Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology

169-173

Authors: Rajeshree A. Nandanwar, Abhilasha M. Wahane, Narendra S. Dange

Objective: To find out the relation between developments of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH) and location of placenta. Material and Method: 900 pregnant women were selected from antenatal clinic with gestational age of 18 to 24 weeks without any complication. Ultrasonic examination was done to find out site of placenta. Development of sign and symptoms of PIH were followed. Result: Among 900 women, 365 develop PIH out of 549 with laterally located placenta and 128 women develop PIH out of 351 with centrally located placenta. So the risk for development of PIH with laterally located placenta was 3.45 (odds ratio) and 95% confidence interval (2.62-4.57). The difference was statistically significant, p value (p<0.0001) by chi-square test. Conclusion: There is significant relationship between laterally located placenta and the development of PIH. There was three times increase risk for development of PIH in females with laterally located placenta. To achieve favourable outcome and reduce the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with PIH, these subjects may require special obstetric care and management.

177-180

Authors: Himanshu Sharma, Shashikant Agarwal

Background and Objective: In India, petrol filling workers are employed rather than self employed, increasing the potential danger for exposure to harmful vapours during fuel fillings. Long-term exposure to petrol vapour has been blamed to affect the different physiological systems in the body adversely. The present study is carried out to assess the dynamic ventilatory lung function in petrol pump workers so as to comment on the long-term effects of work environment on lung function. Material and Method: The present study was conducted on 30 males of 20-40 years age, who were working in various petrol filling stations as petrol filling attendants, working 8 hours per day for more than 2 years in Jhalawar and Jhalrapatan city. For comparison 30, age and BSA matched apparently healthy control group, who were not exposed to petroleum vapours, from the preclinical and para clinical departments of Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar were studied simultaneously. Spirometry was performed with an electronic spirometer Helios-401. The parameters studied were Forced vital capacity (FVC), Forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1) and Forced expiratory ratio (FEV1/FVC). Results and Interpretation: The two groups did not differ significantly on physical parameters. Both forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at first second (FEV1) were decreased significantly while their ratio did not differ much between the two groups. Conclusion: Our findings point towards adverse effects of petroleum vapours on lung function, mainly on lower airways with restrictive pattern of disease.

185-189

Authors: Lukman Femi Owolabi, Sunday Adebisi, Barnabas Danborno, Adekunle Adebayo Buraimoh

Objective: To obtain reference values for sural nerve conduction from healthy Nigerians and to evaluate the relationship between their age and sural nerve conduction parameters. Method: A total of 200 healthy volunteers were selected, after clinical evaluation to exclude systemic or neuromuscular disorders. Nerve conduction study (NCS) of the sural nerve was conducted on all the healthy volunteers according to a standardized protocol. The data included in the final analysis were Amplitude, Latency, and Nerve conduction velocity (NCV). Ethical approval was obtained for the study. Result: The reference range for sural nerve velocity, distal latency and base to peak amplitude were 45.67, 64.62, 1.96- 4.52 and 4.8-14.1 respectively. There was a weak correlation between age and Sural nerve conduction velocity. Conclusion: Reference values for sural nerve conduction parameters in the study population are similar to those obtained in the literature. Sural nerve conduction velocity had a weak negative correlation with age.

199-203

Authors: Mouna Subbaramaiah, Roshni Bajpe, S.R.Jagannatha, K.S. Jayanthi

The coronoid process of the mandible is gaining vital importance as a graft material in reconstructive craniomaxillofacial surgeries and as a non metric skull variant in assessment of age, sex, race and species. Hence the present study was taken to assess the different forms of the coronoid process existing in Indian adult population on both sides and to assess the feasibility of using this knowledge in identification of sex. The study includes 50 male and 50 female mandibles which were collected from various medical colleges. The various presentations of coronoid process were observed and broadly classified, on both the sides. Statistical analysis was calculated using Chi-square test. Hook shaped coronoid process was the most predominant type (61.5%) followed by triangular (14%) and rounded (12.5%) types. About 12% belonged to the miscellaneous type. Hook shape coronoid process was significantly higher in the females. The other shapes did not show any significant gender variation. From the present study it was inferred that the structural changes at the coronoid process of mandible help oneself to distinguish the gender of the individual.

