Vojnotehnicki glasnik / Military Technical Courier

5-12

Authors: Jovanović Danko M.

The paper discusses the notions of risk and risk management in specific conditions of the production of weapons and military equipment (MWE). The main characteristics of explosive materials, the most frequent risk sources in the production of MWE, have been analyzed as well as the phases in the risk management process and the risk management methods. Introduction Risk is nowadays considered as a serious economical, public and political issue. Risk management enables identification and control of uncertainty varieties in order to avoid or reduce them by offering alternative activity routes to decision-makers. The production and application of modern WME involves handling hazardous materials and imposes needs for safety measures. Particularities of the WME production Explosive materials for military goods cause the greatest risks in production and charging as well as in storage and use. They consist of explosives, gunpowder, rocket propellants (solid and liquid), liquid oxidizers of rocket propellants and pyrotechnic mixtures. Reducing risks in production to an acceptable level The key of successful risk management is a clear definition of a risk assessing domain s well as the identification and characterization of potential threats. The risk management process consists of the following phases: risk identification, risk analysis, risk assessment, procedures in risk occurrences and the risk control of required measures. Conclusion The management of each company has a key role in risk management, reducing risks to acceptable levels in cooperation with government and specialized institutions.

33-61

Authors: Andrejić Marko D., Milenkov Marjan A., Sokolović Vlada S.

A logistics automated information system should be developed as a part of a unified automated information system (JAIS). In order to develop a logistics automated information system and to apply it successfully in operational use, it is necessary to follow the JAIS global development concept and rely more on teamwork of IT experts and specialists in real logistics systems. An important condition for the development of a high-quality logistics information system is to define information needs for particular objects treated by a logistics information system. The task of such a system is to provide: permanent insight into the logistics system, pointing to the necessary and possible measures for improvement, better real system planning and management activities, personnel information about the state of the real system, pointing to the directions of further system development. A logistics information system should be developed taking also into account compatibility with future allies and partners. Defense systems were among the first to accept the challenge (because they were forced to) to introduce information technology in their management system and, with the help of innovations in this area, to increase the performance effectiveness under the conditions of environment dynamic changes. Information technology development mostly followed development of large military projects aimed at solving management or technology issues within military industry complex and management in the most technologically developed defense systems. These science and defense practice efforts resulted in many new methods and techniques such as the method of system analysis and information system design, methods of operational research and simulation, pattern recognition, expert systems for individual processes in management, as well as those for information retrieval and their implementation in decision making. Over time, partial innovations reached a high level of synthesis, leading to new management systems able to function in most complex task conditions. Mastering the procedure of creating autonomous partial information systems-where the operational research methods helped to optimally apply some of their particular values - has led to the creation of integrated automated information systems for management support. Our recent defense theory and practice have not concentrated enough on logistics information systems in professional journals, neither from the organizational nor from the technological point of view. Experiences gained from operational practice and knowledge acquired by visiting foreign armies, practical needs as well as modern times demands and current trends in the development of defense systems pointed out that it is necessary to pay more attention to this logistics segment in military journals. Logistics information systems cannot be researched, developed and introduced into operational practice (applied) without knowing the structure of high-quality information systems in general. High-quality information systems for supporting the logistic aspects of decision-making and logistics dealing authorities cannot be developed without properly defining information needs of specific customer information systems and without most precisely describing objects of interest of the logistics system. It is also not possible to go forward in the development and implementation of logistics information systems after long stagnation unless this important area is considered through a retrospective, identifying and defining problems that accompany the development and introduction of information systems in the military forerunners of the Army of Serbia and the AS now and realizing the current situation in this area in the defense system. In principle, our defense system started the work on the automated collection, processing and distribution of information simultaneously with other developed defense systems in the world. However, in the meantime orientations and concepts changed so that no project focused on the development of integrated automated information system (AIS) and decision support system was brought completely to the end. The development of information systems to support the defense system and particularly the Army faced specific