A Journal of Clinical Dentistry-Heal Talk

1

Authors: Dr. Naresh Sharma1, Dr. Aditi Rappriya2, Dr. Binita Srivastava3

Dental injuries are the most common type of oro-facial injuries sustained during participation in sports and are the major linking channel between sports and dentistry. Sports dentistry acts in the prevention, maintenance and treatment prevention of oro-facial athletic injuries and related oral diseases. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between sports and dentistry, and the importance of educating parents, teachers, coaches and children in prevention of injuries related to the sports.

2

Authors: Dr. Vishalakshi Srivastava1, Dr. Ahmed Moiz 2

The time is now past when dentist is expected only to fill a tooth, extract a tooth, or replace a tooth. As a member of the health team, he is expected to be concerned with the patient’s total health. He must understand body function interrelationships as they pertain to the oral cavity. Let us not misunderstand. It is most important to know how to handle the mechanical arts of dentistry. Our livelihood depends on it. But it is equally important to know when to opt for an ideal treatment plan, when to modify a treatment plan, or when to delay definitive dental treatment because of the patient’s medical problems.

2

Authors: Dr. Deepika Sharma1, Dr. Narendra Kumar2, Dr. Nandini Singhal3, Dr. Kirti Dahiya4.

The acquired palatal defects are created by surgical treatment of benign or malignant neoplasms and by trauma. These defects cause functional disability and psychological trauma to the patient. This article discusses briefly the historical perspective, etiology of defects, classification of defects, role of prosthothodontist in management and types of prosthesis used in management of acquired palatal defects. These prosthesis facilitates speech and deglutition by replacing those tissues lost due to the disease process which result in reduce nasal regurgitation and hyper nasal speech, improve articulation, deglutition, and mastication.

2

Authors: Dr. Smita Sahni1, Dr. Anil K. Tomer2, Dr. Shobhit Kumar Pyasi3

Aim: This study was carried out to compare the dentinal defects induced by three different rotary file system 2 shape (Micro-Mega, Besancon, Cedex, France), Neolix (Neolix, châtres-la-Forêt, France) and Protaper universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Materials & Methods: Eighty single-rooted mandibular premolars were selected based on predetermined criteria. Twenty teeth were left unprepared and served as a negative control(Group I) .The remaining sixty teeth was divided into three groups: Group II (Pro taper universal), group III (neolix) and group IV(2 Shape). Biomechanical preparation was carried out as per the manufacturer's instructions. After root canal preparation, all of the roots were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex. These sections were visualized under stereo microscope to evaluate the dentinal defects using predetermined criteria. The absence/presence of cracks was recorded, and the data were analyzed with a chi-square test. The significance level was set at P = 0.05. Results: Roots prepared with ProTaper Universal showed maximum defects, whereas no significant difference was found in dentinal defects in roots prepared with neolix and 2 shape files. There was statistically significant difference between the Protaper group and other two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: All of the NiTi files tested in the present study were found to cause dentinal defect.Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in root dentinal crack formation between 2 shape and Neolix rotary systems.

2

Authors: Dr. Bharadwaj Bordoloi1, Dr. Aanchal Tandon2, Dr. Rohit Jaiswal3, Dr. Abhinav Srivastava4

Ameloblastoma is a slow-growing, persistent and locally aggressive neoplasm of epithelial origin with frequent occurrence in the mandible. The unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) is a less encountered variant of ameloblastoma, the clinical and radiographic presentation of which mimics a jaw cyst. Histologic examination shows a typical ameloblastomatous epithelium lining part of the cyst cavity with or without luminal and/or mural tumor proliferation. We present a case report of luminal variant of UA mimicking radicular cyst with a purpose to emphasize the significance of histopathological examination when clinical and radiologic suggestions may be misleading.