208-211

Authors: Latha G.S, Nagaraja Puranik, Kammar K.F, Shivakumar J

Background: Idiopathic Hyperhidrosis is characterized by excessive sweating, especially of palms and feet. It is said to be due to sympathetic over activity. However, autonomic nervous system as a whole, itself could be dysfunctional in this condition, rather than isolated sympathetic dysfunction. Thus, we have undertaken the present study to test and compare the autonomic function status in these patients with age and sex matched healthy individuals. Material and Methods: Twenty, normal subjects with no known autonomic dysfunction as controls and twenty, known idiopathic Hyperhidrosis patients as subjects were taken for the present study. Autonomic function tests were performed in both these groups and were compared. Result: Sympathetic function tests, which were performed, were within the normal range whereas parasympathetic tests were normal except for response to deep breathing test, which showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the Hyperhidrosis patients, compared to the controls. Conclusion: Response to deep breathing, a parasympathetic test was significantly increased in patients with Hyperhidrosis compared to controls in the present study, which will conclude the study with the findings that the idiopathic Hyperhidrosis seems to be a complex dysfunction of autonomic nervous system, that involves autonomic pathways other than those related to excess sweating.

216-218

Authors: Tilwani Khemlata, Maheshwari Madhurima, Jangid Priya, Tilwani R K, Rajnee, Ojha K C.

Objective: To study the lung functions of pregnant women in polluted areas of Bikaner city of western Rajasthan. Material & Methods: Study was conducted on 100 normal pregnant women in the age group of 20-35 years of all gravid. Out of 100 pregnant woman fifty were selected from high polluted areas as study group & fifty were from less polluted area as control group. The women were studied with repeated measures of lung function using spirometry at a gestational age of 4–12, 13–24 and 25–40 week. Pulmonary function test were conducted with the help of computerized spirometer (RMS-Helios 401 Transducer no 400-666) in sitting posture, during three different trimesters in same subject. Results: On comparison of data using ONE WAY ANOVA test revealed that FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were statistically significantly decrease during three trimesters more in subject living in polluted area. Conclusion: There is statistically significant reduction in lung functions during pregnancy in polluted areas.

117-121

Authors: Dayananda G, Thejaswini KO, Ruthvik S Murthy, Srinivasa R

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a globally present metabolic syndrome characterized by macro vascular and micro vascular damage. Commonest micro vascular complication is diabetic retinopathy (DR) which can cause visual impairment and sometimes also lead to blindness. It is observed that even before the onset of the micro vascular lesions of DR, the neural retina of the diabetic eye undergoes subtle functional changes, like the color vision. Electro physiologic techniques have served to detect early neuroretinal functional changes that occur in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The color pattern reversal visual evoked potential (Color PRVEP) is a useful electro physiologic indicator of early color vision changes in DM. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional case control study consisted of 30 subjects, 15 as Cases with newly diagnosed T2DM in the age group 35 to 40 years and 15 age and sex matched subjects without T2DM as Controls. PRVEP and color PRVEP were recorded from all subjects and the HbA1c was determined. An informed written consent to participate in the study was taken from the subjects. There was no financial burden on the subjects. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. All the quantitative data such as age, latency, duration of the diseases, HbA1c, P wave latency and amplitude were summarized and statistically analyzed. Results: The basic characteristics with respect to age did not show any significant difference between the diabetics as compared to non diabetics (p<0.05). The HbA1c of diabetics was significantly increased as compared to non diabetics (p<0.05). The P100 latency after PRVEP and color PRVEP was significantly delayed (increased) in diabetics as compared to non diabetics (p<0.05). Pearson Correlation of HbA1c with P100 latencies in diabetics was statistically significant for Black / White PRVEP (p<0.05). Conclusions: There is a delayed P100 latency observed in T2DM as compared to non diabetics. This delay could be of various possibilities and importantly due to demyelination which is the mainframe of the abnormal PRVEP. HbA1c does not correlate well with the PRVEP parameters in these newly detected diabetics. This warrants the possibilities of worsening scenario in long standing, chronic diabetes.

126-130

Authors: N. Neelambikai, M. Sowmya

Background and Aim: Ratio between the index and ring fingers (2D:4D) is an indirect evidence of prenatal androgen exposure. Neck circumference (NC), is a simple screening measure reported to be positively correlated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The current study aims to analyse whether there is a correlation between NC and intra uterine testosterone exposure by using digit ratio as proxy marker. Method: The study population consisted of 150 healthy volunteers in the age group of 18 – 35 years. After eliciting a detailed socio-demographic history from all the subjects, their digit ratio, neck circumference, height and weight were recorded. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between 2D:4D and NC. Confounding effects of body weight were removed by calculating partial correlations. Results: There was a positive correlation between digit ratio and neck circumference which was significant in males (p<0.05) but not in females (p>0.05). Conclusion: There exists a possibility that prenatal testosterone exposure is protective against CHD and digit ratio can be considered as an earlier, simple and cost effective method to predict the risk of CHD.