dilemmas and problems which hindered their development: information needs of users which information systems should provide for were never properly defined; disputes occurred between 'generalities' and 'specialists' on whether the system should be built from the bottom (the base) or from the top, resulting in the development of small-scale applications in the base (where problems needing automation occurred) that could fit into a global concept and the development of global concepts never implemented completely into the defense system operational practice. Due to the low level of their information culture, real system experts were not able to properly express and define their needs and expectations of IT professionals who, because of their low levels of general military knowledge, were not able to fully understand the functioning of the real system and information system needs. The above dilemmas and other problems are still present today so that the present automated decision-making support in the defense system (not just in logistics) does not match the needs of practice, requirements of time and modern trends. In treating logistics information systems in this paper, we will apply an analogy with other information systems. Particular aspects and segments of the development and implementation of logistics information systems will be processed with a high degree of generalization, using the experience and research the authors participated in as well as available sources of knowledge. The aforementioned approach allows for a wider general aspect of the given views, while, on the other hand, gaining the depth and accuracy if validly applied to each specific case and to each logistics system. After the organizational changes in the defense system, and in logistics in particular, due consideration should be paid to the development of information systems since there possibly lies the answer to the request 'to reduce the system response time' within a framework of constant reducing the workforce and 'scope of logistic resources'. Changes in the organization of the technical, health, infrastructural and financial support of Defense represent an additional reason to approach more seriously the issues of defense logistic support and the logistic aspects of decision-making in the defense. Introduction GENERAL REMARKS ON INFORMATION SYSTEMS An information management system is a set of bodies and individuals (of a particular organizational system) as well as technical resources and information resources, organizationally and functionally related, with which, based on pre-defined and developed methods and procedures, the tasks of creating, gathering, processing and distribution of data and information are implemented in the given conditions. LOGISTICS SUPPORT INFORMATION Timely disposal of information is a prerequisite for effective command and control in general, and particularly in the areas of logistics support. Considering that modern conditions do not see any decision making regarding the use of armed forces without adequate logistical support, it is of crucial importance for command authorities at all levels to have necessary information on the status of weapons and military equipment and available logistical resources. DOCTRINAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEM A logistics support system is a complex military, economic and organizational multilevel system. The mission of logistics, in the sphere of defense, is reflected in planning, creating, developing, launching, supporting and maintaining efficient and effective defense forces. Its task is to provide maneuver, precise effects (fire), comprehensive protection and rational and focused support 'top down' to the Army, at requested location, time, extent and manner, as close as possible to the source of logistic demands and with optimum use of resources. The logistics support system comprises a man, a weapon, an integrated combat system (technical system and the man with all support) and an organizational system (units and institutions), as a whole. LOGISTICS INFORMATION NEEDS A logistics information system needs to process data and provide information relevant to decision makers about logistic objects, i.e. a man, weapons or equipment, animals, integrated combat systems, organizations, infrastructure facilities and installations in order to ensure high-quality execution of all logistic tasks within defined missions, through the entire life cycle of a system (peacetime, crisis situation, state of emergency, mobilization, war). Automated LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEM LOGISTICS (background) automated information system (LAIS) is one of the most important subsystems JAIS and in direct connection with the other subsystems JAIS a. JAIS a set of commands and government agencies (units and institutions) in the defense system, and technical resources and information resources, organizational and functionally related, by which on the basis of forward-defined and developed methods and procedures implemented information security tasks (support) the defense management, in the process of planning, development, training, preparation and use of certain subsystems of defense, while performing the task within the defined mission. Disadvantages logistics EXISTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS The existing logistics information system is derived from previously evolved background information system, which was the part of the unified automated information system (JAIS a). The degree of its efficiency is directly related to the weaknesses of earlier ways of organizing the system of command. A large number of inherited problems is linked to the codification material resources and its applicability in the conduct of inadequate material accounting, inadequate organization of material accountancy and still inadequately constructed a system of reporting on quantitative and qualitative state of material resources and the work of executive bodies of the background (logistics).

