Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

217 - 225

Authors: Sofjan Iskandar

More information on the performance of local breed of chicken encourages more exploration on early digestive tract development of Pelung x Kampung cross chicken. One hundred and sixty day-old chicks (doc) of Pelung x Kampung crossbred were sexed and allocated to two different dietary proteins of 15 or 19% with the same level of dietary energy (2900 kcal/kg) and other nutrients according to levels suggested for light high breed chicken. Rations, in a form of mash, and water provided ad libitum during the 28 days of observation. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly. Thirty-two day old chickens were sacrificed for digestive track analysis, then two chickens obtained from each trial replicate were also sacrificed at day 7, 14, 21 and 28, following at least 3 hours of starvation to clear the tract from remaining digesta. The cut organs (crop, proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum) were separated and cleaned carefully from digesta with tissue paper prior to weighing. Number of birds in each cage was rearranged to keep the number relatively the same throughout the replicates every week after sacrificing. Higher body weight of young chicken to 19% dietary protein compared to 15% dietary protein was shown at 28 days of age. Gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and ileum developments of male chicks were significantly higher than that of females when the chicks reached the age of 28 day. Generally the relatif weight of duodenum and jejunum were relatively higher than the development of growth or development of other digestive organ segmens. Response of other observed parameters other than mentioned above to dietary protein nor sex were not significantly different at any other ages. Key words: Pelung x Kampung crossbred chicken, growth, digestive organs developments, dietary proteins

233 - 238

Authors: Amlius Thalib, Y Widiawati, H Hamid

Ruminal methanogenesis has disadvantageous effects on ruminant animals and environment of atmosphere. Inhibition of methane produced through reduction of carbondioxide has been conducted by bacteriological approach. The approach involved the isolation of bacteria from rumens of sheep (IBD) and buffalo (IBK) using medium for CO-utilizing acetogens. The isolate of bacterium was multiplied with the usual culture medium and then used as inoculum to degrade a substrate of King grass under constant temperature (390C) for 48 hours. Fresh rumen fluid of sheep (CRDS) was used as comparing inoculum. Measurementswere carbondioxide and methane gasses, pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and NH3-N contents, bacterial count, and dry matter digestibility (in vitro DMD). The data measured were analyzed by using completely randomized design. The results showed that morphological cell of IBD was oval pleomorphic with Gram negative type, and cell of IBK was rod with Gram negative type. Percentage of CH4 produced by inoculum of IBD was lower than CRDS but was not significantly different (29.47 vs. 33.07%), while the percentage of methane produced by inoculum of IBK was very significantly lower than CRDS (24.29 vs. 33.07%) (P<0.01). Acetate/propionate ratio as a result of substrate fermentation by inoculum of IBD (3.55) and IBK (3.79) were very significantly higher than that of CRDS (2.43) (P<0.01). It is concluded from this experiment that isolates used were effective to inhibit the methanogenesis and the species contained in the isolates were indicated to be homoacetogenic bacteria. Key words: Bacterial isolate, acetogen medium, methanogenesis, inhibitor

246 - 251

Authors: R.G Sianturi, P Situmorang, Elsa Triwulanningsih, T Sugiarti, D.A Kusumaningrum

