European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology

9-15

Authors: TV Rajesh, M Kumar, Chel Jong Choi, E Fortunato, S Uthanna and SV Jagadeesh Chandra

Hafnium oxide mixed tantalum oxide (HTO) and Zirconium oxide mixed tantalum oxide (ZTO) layers were deposited on chemically cleaned p-Si substrate using RF magnetron sputtering technique. The oxide/Si stacks were annealed in oxygen for 30 minutes at 400 °C as on initial investigation. Both composition and structural properties were absolutely interesting to move further for electrical measurements. In continuation, metal-oxide-semiconductor devices were fabricated with aluminum gate electrode. ZTO devices showed attractive dielectric and electrical properties, relatively when compare with HTO devices, it could be due to the electrical, chemical and thermal properties of ZTO layer with Si, resulting good interface at ZTO/Si stack.

21-43

Authors: Shalini Chaudhary, Vinod Kumar Nirala, Sanjay Singh, Pankaj Punia and Dheeraj Kumar­­­­­

Frequency filters are linear electric circuits that are used in wide area of electronics. They are also the basic building blocks in analogue signal processing. In the last decade, a huge number of active building blocks for analogue signal processing were introduced. However, there is still the need to develop new active elements that offer new possibilities and better parameters. The current, voltage or mixed-mode analog circuits and their various aspects are discussed in the Paper. This work reflects the trend of low-power (LP) low-voltage (LV) circuits for portable electronic and mobile communication systems and the problems of their design. The need for high performance LV circuits encourages the analog designers to look for new circuit Architectures and new LV techniques. This paper presents a high-performance current differencing transconductance Amplifier (CDTA), a recently reported active element, especially suitable for analog signal processing applications. A high linearity CMOS configuration for a CDTA is made up of high linearity input and output stages. It is a resistor less circuit, so it is beneficial to IC implementation in terms of space consideration. The circuit is a second order single input multiple output (SIMO) current-mode filter. This filter can simultaneously realize all basic filter functions high pass, low pass and band pass Responses without any component-matching conditions. All the active and passive sensitivities are low presents a voltage-mode universal filter using a CDTA. It has two inputs and one output. The circuit can simultaneously realize low-pass, band pass, and high pass, band reject and all pass filter functions without changing the circuit topology and passive elements. A voltage-mode Oscillator using CDTA is presented, in which Oscillator has high input impedance and employs four active elements, two grounded capacitors and there is no resistor. Based on the generalized description of the structure various solutions are presented and compared. Universal filter, Adder, Integrator, Second order butterworth filter these circuits are designed in Tanner tool and all results are verified with the help of T Spices imulation results are Included to verify and demonstrate the feasibility of the Oscillator. All the simulation Results using a TSMC 0.35-μm CMOS process model were included to verify the Expected values.

49-53

Authors: Rashmi AS, Vangara Namratha and P Sahithi

In ever growing populated world there is no enough space to accommodate the remains of the deceased, so the concept of capsula mundi has been developed by Italian designers Anna Cielli and Raoul Bretzel. Capsula mundi is an organic burial pod made of natural starch plastic in which body of deceased is placed in foetal position that nurture tree seeds as the body break downs. The natural decomposition process feeds the tree above, and over time, burial spaces can be transformed from bleak graveyards into inhabited memorial forests. As the burial space grows and more trees are added, the area transforms into sacred woodland, bodies are returned to the natural world from which they came, and barren land can be reforested. This is just a conceptual design right now as burial legislation is being revisited around the world, but hopefully in the near future it can turn to reality. Biodegradable burial pods could save our planet, as they are the ultimate eco-friendly statement. The release of various nutrients and its uptake by the plant for its growth and metabolism is discussed with some information on biodegradable materials that can be used for the designing of the capsula.

65-76

Authors: Bindeshwar Singh, Deependra Singh, and Ashok Kumar

This paper presents the enhancements of PQ parameters such as voltage profile (voltage swell, voltage sag, harmonics, etc.) in Distribution power system by Distributed Generation (DGs) using exhaustive search method. This article is very much useful for researchers, scientific engineers and industrial persons in conjunction with improvements of PQ parameters in distribution systems by DGs exhaustive search method. The investigation of proposed methodology tested on IEEE37 bus distribution power systems.

82-86

Authors: Anu Nair P, Saju Elias and Vincy John

This paper deals with the use of an Exhaust Gas Re-circulation (EGR) system on a given Spark Ignition engine for studying the performance and emission characteristics. For various openings of EGR-Valve, experiments are carried out on a set of loads varying from 0 to 15 percent of engine loads at a cruising speed of 3500rpm. The results when compared with those obtained from the same engine without EGR system, show nearly a 10 percent fuel savings when 4.8 percent of exhaust gas was recirculated. Also, fall in engine friction by 8% leads to a marginal 2% improvement in engine power. The exhaust gas emission contents like carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons are reduced from 5.3 percent and 1530 parts per million to 3.21 percent and 640parts per million respectively for the above position of the EGR valve. An energy conservation study using neat ethanol as a fuel to replace gasoline shows a remarkable reduction of engine emission by three and half times with respect to the above emission values. In other words, EGR system for gasoline operation and neat ethanol (without EGR) as an eco-friendly substitute to gasoline fuel curtail engine emissions by 40 to 50 per cent.

95-99

Authors: Rakshit Ameta, Sanyogita Sharma, Shweta Sharma and Yogesh Gorana

Environmental pollution is a big problem, which we all are facing today. Out of which, water pollution is a major problem. Different technologies of advanced oxidation processes are playing important role in solving this problem. Photocatalysis, which is an important part of advanced oxidation process, is considered as a promising technology for waste water treatment. In the present investigation, the photocatalytic degradation of toluidine blue-O (TB) has been studied using molybdenum doped titanium dioxide. The progress of the reaction was observed spectrophotometrically. The conditions for optimum degradation rate of the dye were achieved. It was observed that degradation of the dye follows pseudo-first order kinetics.