113-128

Authors: Cakić Aleksandar B.

INTRODUCTION This paper describes a few different approaches to define the terms 'transport chain' and 'supply chain' aiming at their clarification. TERM TRANSPORT CHAIN The author gives a survey of 'transport' definitions from international, civilian and military, and national literature. Then he gives his definition of a transport chain as a sequence of overall operations, necessary for exchange of goods in time and space within the framework of goods flow during transit from the source to the consumption point. The transport chain is connected neither with the limits of production organizations, particular industrial branches nor other structures of national economy. Transport chains also exist in the Army of Serbia (AS). Optimization of transport chains during peace time has a goal to enable easy and fast selection of an optimal transportation chain. DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN DEFINING THE TERMS OF LOGISTIC, SUPPLY AND TRANSPORT CHAIN Modern authors define differently the terms which generally represent similar processes and activities while having almost an identical function. These terms are logistic chain, supply chain and transport chain. For better clarification, these terms are compared herein. Term supply chain The terms supply and supply chain dominate in world literature, as well as supply chain management (SCM), as a specific scientific field. This field is subject to special attention due to its importance in decision-making processes, both strategic and tactical, in companies of all sizes. The Army of Serbia uses the old definition of the term supply, previously used in logistic support, although the AS system of supply with goods and services has moved to logistics principles. The old definition itself, being general and wide enough, is not outdated, so it can be accepted as valid. Term logistic chain The definition of the concept of logistics is followed by the definition of the term logistic chain. Contemporary world literature operates predominantly with the terms supply chains and supply chain management - SCM, rarely with the term logistic chain, which is defined in national literature by several authors. Differences and similarities of notions of transport chain, supply chain and logistic chain It can be noticed that in all chains there are processes such as ordering, packaging, handling (loading, unloading or reloading), transport and storage, with all the activities that are necessary in the implementation of such processes. Also, the elements that realize the processes are similar or the same in all these forms of chains. The objective of all these chains is distribution of goods from the source to the abyss of goods that may be of different forms. However, differences exist when comparing realization subjects as well as organizations that deal with chains. The primary division concerns structures and hierarchy of organizations dealing with chains as well as quantity and quality of information they have at their disposal. The term transport chain is more often applied for physical distribution while the terms of supply and logistic chains are applied from the system, i.e. company's, point of view. The term SCM applies when dealing with overall network of a country/ region, especially with and within international companies. ORGANIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSPORT CHAINS Transport chains are characterized by two main features-technical technological and organizational connection. These two features also characterize the distinction between transport systems and subsystems of the transport chain. Technical-technological connecting of activities in the chain conditions the compatibility of technical resources engaged. Organizational connecting of procedures is carried out by the coordination of information management systems as well as by the coordination of legal and commercial work areas. Transport chains are connected to neighboring systems and the production and consumption of goods. Transport chains optimization Research and identification of optimal transport chain design methods is of considerable significance for the optimization of transport processes. Procedures and means necessary for transport chain functioning are considered as elements while the relations among these elements are conceived as technological and economic relations within a system. Therefore, harmonization of system elements represents the basic function of determining optimal solutions for the implementation of the transport chain. Minimal costs and sometimes minimum time are the optimality and cost-effectiveness criterion for transport chains. Supply chain management (SCM) - explanation of the term Supply chain management is actively managing the activities and relationships of a supply chain to maximize product value and to achieve competitive advantage for a reasonable buyer. It represents constant efforts of companies, or groups of companies, to develop and realize supply chains in the most efficient and most effective way possible. Optimization of logistic chains Optimization of the logistic chain is inseparable from the optimization of logistic systems that are bearers of its realization. Tendencies in optimization of logistic chains and systems change. The projected goal is not any more to better exploit storage capacity, motor pools, loading and transportation systems, but to offer logistic service at request, with the least amount of costs, investments, logistic system capacities, with the shortest reaction time possible and the highest possible quality. CONCLUSION It can be therefore concluded that there are no major differences in the definitions of transport, logistic or supply chains, and that the key difference is in the level of hierarchy, which requires different information when making decisions. Hence the difference in these terms, but in principle the need for optimization is the same. The same or similar methods of optimization are used, and a key premise in optimization is that chains must be considered and optimized in their entity, not by elements, i.e. segments. If all the individual chain elements are optimized, it does not mean that the whole chain is optimized.

166-184

Authors: Milenković Dejan S., Jovanović-Milenković Marina V., Radojičić Zoran A.

Introduction The paper explains the importance and the role of content management systems, gives an overview of the functionality required by such systems and makes a categorization of existing content management systems, thus performing, to some extent, a systematization of this area. Internet technologies and e-business Electronic business is a set of business activities that occur by ICT, especially Internet. CMS existence is conditioned by the development of Internet technology. Basic terminology, problem and solution The basic terms of which problems are considered in this paper are Content, Content Management and Content Management System. Content management systems demand Content management systems demand is reflected in the following: (1) complex structure and a hierarchy of target groups are major challenges for the selection and implementation of an adequate system of content management in decision-making processes; (2) timely adoption of key decisions and their implementation is currently a considerable advantage over competitors; (3) by applying modern information and communication technologies and service-oriented architecture, content, especially documents, management provides security and protection of information in the process of content managing. Content management systems types This article describes the following types of content management systems: Document Management System, Digital Asset Management, Web Content Management and Learning Content Management. Content management systems basic parts The main parts of the content management system are: (1) Content integration, including any content manipulation (input, processing, display); (2) Version control, older versions of files are stored in the database (date of creation/change, and optional comment). Thanks to version control, web site can be restored later (rolled-back) to the previous version; (3) Workflow, allows defining processes in a few steps concerning the creation, review and approval of content publishing; (4) Content repositorium (relational, object or XML databases) greatly improves reuse and content management, especially when these items have a high repetition level; (5) Users management and their privileges; (6) User interface. Display of client and administrative console is done through a web browser; (7) Applications represent an addition to content management systems (business rules, API functions, search, forum, etc.) Content management systems classification Content management systems classification can be performed by different elements: (1) by type, where the content management system is a framework or system; (2) by license; (3) by used technology; (4) by price. The paper briefly explains the classification. Conclusion Future direction of research of content management system applications in the Serbian Army would be based on the advantages and disadvantages of electronic document management system repositories, for example realistic management processes and data flows within the command and information system.