Supplementation of 3-isobuthyl-1-1-methylxanthine (IMX), as a cAMP inhibitor phosphodiesterase and could raise sperm motility, is expected to optimize the X and Y sperm separation. The purpose of this research was to observe the effect of IMX supplementation and separation time on the quality of separated sperm and the effectiveness of the method of sperm separation. Completely randomized design with 2 x 2 factorial was used in this research. The first factor was IMX (0.0 and 0.5 mM) while the second factor was separation time (10 and 30 minutes). The parameters observed were sperm concentration, the percentages of sperm motility, live sperm, sperm with intact apical ridge and the ratio of spermatozoa X and Y which measured by morfometric of head sperm square. IMX supplementation did not affect sperm concentration both on 10 or 30 minutes. The 30-minute separation time significantly reduced sperm motility in upper fraction while the addition of IMX significantly reduced sperm motility in lower fraction. There were no significant differences on the percentage of live sperm and sperm with intact apical ridge in every treatment even in upper or lower fraction. The albumin column sperm separation in this research changed the ratio of X and Y spermatozoa from 49.7% : 50.3% (fresh semen) to 65.1-84.0% : 16.0-34.9% in upper fraction; and to 24.0- 30.0% : 70.0-75.9% in lower fraction. The addition of IMX increased significantly X spermatozoa percentage (65.1 to 84.0%) and reduced significant Y-spermatozoa percentage (34.9% to 16.0%) in upper fraction. There was no significant differences on the ratio of X and Y spermatozoa between 10 and 30-minute of separation time treatment. In conclusion, the albumin column separation technique can be used to separate X and Y spermatozoa with the duration of 10 to 30 minutes separation time and did not severely affect the quality of separated sperm. The presence of IMX in separation media has no effect on the sperm separation effectiveness. Key words: Sperm separation, isobuthyl methylxanthine, X and Y spermatozoa, albumin column

258 - 265

Authors: Simson Tarigan

The purpose of this study was to characterize the IgG and IgE antibody responses in goats infested repeatedly with Sarcoptes scabiei. Ten goats purchased from scabies-free farms were infested with 2000 live mites on the auricles. Fifty days after the initial infestation, the goats were treated with ivermectin. After being completely recovered, the goats were reinfested then treated again at 50 days post infestation. Blood samples were collected at the time of the first infestation, then every 10 days afterwards for 270 days. Seroconversion for IgG took place after 30 days following the first infestation, whereas the maximum level of the specific IgG antibodies occurred after 50 days. Immunoblot analysis identified a number of antigens (Mr 180, 135, 43 and 38 KDa) that recognised by the IgG at 10 days and continuously recognised throughout the course of the multiple infestations. Being consistently recognised, those antigens should be essential in the development immunological diagnostic tests for scabies. The levels of scabies-specific IgE antibodies increased slowly during the first infestation and rapidly dropped following treatment of the animals with ivermectin. In the second and third infestations, however, the reaginic antibodies rose rapidly and with a grater level. On immunoblot analysis, at least 10 antigens (Mr 130, 72, 64, 58, 48, 44, 41, 39, 27 and 25 KDa) were observed to be recognised by the IgE present in the sera from scabies-infested animals. Since IgE response is considered to play a major role in the immune protection, those allergens, therefore, could be used as the main component of an anti-scabies vaccine. Key words: Sarcoptes scabiei, antibody, goats

272 - 285

Authors: April H Wardhana, E Widyastuti, A.W.A Wiratmana, S Muharsini, Darmono

Chrysomya bezziana is primer agent causing myiasis in livestock and human throughout Africa to Asia. At present, treatment of myiasis using chemical synthetic insecticide causing environment and livestock production contaminations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hexane extract of Annona squamosa L seed to kill C. bezziana as botanical insecticide. Three level and method preparation of larvae (L1, L2 and L3) were carried out. Meat blood mixture (MBM) and larval rearing media (LRM) were mixed with hexane extract of A. squamosa L seed and tested to 625 and 750 larvae (L1and L2 respectively), while for L3 625 larvae were soaked in the solution containing the hexane extract. This last preparation was carried out to observe the effect of toxic contact. Each larvae treatment was divided into 5 levels such as negative control using distillation water (PO), given 0.25% hexane extract (P I); 0.50% (P II); 0.75% (P III) and positive control was given with 0.10% Asuntol®. This assay was to know digest toxic effect of hexane extract of A. squamosa L seed for those larvae. Number of 625 instar III larvae (L3) was soaked in the solution containing the hexane extract of A. squamosa L seed for 10 second, placed into vermicullite and incubated on 36oC. This assay was to know contact toxic effect of them. All of larvae were allowed to become pupae. Parameters oberserve were number of larvae death, pupae weight and number of pupae become into fly. The data was analyzed using Anova (5%) and Z test (5%) then smallest significant difference test (BNT 5%). The results showed that 0.50% of hexane extract of A. squamosa L seed was able to decrease pupae weight for L1 and L2 and to cause fail pupae become fly (P<0.05). Instar III larvae (L3) soaked in PI until P III and not effect to pupae weight, pupae become fly and survival of adult flies (P>0.05). Key words: Chrysomya bezziana, myasis, srikaya, A. squamosa L, in vitro