135-139

Authors: Nitixa P. Patel, Deepa S.Gupta, Nisha D. Parmar

Background: Atlas, an atypical 1st cervical vertebra bears anterior and posterior arch. The superior surface of posterior arch presents groove for vertebral artery. Sometimes bony out growth extending from superior articular process to the posterior arch is known as ponticle which may cause external pressure on the vertebral artery when latter passes from foramen transversarium to foramen magnum of the skull. Aim: The study was to find out an incidence of atlas ponticles (bridges) for its clinical and surgical significance. Materials and Methods: In this study, 50 dried macerated atlas vertebrae of unknown age and sex were collected from department of anatomy of medical colleges of South Gujarat and examined for presence of ponticles. Results: Out of 50 atlas vertebrae, total 11 (22%) bones presented with ponticles of which incidence of posterior ponticle was seen in 10 (20%) cases and lateral ponticle in 1 (2%) case. Total incidence of complete and incomplete variety was noted in 5 (10%) and 6 (12%) cases respectively. Incidence of bilateral ponticle was observed in 2 (4%) while unilateral in 9 (18%) vertebrae of which 5 (10%) right sided and 4 (8%) left sided. Conclusion: The presence of ponticles may reduce the cross sectional area of vertebral artery, compromising its blood flow resulting in vertebro-basilar insufficiency which may lead to various types of neurological symptoms like dizziness, fainting, transient diplopia and vertigo.

145-147

Authors: P.K. Sankaran, M.Kumaresan, G. Karthikeyan, Yuvaraj M

Background Significance: The pseudounipolar neurons in the sensory ganglia are wrapped by small satellite cells which play a similar role like Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. The pseudounipolar cells of trigeminal ganglion are surrounded by a capsule formed by satellite glial cells. These satellite glial cells play important role in maintaining normal functions of the neuron. Aim & Objective: To localise GFAP in satellite glial cells of trigeminal ganglion. Material & Methods: Six male wistar albino rats trigeminal ganglion were collected and immunohistochemically stained for GFAP in six male wistar albino rats. Result: GFAP was localised in the cytoplasm of satellite glial cells surrounding the neurons. GFAP was also localised around Schwaan cells of an axon. Discussion: GFAP is an intermediate protein which can get up regulated due to peripheral axonal injury. This GFAP can trigger mediators of inflammation and create a neuralgia or migraine like conditions. Conclusion: This study concluded that satellite cells are type of glial cells that express GFAP. This GFAP was also expressed by Schwaan cells surrounding the axon.

154-156

Authors: Praveen Chouhan, Anjana Mathur, Ranjana Bardjatiya, Mohd. Amaan

Background: Variety of metric and non-metric measurements access the ethnic and sex differences of skull. The non-ethnic measurements are more subjective, and the actual measurements like cephalic indices provide a metric recording of size, proportions of cranial features. Cephalic indices play a crucial role in comparison of cephalic morphometry between parents, offspring and siblings and provide information on inheritance pattern. Material & Method: The present study was performed on 100 females Muslim students of higher school & medical college of 18-23 year age groups, anthropometric points were measured by using spreading, sliding caliper. Result: The present study showed the head of Muslim females is monocephalic. Conclusion: Data is utmost important in forensic medicine, anthropology and in genetics.

162-163

Authors: Gokul Krishna Reddy Nune, Smruti Rekha Mohanty, Minati Patra, S. Ch. Mohapatra, L. P. Tripathy

The Atlas/1st cervical vertebra doesn’t have a body in the normal circumstances and its body represented by odontoid process of the Axis/2nd cervical vertebra, 1,2,3,4,5 here we present a case report of an atlas vertebra with the odontoid process used to it forming the centrum/body& also the transverse ligament has been ossified, this variation can be congenital/acquired and knowledge of this variation important during cervical spine surgeries, interpretation of skiagrams by radiologists. 1,2,3

66-73

Authors: Prerna Thareja, Brijendra Singh, Surjit Singh, Dushyant Agrawal, Prabhpreet Kaur

Biomedical waste is generated in various medical institutions and research establishments. Generally classified as health care general waste and health care risk waste. The management of health care waste is essential and pertinent to the existence of our society. Although health care waste management is a costly affair, but following the principles laid down by World Health Organization for the management of health care waste, we can not only reduce the cost but also be able to achieve the sustainability of waste management. “3R” reduction, reuse and recycle are the three important steps of the effective waste management practices. Practising effective, safe and scientifically sound collection, storage, transport and disposal of biomedical waste, will help us achieve better health standard for the community.

