropometric and physiological health status of middle aged women who participate walking regularly at morning. Materials and Methods: A total of 17 old age women were agreed to take part in this study as volunteer. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist to hip ratio (WHR) were considered as anthropometric health variables and Resting Heart Rate (RHR) and VO2 max was considered as physiological health variables in this study. Stadiometer, Weigh machine, steel tape, Stethoscope and Rockport 1-mile walk test were used as tools in this study. Mean and standard deviation were used as descriptive statistics. All calculations were done using standard statistical software. Results: Result revealed that mean value for BMI (26.99 Kg/m2) and WHR (0.86) were slightly in overweight and obese zone. Result further revealed that the mean value of RHR (81.88 beats/min.) and VO2 max (25.36 ml.Kg-1.min-1) were in normal and healthy zone as per ACSM recommendation. Conclusion: From above results it was concluded that regular participation in walking at morning is more helpful to achieve good physiological health status than the anthropometric health status among old age women.

57-61

Authors: Dr. Girish M. Purani

In India, the state- owned enterprises have been serving people for a long time. To promote tourism in state and cater to the needs of people, Government of Gujarat had launched Gujarat State Tourism Development Corporation (GSTDC). The corporation started with hotels at various tourist spots in the state. The state Government launched new tourism policy to serve customers with adds- on benefits. In this series, the corporation introduced air- conditioned buses, restaurants, package tours, city visit tours, cultural tourism, wildlife and adventure tourism, pilgrim tourism phase. The restaurants were opened at convenient locations along the major roads to serve the travelers. People gave warm response to these restaurants. One such restaurant 'Toran Hotel' was opened at Saputara, mt.Abusasan, mid-way between Junagadh and Rajkot, two cities of the state. It was launched with an objective to serve customers with high level of hygiene and state. The restaurant has achieved the objective to a large extent. The research is an attempt to determine the performance of Gujarat tourism managed restaurant against customer expectations. A comparison between GSTDC- managed restaurant and was done to measure their performance.