145 - 150

Authors: A.P Sinurat, T Purwadaria, T Pasaribu, W Rakhmani, J Dharma, J Rosida, S Sitompul, Udjianto

There are plenty of Indonesian plants contain usefull bioactive components. One of them is Aloe vera. Previous experiment showed that Aloe vera bioactives reduced aerob bacteria in the intestinal and improved feed efficiency in broilers reared in cages. The results however, gave some variations, may be due to variation in rearing the chickens. Two experiments were carried out to study the effectivity of Aloe vera bioactives as feed additives for broilers reared on deep litter. In the first study, six experimental diets in mash form were formulated, i.e.: Control (K); K + antibiotic; K + 0.50 g/kg dry Aloe vera (LBK); K + 1.00 g/kg LBK; K + anthraquinone; K + Aloe vera in semi-liquid form. The amount of semi liquid Aloe vera and the anthraquinone were equally to 1.00 g LBK/kg. Results showed that antibiotic improved body weight gain 6.10% and feed efficiency 5.50% better than the control, although statistically not significant (P>0.05). Aloe vera bioactives in low doses (0.50 g/kg) also improved weight gain (6.30%) and feed efficiency (5.20%) similar to the antibiotic. However, Aloe vera in high doses and anthraquinone (equal to 1.00 g/kg diet) did not improve performance of broilers. There were no significant changes on carcass yield, abdominal fat levels, weight of liver, gizard and gastro intestinal tract due to any feed additives tested. The second experiment were carried out to study the effectivity of feed additives when included in crumble diets. Six experimental diets, i.e.: Control (K), K + antibiotic, K + Semi-liquid Aloe vera (equal to 1.00g dry Aloe vera/kg), K + 0.50 g dry Aloe vera/kg, K + 1.00 g dry Aloe vera/kg, K + 0.50 g dry Aloe vera + 0.50 g Curcuma xanthorrhiza meal/kg. All diets were fed in crumble form. Results showed that chickens fed with feed additives (antibiotic or Aloe vera bioactives) have a significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight gain and feed efficiency than those fed with control diet. The best weight gain was achieved by low dose dry Aloe vera (1342 g/bird) and the lowest was the control (1039 g/bird). The best feed conversion ratio was achieved by antibiotic treatment (1.756) followed by low dose dry Aloe vera + curcuma meal (1.758) and the worst was showed by the control (1.908). It is concluded that Aloe vera bioactives at low dose (0.50 g/kg diet) could improve body weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers reared on deep litter. The improvement achieved was similar as the antibiotic. The bioactive is more effective when fed in crumble diets. Key words: Broilers, bioactives, Aloe vera

157 - 163

Authors: Ana Rochana Tarmidi

Bagasse from Saccharum officinarum has potency as roughage source for ruminants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of bagasse fermented by Pleurotus ostreatus (ATB) to feed consumption, daily gain and feed efficiency of Priangan sheep. The research was arranged into two stages, i.e: (i) bioconversion of bagasse by P. ostreatus, and (ii) biological test using ATB. Twenty five heads of male Priangan sheep with average body weight of 18.99 + 0.22 kg were fed with ATB for three months. A completely randomized design was carried out with five replications. The treatment were: R0= 70.0% King grass + 30.0% concentrate; R1= 59.50% King grass + 10.10% ATB + 30% concentrate; R2= 49.00% King grass + 21.10% ATB + 30% concentrate; R3= 38.50% King grass + 31.50% ATB + 30% concentrates, and R4= 28.00% King grass + 42% ATB + 30% concentrate. The results of the experiment showed that bagasse fermented by P. ostreatus (ATB) did not indicate negative effects on feed consumption, daily gain, and feed efficiency of Priangan sheep, and ATB can be used as ingredient of Priangan sheep ration up to 31.50% based on dry matter of the ration. Key words: Bagasse, Pleurotus ostreatus, feed consumption, daily gain, feed efficiency