81-83

Authors: Anita Choudhary, Namit Garg

The present study was carried out in a group of 300 adults to study the correlations between functional lateral preferences-handedness, footedness, eyedness, earedness & preferred chewing side & postural lateral preferences – arm folding, hand clasping, leg crossing & side preference while lying. 90% were right handed & 10% were left handed. Significant association was present between functional lateral preference for right handedness with footedness, eyedness, earedness , preferred chewing side & postural lateral preference- arm folding & hand clasping; for left handedness with footedness, eyedness, hand clasping, leg crossing & side preference while lying. Significant correlation was found between right leg crossing & footedness, eyedness, earedness, hand clasping, arm folding & between left leg crossing with earedness & hand clasping. Right side preference while lying was positively associated with hand clasping & leg crossing. Significant cross laterality was observed between left handedness earedness, preferred chewing side & arm folding; left arm folding & hand clasping ; left leg crossing & footedness, eyedness & arm folding ; left side preference while lying & arm folding, hand clasping & leg crossing ; right side preference while lying & arm folding.

89-91

Authors: Preeti Tyagi, Maloy B Mandal

It is well known fact that enteric nervous system plays a major role in regulation of contractile functions of intestinal smooth muscle. A number of neurotransmitters (excitatory/inhibitory) including Acetylcholine (ACh), Histamine, Serotonin, NO, Substance P, Bombesin, Motilin, ATP, VIP, Met-encephalin and Leu-encephalin, Polypeptide Y, Somatostatin are involved in gastrointestinal (GIT) motility mechanism. They are secreted by different neurons of enteric nervous system to modulate contractile and secretory functions of GIT. Dysregulation of some of these transmitters or their receptors have been already implicated in pathophysiology of certain GIT motility disorders. The present paper discusses how an in vitro study on diseased excised specimens may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of various motility related GIT problems and thereby may be helpful for better medical and surgical management.

97-104

Authors: Rajnee, M sharma, M K Bundela, U Choudhary, S Choudhary, A Kalwar, KC Mathur

Aim: Studied the effects of commonly used three platin derivative namely cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, on hematogenesis, for any damage done by the three drugs on the functions of important body systems. Material and Method: Total 150 patients of either gender were in the age group of 18-60 years were analyzed for various hematological parameters. We collected blood sample from each patient on the first day of beginning of each drug cycle and the sample were analysed. Result and Discussion: In this study Total red blood cell count, packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin levels were found significantly decreased in cisplatin group, were as TRBC and PCV were significantly lower in carboplatin group while in oxaliplatin only PCV was found decreased. ESR levels in all the three study groups were significantly higher indicating toxic effect of the drugs on the hepatic functions. Three platin drugs i.e. cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin produce a fall in total leucocyte count (TLC). A significant decreased in Absolute eosinophil count and thrombocytopenia in carboplatin group. Bleeding time was found significantly increased in the patients of carboplatin group. Conclusion: An observation points out that all platin drugs are myelosuppressive. In which cisplatin and carboplatin are toxic drug to the bone marrow whereas oxaliplatin is comparatively safer.

108-110

Authors: Tejashwini.V. Basarigidad, Spoorthi. B. S, Saryu Sain

Normal pregnancy involves many changes including alterations in hematologic parameters. One of the parameters changed involves platelets. In the present study, change in platelet count is studied during pregnancy and puerperium of the same woman. 30 pregnant women in the age group 20-30 years who were registered for ANC in BMC, Chitradurga were enrolled for the study. Platelet count was measured both during pregnancy and in puerperal period in all the women. Values were analyzed statistically using paired “t” test. Results showed that Platelet count was found to decrease during pregnancy compared to puerperium (p <0.0001) which was statistically significant. Conclusion: The decline in the platelet count during gestation is possibly caused by increased destruction or hemodilution. It may also be a consequence of physiological increase in fibrinolysis within the uteroplacental circulation in order to maintain the blood flow. There may be increased platelet consumption too, leading to a greater proportion of younger, larger platelets.