3

Authors: Dr. Nisha Maddheshiya

Diabetes mellitus is group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been described as a new epidemic. It is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The goal of this article is to review oral health in patients with diabetes and to create awareness in dental patients receiving routine oral care and to enhance the quality of life for patients with this incurable disease

3

Authors: Dr. Shreya S.1, Dr. Anuradha P.2, Dr. Manu N.3, Dr. Ranjana Y. 4

"The tobacco epidemic in India requires urgent attention”. This is where pictorial warnings can play a major role. In a country as diverse as India pictorial warnings can break cultural barriers and help in spreading the adverse effects of tobacco. Though the Indian tobacco control law remains a benchmark and the epicentre of tobacco control efforts in the country by making strict laws towards the packaging of tobacco products and warnings printed on them by passing a law in the form of COTPA (Cigarette and other Tobacco Products Act) the changing political scenario and aggrandisement of the industry have pressurized the government to backtrack on and slow down the implementation of its provisions.

1

Authors: Dr. Sujeet Singh

Mucoceles (Mouco-mucus and coele-cavity), are cavities filled with mucus1. These are one of the most common benign soft tissue masses that occur in the oral cavity. These are swelling in mouth which results from the accumulation of mucous secretion due to truma and lip biting habits or alteration of minor salivary glands. These are most commonly found on the lower lip, lateral to the midline2. These are rarely seen on the upper lip, retro molar pad or palate. These can affect the oral functions such as chewing and speaking and oral hygiene. Mucoceles can have very similar features with other oral lesions. Thus, a dentist must inform patients on their oral lesions advise them to seek further diagnosis and treatment in order to prevent any potential medical threats 3.

2

Authors: Dr. Shefali Singla1, Dr. Lalit Kumar2, Dr. Gaurav Varshney 3

Dental implant which is being widely used to restore edentulous space has great mechanics involved for long term success. Apart from good osseointegration, implant functioning also depends on the design and behaviour of abutment screw which holds the abutment to the implant body. Screw loosening is the second most common cause of implant abutment failure after poor osseointegration which if properly understood can add to a successful functioning implant. So, this article highlights the implant abutment screw geometry, the material used for its fabrication and the mechanics involved in the functioning of abutment screw implant interface and the factors which affect abutment screw loosening.

2

Authors: Dr. Amina Nisar1, Dr.Tanu Mahajan2

An adequate quality and quantity of bone is essential for successful placement of implants. Posterior maxilla presents many challenges to an implantologist because of its anatomical limitations. Alveolar bone resorption and pneumatization of the maxillary sinus reduces the available amount of bone both in height and width for the placement of dental implants. It is therefore, common to find the sinus floor close to the alveolar crest. This condition may be treated with an elevation of the maxillary sinus floor, which is usually accomplished by lateral or transcrestal approach to the antrum. As an alternative to these augmentation procedures, a more conservative treatment option would be to either place short implants or to bypass the sinus floor. This paper focuses on maxillary sinus by pass with tilted implants in close proximity to the sinus wall, thus, avoiding sinus floor elevation & bone grafting procedures.

2

Authors: Dr. Amit Thahriani1, Dr. Abhishek Khare2, Dr. Anupama Mahendra3, Dr. Amritaksha Bhattacharya4, Mr. Anoop Kumar Bajpai5

Various environmental factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer. Different forms of tobacco have been considered as major risk factors for head & neck cancer. Exposure to various end products of tobacco causes alteration in various cytological parameters such as nuclear size, cell size, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear shape etc. Of these parameters, the nuclear size, cytoplasmic size and their ratio have been shown to be significant. Aim: To assess the effect of tobacco on cytomorphology of exfoliative buccal mucosal cells. Objective: To confirm the cause effect relationship between tobacoo usage and quantitative cellular and nuclear alterations. Materials & Method: The study group consisted of 25 normal subjects (N), 25 subjects using some form of tobacco for more than 5 years but not having any oral lesion (H) and 25 patients having habit of using tobacco for more than 5 years and having a potentially malignant oral lesion (L). Since area is a better indicator of size as compared to diameter, comparison was made between cellular area, nuclear area and the ratio between nuclear and cytoplasmic area. Results: Revealed significantly increased n/c ratio among tobacco users caused principally by reduction in cytoplasmic area rather than an increased nuclear area. Patients with lesions showed both a significant decrease in cytoplasmic area along with increased nuclear area.