172 - 180

Authors: T.B Murdiati, A Priadi, S Rachmawati, Yuningsih

The purpose of pasteurisation is to destroy pathogen bacteria without affecting the taste, flavor, and nutritional value. A study on the implementation of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) in producing pasteurized milk was carried out in four processing unit of pasteurised milk, one in Jakarta, two in Bandung and one in Bogor. The critical control points in the production line were identified. Milk samples were collected from the critical points and were analysed for the total number of microbes. Antibiotic residues were detected on raw milks. The study indicated that one unit in Bandung dan one unit in Jakarta produced pasteurized milk with lower number of microbes than the other units, due to better management and control applied along the chain of production. Penisilin residues was detected in raw milk used by unit in Bogor. Six critical points and the hazard might arise in those points were identified, as well as how to prevent the hazards. Quality assurance system such as HACCP would be able to produce high quality and safety of pasteurised milk, and should be implemented gradually. Key words: Pasteurised milk, food safety, HACCP

191 - 196

Authors: S Widjajanti, S.E Estuningsih, Subandriyo ., D Piedrafita, H.W Raadsma

Eosinophil is one of the major leucocyte cell in the blood which specifically reacted on parasite infection, thus it is important to determine its profile against the F. gigantica infection. The aims of this study is to determine the differences of the eosinophil count profiles on the different breed of sheep infected with F. gigantica and its relation with the resistance of sheep bred against parasitic disease. Four groups of sheep consist of Indonesian Thin Tail (ITT) sheep, Merino sheep, backcross sheep (10 families) and F2 sheep were infected with 300 metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. The total sheep used in this trial is 621. Those sheep were observed for 12 weeks and the blood samples were collected every 2 weeks after infection. The results showed that total eosinophil counts in all infected sheep increased after two weeks post infection and ITT sheep showed the highest counts. On the other hand, the mean fluke counts on ITT sheep is the lowest compared with the other groups of sheep. Merino and F2 sheep had the highest mean fluke counts. Three families of backcross sheep had the mean flukes count similar to ITT sheep and the other 7 families were similar to the Merino sheep. In conclusion, the highest total eosinophil count at the early stage of infection on ITT sheep might be related with the genetic resistance, which was showed by the lowest flukes count, and the resistance was inherited to some of the backcross sheep, which had similar flukes count with ITT sheep. Key words: Fasciola gigantica, eosinophil, sheep

204 - 209

Authors: Risa Indriani, N.L.P.I Dharmayanti, A Wiyono, Darminto ., L Parede

Study on the detection of antibody responses using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and the protection titer to Avian influenza (AI) virus H5N1 subtype local isolate has been conducted at the Research Institute for Veterinary Science (RIVS). A total number of 50 village chicken (10 chicken served as un-injected controls) and 30 quail were injected intramuscularly with inactivated virus of AI H5N1 subtype local isolate. Serum samples were collected 3 weeks after injection and were tested using haemagglutination inhibition tests. The correlation between antibody titer and its protection to AI virus H5N1 local isolate were measured by challenging the birds with AI virus H5N1 local isolate The HI test was then used to determine field serum samples. A total number of 48 village chicken from three (3) Districts (Bekasi, Tangerang and Bogor) and 96 quails from two (2) farms in District of Sukabumi which were all vaccinated with commercial AI adjuvant vaccine were sampled. The study revealed that village chicken and quails showed antibody responses after 3 weeks vaccination and that titer of ≥ 3 log 2 was able to protect chicken and quails when they were challenged with local isolate virus. Based on this result, village chicken field samples from Districts of Tangerang, Bekasi and Bogor showed antibody titer which will protect 50, 100 and 85% of the flocks respectively. While quail field samples from Farm I and Farm II in District of Sukabumi showed antibody titer which will protect 60-100% and 0-80% of the flocks respectively. It is concluded that the study has successfully measured antibody titer to AI virus H5N1 subtype which protect village chicken and quails from local isolate virus challenge so that the results will be used to analyze field serum samples after vaccination program to eradicate AI from Indonesia. Key words: Antibody responses, haemagglutination inhibition test, protection titer, AI virus H5N1subtype

