Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics – International Edition

7-12

Authors: Evangelos Adamtziliadis , Efstathios Rallis , Niki Tertipi , Eleni Sfyri , Eleni Andreou , Foteini Biskanaki , Vasiliki Kefala

Facial dyschromia cause problems in the appearance, resulting in negative psychological and social effects that degrade the quality of life of a person. They are the result of excessive accumulation of melanin in various parts of the epidermis due to excessive melanogenesis, which is either caused by a reaction to the effect of ultraviolet radiation or, in most cases, has a pathological etiology. The present article presents the various methods of skin whitening that can be used through Aesthetic practice.

17-21

Authors: Foteini Biskanaki, Efstathios Rallis, Eleni Andreou , Eleni Sfyri , Niki Tertipi , George Ninos , Vasiliki Kefala

Laser has caused a revolution in technology and today there is almost no field of natural sciences in which Laser is not already used. The evolution of technology, knowledge, and science offers plenty of laser devices used to treat aesthetic facial and body problems. Before a laser treatment that is aimed at addressing these aesthetic problems, the device operator must know the history of Laser devices so that it can understand the modern laser devices used today. This study presents all the innovations of laser hair removal, regeneration, and lipolysis.

31-35

Authors: Vasiliki Sofia Grech, Kleomenis Lotsaris , Ioanna Grech, Vasiliki Kefala , Efstathios Rallis

Obesity is a complex interplay of biological, genetic, behavioural, and environmental factors. Going beyond the con- ventional Body Mass Index (BMI) evaluation, the complex relationship between obesity and skin diseases unveils the evolving role of aesthetics in health promotion. Adipose tissue, traditionally seen as an energy reservoir, is unveiled as a dynamic endocrine organ, playing a crucial role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. This article navigates the skin-deep impact of obesity and unravelling its influence on dermato- logical challenges. From disrupted epidermal barriers to diseases such as psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa, it further explores how licensed cosmetologists emerge as health advocates. For what is more, semaglutide, a ground- breaking GLP-1 agonist, takes the spotlight, tracing its journey from FDA approval for type 2 diabetes to its recent endorsement for obesity. The article examines its mechanism, efficacy, and unintended consequences of popularity, emphasizing the need for responsible medication use.

43-49

Authors: Elpida Koldiri , Efstathios Rallis , Vasiliki Kefala

Blue light, with wavelengths from 400 nm to 500 nm, is an important part of the sun's electromagnetic radiation spec- trum, which is present in human daily life, especially in the modern era due to the increased use of electronic devices through their screens. Low-energy and low time of expo-sure to blue light can enhance the prevention of certain skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and atopic dermatitis, while studies have demonstrated that prolonged expo- sure to high-energy blue light can increase the amount of skin damage. DNA, cell death, skin barrier and fibroblast damage, hyperpigmentation, and photoaging. Therefore, in the fields of aesthetics and cosmetology, it is important to study the problems caused by exposure to the blue radiation spectrum. Improved protection filters, extracts of plant products, a variety of antioxidants, and natural ingredients from plants and algae are added to cosmetic products and compose innovative formulations as part of a comprehensive photoprotection strategy. In recent decades, antiaging strategies have been developed that include minimally invasive treatments with remarkable safety and efficacy and reduced recovery time. A combined approach of these treatments can provide optimal results in repairing the skin damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiation and, consequently, in the overall improvement of the appear- ance of photoaged skin.

57-62

Authors: Konstantina Theodoropoulou , Efstathios Rallis , Vasiliki Kefala

In the present paper we study the literature and research done by notable researchers, around the science of trans- dermal administration, the most recent scientific developments in enhancing skin permeability using third generation technologies. The purpose of this search is to find the latest transdermal methods through electrically assisted trans- dermal absorption systems to address aesthetic problems, specifically with the electroporation method. Electro- poration allows quick and deep penetration of active ingredients, through the "electropores" promoting the ability to channel ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, etc. to the desired point. In this way, effective, targeted, and uniform distribution of the active water-soluble substances of small and high molecular weight is achieved, in deeper layers of the skin tissues. As a result of this whole process, the electroporation method is an additional weapon in our quiver for dealing with and improving aesthetic problems.