2

Authors: Dr. Poonam Singh1, Dr. Poonam Singh2, Dr. Braj Bhushan Mall3

A thorough knowledge of root canal anatomy is essential for the endodontic therapy. Aberrations in the root canal system, especially in multirooted teeth, can pose a considerable challenge to the endodontist during root canal treatment. The endodontist should be familiar with various root canal configurations and their variations for successful endodontic therapy. It is important to evaluate each individual case for variations. There are variations in number of root canals with altered configuration rarely existent in maxillary and mandibular molars can affect treatment outcome. The first case report presents the endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with a variant root canal anatomy, having five root canals, with mesiobuccal root having two canals (MB1, MB2) , distobuccal root having one canal (DB) and the palatal root having two canals (P1, P2) . The second case report presents the endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with a variant root canal anatomy, having five root canals, with mesial root having two canals (MB,ML) and distal root having three canals (DB, MD, DL) .

2

Authors: Dr. Manish Kumar1, Dr. M. Srinivasa Raju2

To a great extent oral tumors are preceded by potentially malignant lesions, which may appear as white or red patches on the oral mucosa. Leukoplakia is one of the most common epithelial precursors of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Speckled leukoplakia is an uncommon sort of leukoplakia with a very high risk of premalignant growth and mortality rate. Approximately 3 % of the worldwide population has suffered from leukoplakia, 5-25% of which tend to be malignant leukoplakia. Despite the fact that it is the common precancerous lesion, it represents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This case report was aimed to discuss early detection of speckled leukoplakia as one of the potentially malignant disorders.

3

Authors: Dr. Sreenita Chowdhury Pujari1, Dr. Binita Srivastava2

Odontoma is an odontogenic benign tumour composed of hard dental tissues, epithelial and mesenchymal cells. In most cases these lesions are usually asymptomatic and are often observed on routine radiographs. Morphologically, odontomas are classified as complex type when present as irregular masses containing different type of dental tissues or compound if there is anatomic similarity to teeth like denticles. An8-year old patient reported to the Department of Pedodontic and Preventive Dentistry, Santosh Dental College, Ghaziabad with doubt about the apparent delay in eruption of his left permanent maxillary incisor. Radiographic investigation showed the presence of a lesion formed by many small tooth-like structures that obstructed the respective permanent tooth eruption. The lesion was provisionally diagnosed as odontoma. Under local anesthesia, access to the lesion was achieved via intra-oral approach followed by surgical enucleation. The clinical presentation of the lesion confirmed the diagnosis of Compound Composite Odontoma. Routine follow-up was done for a year until the permanent tooth erupted and no recurrence was seen. Early diagnosis and treatment of Compound Odontoma ensures good prognosis and minimal psychological trauma to the patient.

3

Authors: Dr. William J. Clark & Dr. Derek Mahony

The author developed Twin Blocks in 1977 as removable functional appliances using inter-active occlusal inclined planes to guide the mandible forward for correction of a Class II malocclusion. Twin Block appliances are simple bite blocks that are designed for full-time wear. They achieve rapid functional correction of malocclusion by the transmission of favourable occlusal forces to occlusal inclined planes that cover the posterior teeth. The forces of occlusion are used as the functional mechanism to correct the malocclusion

1

Authors: Dr. Lakshmi Gandi1, Dr. Mukesh Kumar2, Dr. Md. Tarique Anwer3, Dr. Megha Kiran4, Dr. Abhishek Saraswat5

The replacement of missing tooth with implant – borne restorations has become a treatment modality accepted by the scientific community for fully & partially edentulous patients. Recent reports have demonstrated the successful placement of dental implants into the bicortical screw [BCS] implants into the fresh extraction socket and one BCS-EX implant placed in mandibular esthetic zone. All the implants were immediately loaded.