73 - 80

Authors: W Puastuti, D Yulistiani, I-W Mathius

A series of experiments has been conducted to study chemical processing method of feather meal using hydrocloric acid (HCl) and to evaluate the biological values by in vitro and is sacco methods of the hydrolitic feather meal (HBA). Feather meal was hydrolyzed using four levels of HCl concentration (i.e.0, 6, 12 and 24%) in three incubation times (i.e. 2, 4, and 6 days). The hydrolysis reaction was carried out in closed container in the ratio of feather meal and HCl of 2:1 (w/v). In vitro evaluation was conducted to measure dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility, DM solubility, ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content. In sacco to observe the degradation of HBA crude protein. Results of in sacco evaluation in rumen showed that soluble and degraded crude proteins (CP) were significantly only affected by HCl concentration (P<0.01). The rate and the amount of degraded protein in 24 hours inclution in the rumen were affected by the HCl concentration and incubation time of hydrolysis. More amino acid degradation occurred on longer time showed that HCl had quadratic effect (P<0,01) on pH of HBA. However durations of hydrolysis did not significantly affect acidity (P>0.05). In vitro DM and OM digestibilities of HBA increased as the concentration of HCl was increased. The increase of DM digestibility followed the equation Y = -0.0231x3 + 0.7323x2 – 1.5716x + 12.383 (r = 0.994); and the OM digestibility followed the equation Y = -0.0229x3 + 0.7194x2 – 1.0606x + 15.951 (r = 0.993). Time of incubation, on the other hand, did not affect OM and DM digestibilities (P>0.05). DM solubility of HBA was significantly affected by HCl concentration and the length of incubation time (P<0.01). The increase of DM solubility was followed by the increase of NH3 content (P<0.01). The relation between DM solubility and NH3 content followed the equation Y = 0.4365x + 5.4047 (r = 0.966). The increase of DM solubility followed the equation Y = -0.027x3 + 0.9596x2 – 4.8142x + 5.3878 (r = 0.973) and the increase of NH3 content followed the equation Y = -0.0085x3 + 0.3175x2 – 1.4139x + 7.0889 (r = 0.992). Result of in sacco evaluation showed that fraction of crude protein (CP) disolved and fraction of CP degraded in rumen was significantly affected by HCl concentration (P<0.01), while the rate of CP degradation and the amount of fraction degraded during 24 hours in the rumen were affected by the HCl concentration and the durations of hydrolysis (P<0.01) indicating that more feather meal protein was hydrolized by HCl, therefore weakened or cut the chain of amino acid in the feather protein. Treatment with 12% HCl for 4 days hydrolysis of feather meal resulted in CP fraction degradation during 24 hours incubation in the rumen of 53%, indicating that the potency of CP of HBA as rumen by pass protein was 47%. Key words: Chicken feather, HCl hydrolysis, digestibility by pass protein

87 - 97

Authors: A Suparyanto, H Martojo, P.S Hardjosworo, L.H Prasetyo

Morphological growth is a very dynamic process. It is reflected the changes of body structure affected by genetic and environmental responses. Each parameter had different growth curve sigmoid pattern those expressed different characteristics. Phenotypic growth data were collected from female ducks resulted from crossbreed between Pekin male and White Mojosari. The hatchers were twicely collected, the first collection was 69 heads and then they were 89 heads. Equation of non-linier regression is determined by Gompertz model using the Marquardt method. Result showed that fast growth happened from the start to 30 days old. Estimation values of circumstance and depth brest length variables were 30 and 83 mm respectively. In the first derivation, the maximum size of back and brest were observed on 16 weeks old. In the second derivation the maximum sizes of wide hip, wide and depth brestes were reached for longer time, those were 22 to 25 weeks. Meanwhile, the correlation between parameter A (body mature) and k (rate of mature) was negative. Every variable had different oscillation slopes, the slope of two infexion points of the original curve or they were variative. Key words: Duck, growth curve, morphology, crossbreed