6-10

Authors: Chirag R Vadhel, Manoj M Kulkarni, Achleshwar R Gandotra

Background: Preservation of vascularity of tibia is of paramount significance during its surgical interventions. Lack of studies from Gujarat region on nutrient foramen of tibia prompted authors to undertake this study. Material & Methods: 188 dry tibias from tertiary care hospital of Gujarat were examined for nutrient foramina location, number, direction & its relation to other bony landmark. Results: Single nutrient foramen directed downwards was the rule. The location of nutrient foramen closely resembled with the data of previous similar studies done in other parts of the world. Conclusion: The present study generated database for nutrient foramen of tibia from Gujarat region. This can be utilized by surgeons to preserve nutrient artery during operations for fracture repair, tumor and bone grafts involving tibia.

16-20

Authors: Nagashree. V, Nausheen Rumana, Revathi Devi. M.L

Obesity, a chronic non communicable disorder is associated with abnormal, excessive body fat accumulation. Obesity has reached epidemic levels worldwide. It is a key risk factor in development of various dangerous complications like dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, infertility etc. This study aims at measuring and correlating values of blood lipid parameters in obese and non-obese individuals. It has been found that obese females having increased waist circumference, BMI and body fat percentage had altered lipid profile. They are at higher risk of developing obesity related complications. Thus, early detection of metabolic impairments will help in pursuing the preventive measure and to halt its progression into irreversible hazardous complications.

26-30

Authors: Yogendra Raj Singh, Shilpi Verma, Dushyant Agrawal, Brijendra Singh, Ashutosh Bhardwaj, Gitika Arya

Aim: To study the effect of magnesium supplementation on glycemic control in diabetic patients. Material and Methods: Total of 120 patients of diabetes mellitus type-2 (Group I- 60 patients with oral Magnesium & Group II- 60 without Magnesium supplementation) were investigated for Fasting Blood Sugar, Serum Magnesium, at various visits to OPD. Measured data was analyzed statistically. Observations & Result: Mean Baseline value for fasting blood glucose was 144.32±0.94 and after treatment values at 16 weeks 128.93±0.75 was observed in Group I patients. In Group II; fasting blood glucose was 145.20±1.12 and after treatment values at 16 weeks 134.18±0.94. Conclusion: This difference between before and after treatment was considered highly significant in group I patients than Group II patients. This suggested magnesium supplementation helps in glycemic control.

37-41

Authors: Mallikarjun Adibatti, Asha K

Introduction: A thin plate of bone separates the olecranon and coronoid fossa which may become perforated in some cases to give rise to a foramen known as ‘septal aperture’ or ‘Supratrochlear Foramen’ (STF). Supratrochlear foramen (STF) is an important variation in the lower end of humerus which has been neglected because of paucity of literature. The incidence of foramen ranges from 6-60% in different races. Materials and Methods: The presence of STF was studied in 100 dry adult humeri of unknown sex from Department of Anatomy, J. J. M. Medical College. Davangere and ESIC Medical College & PGIMSR, Chennai. Each humerus was studied for the presence of the STF, Translucency of septum. Results: The STF was seen in 10% of humeri, oval shape being more common and present more frequently on left side compared to right side humeri. Conclusion: The anatomical knowledge of STF is beneficial for Anthropologists & clinicians for surgical intervention.The knowledge of the presence of supratrochlear foramen (STF) in a humerus may be important for preoperative planning for treatment of supracondylar fractures.

46-50

Authors: Mukesh Tiwari, Saurabh

Purpose: To find and compare the effectiveness of standing and supine hamstrings stretching techniques in increasing hamstring flexibility. Methods: A Total of 25 subjects were selected for the study from girl’s hostel at NIMS University by random sampling. The design used was experimental design. A plastic hand held full circle goniometer was used to measure the hamstring flexibility. Crossbar was used to maintain hip in 90 degree flexion during active knee extension test.A stop watch was used for the time management. Results: The change in Pre stretching and Post stretching values of knee extension ramge of motion(in degrees) was 9.77+5.54 in right and 9.66+4.35 .The comparison of post stretching mean range of motion was 145.27 while standing and 143.61 while in supine position. The mean increase range of motion by standing ans supine hamstring stretching technique were 9.77 on standing and 9.66 while in supine position. Conclusion: Improvement in the knee extension range of motion as calculated were approximately equal. The “t” value calculated was 0.11, which was not significant at any level. Thus, standing hamstring and supine hamstring stretching techniques are equally effective in improving hamstring flexibility.

56-61

Authors: Namit Kant Singh, PS Nagpure

The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social and sexual behavior. Within the nasal cavity, the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region. This area contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. An understanding of the anatomical and physiology of Olfactory System has been given in this review.