1

Authors: Dr. Vandana Gupta1, Dr. Vandana A. Pant2, Dr. Pranav Kumar Singh3

The frenum is a mucous membrane fold that attaches the lip and the cheek to the alveolar mucosa, the gingiva, and the underlying periosteum.The frena may jeopardize the gingival health when they are attached too closely to the gingival margin, either due to an interference in the plaque control or due to a muscle pull. In addition to this, the maxillary frenum may present aesthetic problems or compromise the orthodontic result in the midline diastema cases, thus causing a recurrence after the treatment. The management of such an aberrant frenum is accomplished by performing a frenectomy or frenotomy .So focus on frenum has become essential.This case report demonstrates the removal of the abnormal labial frenum attachment in a 27 year old female through the technique of Z-plasty.

2

Authors: Dr. Ajay Kumar1, Dr. Aruna Das2, Dr. Santosh Kumar3, Dr. Prabhakar Kumar4, Dr. Neha Sah5

Pleomorphic Adenoma is a benign tumor composed of epithelial and myoepithelial cells arranged with various morphological patterns, demarcated from surrounding tissues by fibrous capsule. Tumors uncommonly arise in the salivary glands, and these comprise approximately 1% of all neoplasms in the whole body. It is most commonly found in the parotid or submandibular glands, but may also be found in the minor salivary glands. This article presents a case report of swelling of upper lip in a 29 years old male patient, which histopathologically was diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma in the upper lip, the second site for frequency for benign tumors of minor salivary glands, after the hard and soft palate.

2

Authors: Dr. Sreenita Chowdhury Pujari1, Dr. Utkal K Mohanty2, Dr. Binita Srivastava3, Dr. Nidhi Gupta4, Dr. Siddhartha Pujari5

Nano-dentistry is defined as“ the science and technology of diagnosing, treating and preventing oral and dental diseases, relieving pain, preserving and improving dental health using nanostructured material.”1There has been considerable research on nanomaterials in the past three decades, leading to a paradigm shift in the use of nanotechnology in different applications in the field of dentistry. While newer materials are being developed using nanotechnology, the basic requirements of a dental restorative material should not be forgotten. The newer nanomaterials should have physical properties that correspond to the dental hard tissues and optical properties like dental tissues while being easily distinguishable from them radiographically. Newer nanomaterials should be able to bond with dental tissues and be easy to manipulate. Most importantly these materials should be biocompatible.2

2

Authors: Dr. Neelam Singh1, Dr. Natasha Gupta2 , Dr. Pusparaj Singh3

Necrotising fasciitis is known to occur in extremities, abdomen and perineum. Rarely does it occur in head and neck region. If it presents in head and neck it is a sequela to dental extraction especially when aseptic conditions are not maintained. Although a lot of predisposing factors contribute to it such as Diabetes Mellitus, chronic renal disease, peripheral vascular disease, malnutrition, advanced age, obesity, immunecompromised and alcohol abuse. This report presents with a patient between age group of 60 years with persistent pus discharge from right submandibular region with severe pain since 3 days. No predisposing factor was known. History of extraction of right mandibular molar two weeks ago was given by the patient from a private clinic in her village. This condition usually goes misdiagnosed and the condition is severe often leading to death. Timely diagnosis and surgical intervention is important for a good prognosis. The maintenance of aseptic chain prior to any procedure surely is important.

3

Authors: Dr. Anshul Verma

A prosthesis used to close a palatal defect in edentulous or partially edentulous mouth is correctly referred to as an obdurate. Successful prosthodontic reconstruction of hemimaxilloectomy defects, is a challenging task that requires multidisciplinary approach. An obdurate should serves to restore speech, mastication, deglutition and esthetics. The present case report describes a simple procedure for restoring of subtotal maxillectomy, which was successfully rehabilitated with a one piece close hollow bulb obdurate.