108 - 114

Authors: April H Wardhana, S Muharsini, Widya Asmara

Chrysomya bezziana is a fly causing myiasis in most livestock in Indonesia. To date, the genetic diversity of C. bezziana has been argued among researchers. The aim of this study was to analyse genetic diversity of C. bezziana population in Indonesia using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) as a marker. The preliminary study showed that the larvae instar III stadium (L3) was the most appropriate sample for molecular analysis and identification. Twenty-four L3 were collected from cattles, buffalos and horses in Bogor, Makassar and East Sumba. DNA samples were isolated from muscle tissue of the larvae. The fragment of cyt b gene (279 bp) was amplified using primer CB3FC-NINFA. The PCR product was subsequently purified, sequenced and analysed using PAUP version 4. The results showed that C. bezziana from Indonesia was different with those from Asia, basicaly for DNA sequences, however it had similar to those from Papua New Guinea. Two haplotypes were identified i.e. haplotype 6 (Makassar haplotype that similar to those from Papua New Guinea) and haplotype 7 (Bogor haplotype that similar to those from Makassar and East Sumba). Key words: Chrysomya bezziana, genetic diversity, mitochondrial DNA

122 - 127

Authors: Risa Indriani, Helmy Hamid, R.M Abdul Adjid, Muharam Saepulloh

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute and contagious respiratory diseases of chicken. The virus is Gallid herpes and belong to family herpesviridae. Two local strains of ILT virus those were BGR-6 and BKS-3 were isolated and their pathogenicity and immunogenicity were further observed after five time pareses on coris allantoic of specific pathogenic free embryonated eggs. The pathogenicity of both isolates to be possible for use as seed vaccine were detected based on pathogenicity indices and antibody response. Experimental specific pathogenic free chicken in isolator cages were infected by the isolates using103EID50. ILT virus per dose. Clinical syndromes, pathological anatomic lesions, and immunological response were observed in the infected chickens and another group at uninfected chickens as a control. Results showed that either BGR-6 or BKS-3 caused clinical signs with ITPI scores of 0,05 and 0,03 respectively and there were no mortality of infected chickens. The top antibody responces of BGR-6 and BKS-3 were observed at OD 0.90 and 0.44 respectively. It can be concluded that BGR-6 and BBS-3 had low ITPI scores, but BGR-6 gave higher antibody response and can be used as a candidate for seed vaccine. Key words: Infectious laryngotracheitis, ILT, BGR-6, BKS-3, pathogenicity, immunogenicity

136 - 141

Authors: N.L.P.I. Dharmayanti, R Damayanti, A Wiyono, R Indriani, Darminto

An outbreak of avian influenza in Indonesia was reported at the first time at the beginning of September 2003 causing high mortality among poultry population especially commercial layer chicken farms in Java, Sumatra and Bali islands. From the outbreaks highly pathogenic avian infuenza viruses have been isolated and characterized by rapid, HA, HI and AGP tests. However, these isolates are still needed to be further molecularly characterized. The aim of this study is to identify by further subtyping the avian viruses by means of RT-PCR using Matrix, H7 and H5 primers. The study reveals that the RT-PCR using Matrix primer amplified a 200-300 basepairs (bp) Jawa Timur isolates were collected from East Java, while Jawa Barat isolates were from West Java. The RT-PCR using H7 primers did not amplify any product, while H5 primer amplified a 500-600 bp product from the isolates. It is concluded that the outbreak of poultry disease in East and West Java was caused by an avian influenza H5 subtype. Key words: Identification, avian influenza virus, RT-PCR, H5 subtype