67-70

Authors: Niki Tertipi , Eleni Sfyri , Vasiliki Kefala , Foteini Biskanaki , Eleni Andreou , Dimitrios Chaniotis , Efstathios Rallis

The skin is the body's largest organ, serving as the primary barrier against infections and diseases. It is the part of the body that comes into direct contact with the environment. The proper functioning of the skin is influenced by the supply of blood, oxygen, and water. Exercise has numerous health benefits. It aims to strengthen and promote the health and well-being of our body, offering various advantages. It enhances cardiovascular health, reduces the risk of diseases, boosts the immune system, helps us manage stress, and enhances our psychological well-being. It improves overall body function and influences the quality of the skin.

75-80

Authors: Efstathios Rallis, Eleni Sfyri , Niki Tertipi , Vasiliki Kefala

Pruritus is considered a very frequent symptom and defined as chronic when its duration is longer than 6 weeks. The prevalence and the etiology of chronic pruritus (CP) are associated with various factors such as, age, atopy, underly- ing diseases, ethnicity, climate and humidity, as well as access to local healthcare system. The CP significantly affects the patients’ quality of life. Over time, patients often report sleep and mood disorders, with a negative psycho-social impact. From skin to brain, pruritus transmission occurs via multiple pathways, which are regulated by numerous cells, mediators, and receptors. A complete history and careful clinical examination are the keys to the diagnostic approach and determining treatment steps. Dermatological examination is essential and sometimes, an extensive laboratory testing must be carried out. The complexity in the presentation of this symptom, its obscure pathophysiology and multifactorial etiology, and the absence of clearly defined therapeutic goals, make CP a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

5-9

Authors: G. Dorovinis, S. Zervoudis, G. Iatrakis, A. Bothou, S. Kalantaridou

Mammary duct ectasia was assessed after breast feeding in two groups of patients; without any medication and with cabergoline. The group treated with this medicine presented a reduction of the duct dilatation.

5

Authors: Alexandra Dousemertzi, Paraskevi Giaxi, Kleanthi Gourounti

The purpose of fetal cardiotocography (CTG) is to monitor fetal status during the intrapartum period. Even though CTG is a safe evaluation method, errors in the interpretation of CTG contribute significantly to infant mortality and morbidity. The findings of this systematic review have shown that there are several knowledge gaps of health professionals regarding the cardioto-cography and the adverse perinatal outcomes that may result from misuse or misinterpretation of CTG. Constant education and training programs for healthcare professionals, coupled with regular evalua-tions of CTG practices, can help to enhance the knowledge and proficiency of healthcare professionals in using CTG. In conclusion, the appropriate level of knowledge and proficiency of healthcare professionals in utilizing induction CTG is crucial in minimizing the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes such as intrapar-tum hypoxia and perinatal brain damage.

6

Authors: Maria Trapali and Anna Papadopoulou

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It’s also the brain’s main source of fuel. Many genetic polymorphisms are possibly implicated in Diabetes Mellitus. The main polymorphisms are Single-nucleotide polymorphism (-308G>A) in the TNF-α promoter, S477X polymorphism of LPL gene, A6244G polymorphism of IRS-1 gene, Polymorphisms in metallothionein-1and 2 genes, Polymorphisms in genes encoding adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and interleukin-6 (IL6), G Protein β3 Gene Variant, Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Polymorphisms, Estrogen receptor alpha gene and Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system gene polymorphisms.

6

Authors: Chrysoula Taskou, Athina Diamanti

The incidence of emerging infectious diseases has increased during the past two decades and is expected to further increase. Special populations, such as pregnant women, might be at a higher risk and are more susceptible to or more severely affected by infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to recognize and emphasize the importance of the prevention of prenatal infections. The role of healthcare providers in reducing the incidence of infections is also crucial, as preventing infections in the pregnant woman, fetus, or infant is an important part of prenatal care.

