International journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research

130-139

Authors: Gajraj Singh Yadav, Gora Dadheech Acharya, Meenu Rai, Archana Shrivastava

Background: Diabetic glomerulopathy in hyper glycemic state impaired kidney filtrations. Micro albuminuriais primary urinary marker simply indicating kidney dysfunction. IgG and transferrins are authenticating urinary markers of kidney dysfunction. High urine creatinine (Crt)) is waste product of unusual high protein metabolism. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted over 400 diabetes mellitus type –II (DMT-II) complicated patients; they were randomly selected on micro albuminuria using dipstic method. Urinary markers: Albumin (Alb), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Transferrin (Trf), and Urine Crt were analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorvant assay (ELISA) kit method and Jaffe’s reaction respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM, SPSS version 20.0 (Illinois). Data was expressed as mean ± S.D., Correlation between parameters was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) by linear regression analysis. Result: 276 patients were reported as hyperalbuminic (More than normoalbuminuria 30mg/day) cases among 400 DM type-II complications. 55.15%hyperimmunoglobulinic-G(more than normal level of IgG) and 67.88 % hyper transferrinic cases were reported and found positive correlation between Crt & Alb (r2 = 0.561, P-0.01), Crt & Trf (r2 = 0.142, P-0.01), Crt & IgG (r2 = 0.205, P-0.01).

143-147

Authors: Mario Leesha Fernando, Santhi Silambanan, Jothi Malar

Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 2 DM is a significant risk factor of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an indicator of systemic inflammation has been shown to provide a reliable inflammatory index to be used in prognostic stratification of CAD. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic patients. Methods: 100 diabetic patients who had coronary lesion with diameter stenosis of at least 50% and 50 diabetic patients with normal coronary anatomy matched with age and sex were retrospectively selected and classified as CAD(+) and CAD(-) group respectively. Diabetics with chronic infections and inflammation were excluded. NLR in two groups were compared. Results: NLR was higher in CAD (+) group compared to CAD (-) group (p = 0.000). ROC curve analysis revealed that NLR value of ≥ 2.26 identified the presence of CAD in diabetic patients with 100% specificity and 92% sensitivity. Conclusion: NLR was higher in diabetic patients with angiographically proven CAD compared to those without CAD. NLR may serve as a useful marker to predict the presence of CAD in type 2 diabetic patients.

154-161

Authors: Anuradha Katti-Suryawanshi, Shailaja Avinash Katti, D.S. Jayaprakash Murthy, Abdul Kayum Shaikh

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality through its various complications. A decrease in Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in diabetes is associated with occurrence of vascular complications. Our objectives were to estimate PON1 activity, Catalase (CAT) activity and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) cases and controls. We also had an objective to establish possible relationship between PON1, High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL- Cholesterol), CAT, MDA levels and to correlate CAT/PON1 ratio with Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels.

166-171

Authors: Jaskiran Kaur Sandhu, Anju Sharma, Sahiba Kukreja, Neha, Amandeep Kaur

Objective: To study the serum levels of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in neonates. Also to assess the sex differences in thyroid function and to compare our results to previously published reference data. TSH was estimated in 91 neonates using enhanced Chemiluminescence technique using vitros ECi-Ortho Clinical Diagnostics. Results: Although the mean serum levels of TSH were higher in females, no significant differences were observed in serum TSH between males and females. Conclusion: The study underlines the importance of new born screening for thyroid dysfunction. Due to high reported prevalence of congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) in our country and the lack of international standardization, performing multi-central studies with more population helps in making a more precise evaluation of thyroid status in neonates. Frequent laboratory monitoring in infancy is essential to ensure optimal neurocognitive outcome. Serum TSH and free T4 should be measured every 1- 2 months in the first 6 months of life and every 3-4 months thereafter. In general, the prognosis of infants detected by screening and started on treatment early is excellent.