1 - 4

Authors: Putu Kompiang, Supriyati ., O Sjofjan

An experiment has been conducted to study the effect of replacing feed additive zinc-bacitracine with probiotic Bacillus apiarius on layer performance. One thousand two hundreds 22-weeks old layers used in this experiment, were divided into three group-treatments and it further divided into 4 subgroups (100 birds/subgroup) as treatment replicates and distributed randomly. Layer in group I were fed basal diet + Growth promotant antibiotic (GPA)-zinc bacitracin, group II were fed basal diet + B. apiarius culture and group III were fed basal diet + commercial probiotic. Feed and water were given ad libitum during the 16 weeks trial. The treatments had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake. Percentage of hen-day production of group II (88.75 ± 0.88%) was similar to group III (89.58 ± 1.14%), and both were very significantly (P<0.01) higher than group I (77.83 ± 6.21%). Total egg mass production of group II (5.82 ± 0.30 kg/head/16 weeks), was similar to group III (5.64 ± 0.51 kg/head/16 weeks) and both were significantly (P<0.01) higher than group I (4.85 ± 0.45 kg/head/16 weeks). The FCR value of group II (2.48 ± 0.10) was similar to group III (2.43 ± 0.14) and both were very significantly (P<0.01) better than group I (2.86 ± 0.26). The treatments had no effect on egg weight and egg shell thickness. Yolk’s cholesterol content of the group I (4.58 ± 0,56 mg/100 g) was significantly higher than group II (3.72 ± 0.34 mg/100 g) or group III (3.41 ± 0.43 mg/ 100 g). From the present trial it could be concluded that B. apiarius has a potential as probiotic for layer, it even gave better performance and lower cholesterol content of the yolk. Key words: Layer chickens, probiotic, cholestero

12 - 16

Authors: Firdus ., Dewi Apri Astuti, Elizabeth Wina

It is reported that feedstuff preparation affects intake and digestibility of the ration. The objective of this experiment was to know the effect of physic conditions of Caliandra calothyrsus and its mixing with fresh Gliricidia sepium toward the digestibility and nutrient consumption of sheep. Fourty nine (49) thin tail sheep with the average body weight of 15.42 kg (SD 2.68) was randomly assigned into one out of five treatment groups of greenery feed which composed of different fresh Penisetum sp. (FP), fresh Caliandra calothyrsus (FC), fresh Gliricidia sepium (FG), dried C. calothyrsus (DC) and steamed C calothyrsus (SC). Treatment A (70% FP + 30% FC), B (70% FP + 30% FG), C (70% FP + 15% SC + 15% FG), D (70% FP + 15% DC +15% FG) and E (70% FP + 15% DC + 15% FG). The treatments had been carried out for 90 days. Water was given ad libitum. Parameters recorded in this experiment were nutrient consumption (dry matter/BK, crude protein, energy) and nutrient digestibility (BK, crude protein, energy). Data recorded were processed by covariant analysis with body weight of sheep at the early experiment treatment as a covariant. Results of the experiment showed that there were significant difference (P<0.05) between fresh, dried, and steamed C. calothyrsus and its mixing with fresh G. sepium toward the consumption and nutrient digestibility. The average of consumption and nutrient digestibility value were high in mixing treatment of 15% fresh C. calothyrsus with 15% fresh G. sepium. Key words: Sheep, Caliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, consumption, digestibility

26 - 36

Authors: Muharam Saepulloh

Investigations were carried out to identify molecular character of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) isolates from commercial layer chicken farm located at Lipa City, Batangas Province, the Philippines using western blotting. The virus was first isolated in chorio allantoic membrane (CAM). A-total of five isolates (#IV, #VI-C28, #VI-C29, #VI-C30, and #VII) produced typical plaque lesions in CAM at second passages such as yellowish plaques with opaque edges. Furthermore, five isolates were then characterized by western blotting on 7.5% of acrylamide. These results showed that Chicken antisera to the ILTV strain NS-175 (as standard sera), and rabbit antisera to vaccine strain (BAL-ILT) recognized four major viral protein with molecular weight of 205, 160, 85 and 60 kDa of isolates #VI-C28, #VI-C29, #VI-30 and #VII. While the isolate # IV produced viral protein of 205 and 85 kDa. The same four viral proteins were recognized by both ILTV antisera, indicating that the viral proteins of the vaccine strain and ILTV local isolates from Lipa City, Batangas Province, the Philippine had cross-reactivity. Thus, this cross reactivity may cause the effective protection afforded by the vaccine strain in the field. Key words: Infectious laryngotracheitis virus, CAM, western blotting, chicken