3

Authors: Dr. Mukesh Kumar1, Dr. Lakshmi Gandi2, Dr. Ashish Kumar Rai3, Dr. Tarique Anwer4, Dr. Gaurav Verma5

Odontogenicextraoral, cutaneous sinus is described as a path leading from an enclosed area of inflammation to an epithelial surface.A cases of 25 year old female patients with cutaneous extraoral sinus tract has been discussed in this article. Proper diagnosis is the basic requirement for the successful management of the odontogenic cutaneous sinus tracts of pulpal origin. Several case reports reveal that the appropriate diagnosis could not be made leading the incorrect treatment offered to the patients. It causes the cutaneous sinus tract to reoccur as the dental etiology is not addressed. Proper management can lead to treatment at a much earlier stage thus curring the progression of the disease and also saving of time and expenses of the patient.

3

Authors: Dr. Aprajita Mishra1, Dr. Shally Mahajan2 , Dr. Ragini Tandon3

The treatment plan for the use of splints depends on the diagnosis after a thorough clinical examinations which includes complete dental and medical history in all the patients especially those having bruxism, TMD or facial pain. After proper examination it becomes necessary to select the best suitable occlusal splint according to the requirement of the patient as there are different types of occlusal splints available.When the occlusal splint has been delivered to the patient it becomes very important to properly follow the usage protocols in order to attain its effect. This series of article focuses on the different types of occlusal splint, clinical implications , duration of usage of the occlusal splints and patient recall.

2

Authors: Dr. Amit Thahriani1, Dr. Abhishek Khare2, Dr. Anupama Mahendra3, Mr. Anoop Kumar Bajpai4

Forensic odontology or forensic dentistry has generated so much interest in the recent past that it has been suggested an important method in solving forensic cases in mass disaster, child abuse, bite mark analysis, crime/natural death, injuries and bio-terrorism. Commonly used methods in forensic odontology include Rugoscopy, Chieloscopy, Bite marks, Tooth prints (Ameloglyphics), Radiographs, Photographic study and Molecular method. However there are certain pitfalls associated with the above methods in forensic odontology, which are to be weighed cautiously to make forensic odontology a more accurate, reliable and reproducible investigatory science. In this paper we present our understanding of the limitations/ boundaries in various method employed in forensic odontology

2

Authors: Dr. Bhuvan Nagpal1, Dr. Archana S.2, Dr. Mohamad Ayas3, Dr. Abhishek Ghosh4, Dr. Anupam Nagpal5

Several factors influence the rate of decalcification, and there are ways to speed up or slow down this process. The concentration and volume of the active reagent, including the temperature at which the reaction takes place, are important at all times. Other factors that contribute to how fast bone decalcifies are the age of patient, type of bone, size of specimen, and solution agitation. Mature cortical bone decalcifies slower than immature, developing cortical or trabeculae bone. Of all the factors, the effectiveness of agitation is still being debated.1,2

2

Authors: Dr. Pranav Prakash1, Dr. Anurag Tiwari2, Dr. Pradeep Raghav3, Dr. Munish Reddy4, Dr. Amit Khera5, Dr. Shalu Jain6

The correction of deep bite is one of the primary objectives of orthodontic treatment and optimal treatment of deep bite requires a proper diagnosis, a careful treatment plan and an efficient appliance design. An unfavorable sequelae of this malocclusion predisposes a patient to periodontal involvement, abnormal function, improper mastication, excessive stresses, trauma, functional problems, bruxism, clenching and temporomandibular joint disturbance that make geriatric dental service a losing battle unless overbite can be controlled.