177-181

Authors: Sonu Yeldose, Avinash S S, Sreekantha, Arun Kumar K, Malathi M, Shivashankara A R

Background: Women who undergo hysterectomy alone are known to attain menopause 3.7 years earlier than those who attain natural menopause due to altered blood supply to ovaries1. Very few studies are conducted to know the effect of earlier onset of endocrinological changes associated with hysterectomy on the serum and urinary levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphate. Hence the present study was conducted to compare the levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in serum and urine of hysterectomised vs. natural postmenopausal women. Methods: The case control study included 26 healthy premenopausal, 22 early surgical menopausal (who were hysterectomised before the age of 50 years) and 21 natural post menopausal women aged above 50 years. Women suffering from endocrine disorders (hypo/hyper parathyroidism, hypo/ hyperpituitarism, ovarian disorders, diabetes), renal failure and malignancy were excluded. Calcium, magnesium and phosphate levels were estimated in serum using calcium-cresoptholone complex, magnesium-calmagite complex and Ammonium phosphomolybdate method respectively. Creatinine was estimated in random urine by kinetic jaffe's method. Calcium/creatinine, magnesium/creatinine and phosphate/creatinine ratio were estimated in random urine using same methods. Estimations were done spectrophotometrically in a fully automated Cobas c311 analyser after appropriate quality control check. Statistical analysis for significance of difference between means was done using ANOVA and kruskal Wallis test by SPSS 13 software. Results: Natural post-menopausal(serum calcium:9.12±0.46 mg/dl; magnesium:2.1±0.23 mg/dl) (urine calcium/creatinine: 0.18±0.13; magnesium/creatinine: 0.09±0.05) and hysterectomised women (serum calcium: 8.83±0.63 mg/dl; magnesium: 2.0±0.16 mg/dl) (urine calcium/creatinine: 0.16±0.1; magnesium/creatinine: 0.07±0.04) have decreased levels of serum calcium and increased serum magnesium, urine calcium/creatinine, magnesium/creatinine compared to normal premenopausal women (serum calcium:9.38±0.46 mg/dl; magnesium:1.96±0.14 mg/dl)(urine calcium/creatinine:0.07±0.05; magnesium/creatinine: 0.06 ± 0.03). Conclusions: Natural post-menopausal and hysterectomies women have decreased levels of serum calcium and increased serum magnesium, urine calcium/creatinine, magnesium/creatinine compared to normal premenopausal women. Large population based study with dietary details can establish the above findings and find the relationship with oestrogen for diet and hormone supplementation. Abbreviations: ER-E Strogen receptor; CBD-Calbindin; TRPV-Transient receptor potential cation channel; NCX-Sodium cation exchange channel.

185-189

Authors: Deepa K, Prithvi Naveen, Meera S, Shubha Jayaram Sudhir

Background & Objectives: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy. Complement 3(C3) is the central component of the complement system which induce inflammatory, immunomodulatory and metabolic responses. This passive immunity acquired by the fetus is crucial for the adaptation of the newborn to the extra uterine environment, providing protection against infections. The Objectives of the present study was to estimate the serum levels of complement3 (C3) & Immunoglobin (Ig) G in Gestational Diabetic and their newborns, and to compare the above parameters with normal pregnant females and their newborns. Material & Methods: Total 90 pregnant females aged between 20-40yrs with regular antenatal care at Cheluvamba Hospital & Mission Hospital, Mysore, were included in the study. Out of 90, 45 were diagnosed with gestational diabetes. About 4ml of blood sample was collected from the mother during the time of labour and 4ml of cord blood was collected from their newborns and serum was analysed for complement C3 and Immunoglobin (Ig) G by immunoturbidimetric method. Results & Interpretation: The study showed significant increase in complement C3 levels in Gestational Diabetes, when compared with normal pregnancy with mean and standard deviation of 190+14.4 and 105+11.2 respectively. There was significant decrease in Immunoglobulin G levels in cord blood of newborns of gestational diabetes when compared with cord blood of newborns of normal pregnancy with mean and standard deviation of 790.4+138.7 and 974.0+144.3 respectively with p value <0.05. Conclusion: Complement C3 estimation in GDM could help to understand the underlying chronic inflammation which in turn affects the growing fetus innate immune system and predisposes the individual for future Diabetes and its complications.