46 - 54

Authors: Indrawati Sendow, Helmy Hamid

The aims of this study are to isolate canine parvovirus (CPV) from the field case and to evaluate its histological aspects in CPV infected dogs. Samples were collected from intestine, intestine contained and mucose, as well as dogs feses from diarrhoea and blood diarrhoea. The suspension of those specimen was inoculated into Feline Kidney cells and observed for cythopathic effect (CPE). The presence of CPE indicated that there was viral isolate and continued to further identification using Haemaglutination (HA) test with pig red blood cells. Samples with positif in HA test were further identification using Haemaglutination Inhibition (HI) test against reference CPV antisera. Isolation result showed that from 81 samples processed, 10 samples indicated CPE in cell cultures, and had agglutinated in pig red blood cells and neutralised reference CPV antisera as the same titer of reference CPV antisera. Nine isolates were obtained from feces and 1 isolate was obtained from Mucose intestine from bloody diarrhoea dogs. Those isolates were also obtained from 1 to 2 days post blood diarrhea clinical signs. Two from 10 cadavers examined showed histological changes to CPV infection. Isolate of CPV, originally from feces, was also obtained from one of the two cadavers. Based on the results it was concluded that more CPV viral isolates can be obtained from bloody diarrhea feces. Key words: Canine parvovirus, inhibition, isolation, pathology, identification

276 - 280

Authors: Agus Wiyono, R Indriani, N.L.P.I Dhamaryanti, R Damayanti, L Parede, T Syafriati, Darminto

A study on the isolation and characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza of chicken from outbreaks in Indonesia was conducted at Indonesian Research Institute for Veterinary Science. Outbreaks of avian disease had been reported in Indonesia since August 2003 affecting commercial layer, broiler, quail, and ostrich and also native chicken with showing clinical signs such as cyanosis of wattle and comb, nasal discharges and hypersalivation, subcutaneous ptechiae on foot and leg, diarre and sudden high mortality. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize the causal agent of the disease. Samples of serum, feather follicle, tracheal swab, as well as organs of proventriculus, intestine, caecal tonsil, trachea and lungs were collected from infected animals. Serum samples were tested haemaglutination/haemaglutination inhibition to Newcastle Disease and Egg Drop Syndrome viruses. Isolation of virus of the causal agent of the outbreak was conducted from samples of feather follicle, tracheal swab, and organs using 11 days old specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated eggs. The isolated viruses were then characterised by agar gel precipitation test using swine influenza reference antisera, by haemaglutination inhibition using H1 to H15 reference antisera, and by electron microscope examination. The pathogenicity of the viruses was confirmed by intravenous pathogenicity index test and its culture in Chicken Embryo Fibroblast primary cell culture without addition of trypsin. The study revealed that the causative agent of the outbreaks of avian disease in Indonesia was avian influenza H5 subtype virus based upon serological tests, virus isolation and characterization using swine influenza reference antisera, and electron microscope examination. While subtyping of the viruses using H1 to H15 reference antisera suggested that the virus is very likely to be an avian influenza H5N1 subtype virus. The pathogenicity test confirmed that the viruses are highly pathogenic to experimental animals. It is concluded that the causative agent of the outbreaks of avian disease in Indonesia was avian influenza H5 subtype virus. The result has been the basis of further study such as development serological tests and vaccine production. The decission of Indonesian Government to conduct vaccination program using homolog vaccine in order to control the disease is regarded as the correct choice. However, it should be accompanied by conducting surveillance and monitoring of the disease as well as the possibility of mutation of virus. The program should be coordinated nationally. Key words: Virus isolation, characterization, chicken, outbreak, highly pathogenic avian influenza