7

Authors: Alexandros Argyriadis, Chrisi Vlachou, Agathi Argyriadi

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a significant global health concern, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. Enhancing the quality of life (QoL) for cardiovascular patients has garnered increasing attention as an essential aspect of comprehensive care. The COVID-19 pandemic has further underscored the need for innovative approaches to support patients’ health while mitigating the risks associated with traditional rehabilitation methods. Aim: This literature review aims to explore and synthesize existing research on alternative strategies to promote the QoL of cardiovascular patients, focusing on home-based interventions. The review examines the effectiveness of home-based rehabilitation programs, their impact on patient outcomes, and the challenges and benefits associated with their implementation. Method: A narrative literature search was conducted across major medical databases, utilizing keywords related to cardiovascular diseases, quality of life, home-based rehabilitation, and remote interventions. Studies published within the last five years were included, and both quantitative and qualitative research were considered. Results: The review revealed a growing body of evidence supporting the feasibility and efficacy of home-based rehabilitation for cardiovascular patients. Studies highlighted that remote interventions, such as tele-rehabilitation and in-home therapy, have shown promising outcomes in improving patients’ functional status, reducing hospital readmissions, and enhancing overall well-being. Factors contributing to the success of home-based interventions include personalized exercise regimens, ongoing monitoring, and psychological support. However, challenges related to technology accessibility, patient motivation, and the need for individualized care were also identified. Conclusions: Home-based interventions offer a promising avenue to enhance the QoL of cardiovascular patients while adapting to the changing healthcare landscape, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Remote rehabilitation strategies provide an opportunity to address the limitations of traditional rehabilitation settings and increase patient access to care. Nevertheless, the successful implementation of home-based interventions requires careful consideration of patient preferences, technological infrastructure, and healthcare provider collaboration. As healthcare systems continue to evolve, integrating home-based approaches can contribute to the comprehensive management of cardiovascular diseases and the improvement of patients’ overall well-being.

10

Authors: Ioannis Manolis, Georgia Kafiri, Maria Venetikou, Nikolaos Thalassinos, Fragkiski Anthouli-Anagnostopoulou

Prognostic factors of histological subtypes in breast cancer, is still not well established, guidelines based on the histological subtype alone. The decisions for therapy are guided mostly independently of the histological subtype and are also guided by biomarkers and tumor stage. We analyzed a special histological subtype, Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma Non Special Type and correlated with patient’s age, tumor grade, comedo type necrosis, necrosis, ER and PR receptors, Ki67 expression, HER2 status, pT tumor stage, pN lymph nodes stage, TNM classification and clinical tumor stage, in order to determine the factors which could predict the overall prognosis for this histological type.

13

Authors: Nikolaos Tsoukalis-Chaikalis, Dimitrios Chaniotis, Vilelmine Carayanni

Eating behaviors are complicated and often influenced by several factors. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several restrictive measures were taken to address the multifaceted impact of this disease. As a result, the lifestyle of people, and especially their eating habits were significantly disrupted. Eating and diet are major concerns and need careful management as they can have a huge impact on people’s lives and day-to-day functioning. The aim of this systematic mapping study is to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s eating behaviors. More specifically, we compared people’s eating behaviors before and after the outbreak of the pandemic. A total of 21 studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The main findings provided information on a dietary shift towards modified eating behaviors; characterized by increased consumption of snacks and a preference for sweet and processed foods instead of fruits, vegetables, and fresh foods. In some countries, an increase in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic was also identified. These findings concern the need for more robust public health policies and strategies focusing on prevention and nutrition education.

21

Authors: Ioannis Manolis, Georgia Kafiri, Chryssoula Glava, Efthymios Koniaris, Maria Venetikou, Nikolaos Thalassinos, Fragkiski Anthouli-Anagnostopoulou

Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. The increasing incidence of breast cancer and its associated mortality highlights the need for new diagnostic procedures and immunohistochemical techniques improving the therapeutic management, especially the targeted treatment. To highlight and assess the expression of oncogene HER2, regarding to the results of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) scoring 2+ and Silver DNA in Situ Hybridization (SISH) technique and identify breast cancer type, special histological types, grade, and the correlation regarding to histological type, grade, and other biomarkers such as estrogen and progesterone receptors, and Ki-67.