3

Authors: Dr. Pooja Srivastava1, Dr. Ashish Choudhary2, Dr. Jagadeesh H G3, Dr. Jay Vikram4, Dr. Anurag Hasti5

An aesthetic and comfortable maxillofacial prosthesis can make huge differences for the patients with Maxillofacial defects due to cancer, trauma or congenital diseases .Maxillofacial defects are located in highly visible body area that is identified with one’s own identity ,so accurate representation of skin color in facial prosthesis is essential for achieving successful aesthetic results It remains one of the subsequent pigmentation but they are important issues during prosthesis fabrication process .The ability to match skin tones effectively requires keen eye ,good understanding of color theory & meticulous attention to details.(1) Materials used in the fabrication of these facial prostheses can be silicones that are tinted externally and internally to match the colour of the surrounding facial structures.(2)

3

Authors: Dr. Samreen Khatoon1, Dr. Tripti Tikku2, Dr. Rohit Khanna3, Dr. Kamna Srivastava4, Dr. Rana Pratap Maurya5, Dr. Snehlata Verma6, Dr. Anshul Srivastava7

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment planned to correct sagittal or transverse discrepancy must always consider movement in vertical plane as well. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in vertical planein adult Orthodontic patients who had undergone fixed Orthodontic treatment with the extraction of first premolars. Materials and Method:The pre and post treatment lateral cephalogram of fifteenpatients weretaken and traced, and several cephalometric variables (hard and soft) were measured to evaluate the vertical changes.Data was analyzed statistically. Result: Significant difference in parameters likeInterincisal angle, linear distance of incisor and molar to palatal plane, Interlabial gap and Maxillary incisor exposure whereas non-significant difference was seen in the other parameters like Mandibular plane angle, Y- axis, Gonial angle, Anterior lower facial height, Maxillary and Mandibular height etc. Conclusion:The changes in vertical parameters like facial height and clockwise rotation of mandibular plane was not seen in the present study. The appropriate measures that are incorporated in our biomechanics as per the case to minimize changes in vertical dimension must be followed strictly.

3

Authors: Dr. Anil K Tomer1, Dr. Ruchi Gupta2, Dr. Mohammad Aleemuddin3

The ideal restoration of endodontically treated teeth (ETT) has been widely and controversially discussed in the literature. Prevention of healthy dental structure is essential to help mechanical stabilization of tooth-restoration integrity, increase the amount of suitable surfaces for adhesion and thus positively affect the long-term success. ETT are affected by a higher risk of biomechanical failure than vital teeth. With the development of adhesive systems, the need for post-core restorations is also reduced. Especially for restoration of excessively damaged ETT, endocrowns have been used as an alternative to the conventional post-core and fixed partial dentures. Compared to conventional methods, good aesthetics, better mechanical performance, and less cost and clinic time are the advantages of endocrowns.

4

Authors: Dr. Tanu Gupta1, Dr. Jay Vikram2, Dr. Jagadeesh H.G.3, Dr. Ashish Choudhary4, Dr. Anurag Hasti5

The evolutionary cycle has selected a masticatory system, which is functionally efficient using natural teeth and an omnivorous diet. This system would be designed in a totally different fashion if it were selected based on the model of the complete denture wearer.1Dentures are rigid pieces of acrylic resin which are shaped to fit the soft tissue covering of the jaws and be compatible with the functioning and ever changing oral environment. Dentures are subject to the physical laws which form the realities of this oral environment. No denture, regardless of how well it is constructed, can overcome the limitations of the foundation on which it is placed.2In day-to-day practice we encounter many patients for whom an ideal treatment from prosthodontics point of view is not possible without resorting to pre-conditioning of the oral tissues by means of surgical procedures. These procedures constitute the pre-prosthetic surgical preparation.2A considerable number of complete denture patients endure continuous discomfort with their dentures and seek help from one prosthodontist after another. They in turn construct and reconstruct new dentures at considerable expense of time and money until finally the patient gives up and has recourse to cotton wool inserts or proprietary relining materials convinced by the advice that they are 'dental cripples' and beyond professional help.3The more major pre-prosthetic operations are not easy to perform and require repetitive experience and surgical skill which is not easy to achieve doing the 'odd' case. It is also essential for the prosthodontist to understand the needs of the complete denture patients and also to understand the aims of surgery and its difficulties.3

1

Authors: Dr. Neha Sah , Dr. Poonam Preet Bhandari , Dr. Ajay Kumar

Abstract: Sialolithiasis is the most common disease of salivary glands and therefore causing acute and chronic infections. Major salivary gland is most commonly affected. Sialolithiasis is the main cause of unilateral diffuse swelling of parotid or submandibular gland. Submandiblar gland or its duct affects most commonly. This article discusses review of literature, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods and various modalities available for the management of sialolithiasis.

2

Authors: dr. Sana Zeba - PG Student, Department of OMR, SGT University, Gurgaon, Dr Atul Kaushik, Reader,Dr Vinod VC, Professor,

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, insidious oral mucosal condition that occurs predominantly among Indians and occasionally in other Asians especially Taiwanese and sporadically in Europeans. It was first described by Pindborg and Sirsat.8 It is considered as a potentially malignant disorder. Although the pathogenesis of the disease is thought to be multifactorial, chewing of betel quid/areca nut has been recognized as one of the most significant risk factors for OSMF.1

2

Authors: Dr.Kirti1, Dr Sakshi Kataria 2 ,Dr Sanjul3

The Greenough stereo microscope was invented by American Horatio Saltonstall Greenough. [As an aside, Mr. Greenough was the son of, the same named, Horatio Greenough, Traditional boundaries between scientific fields such as molecular biology and developmental biology are rapidly disappearing as researchers seek to connect findings at the molecular level to those derived from cellular, tissue, and organismal studies. Fields including molecular biology, cell biology, neurobiology, embryology, developmental biology and systems biology have increasing needs for imaging systems that span spatial scales from single cells to whole organisms. This has been possible because of stereoscopic.1

2

Authors: Dr. Ankita Agarwal, Dr. Narendra Kumar, Dr. Kunwarjeet Singh, Dr. Pallavi Sirana, Dr. Anshul Jain

The ideal goal of modern dentistry is to restore the patient to normal contour, function, comfort, esthetics, speech and health. Implant dentistry is unique in its ability to achieve this ideal goal regardless of the atrophy, disease, or injury of the stomatognathic system. However, the challenges of implant dentistry have been effectively countered by continued research and advancement in diagnostic tools, treatment planning, implant designs, materials and techniques resulting in better treatment planning and predictable success is now a reality for the rehabilitation of many challenging clinical situations.

2

Authors: Dr Anil K. Tomer1, Dr Ruchi Gupta2, Dr Mohammad Aleemuddin3.

30 extracted human maxillary central and lateral incisors were instrumented with K-files and filled using lateral compaction of gutta-percha (GP) and SEAL APEX sealer. The teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups of 10 specimens each. Removal of gutta-percha was performed with the following devices and techniques: (NEW RETREATMENT FILE: EDGE FILE XR), (R-Endo retreatment files),( M TWO retreatment files) Time to reach working length and to eliminate filling material was also recorded. The specimens were rendered transparent for evaluation of the area of the remaining gutta-percha/sealer under stereomicroscope at 6X magnification. it was concluded that although MTWO RETREATMENT FILES removed root canal filling materials faster than EDGE FILE XR AND R-ENDO,but EDGE FILE XR removed maximum amount of root canal filling materials from the canal.

3

Authors: Dr Indrani Das,Department of Prosthodontics , Regional Dental College, Guwahati, Aassam

Patients with limited mouth opening are frequently encountered in prosthodontic practice. Microstomia defined as an abnormally small oral orifice, can be associated with various etiopathologic factors such as head and neck radiation, surgically treated head and neck tumours, connective tissue diseases, facial burns, reconstructive lip surgeries and the most common factor oral submucous fibrosis. Microstomia in patients with trismus induced by submucous fibrosis, the procedure may be even more difficult to carry out because of reduced tissue resiliency and obliteration of vestibular spaces, tongue rigidity and the decreased oral opening. It is difficult to apply conventional clinical procedures to construct dentures for such patients, as it is difficult to insert or remove the custom trays, denture bases and the final prosthesis as one piece. So sectioning of the tray is necessary, so that the trays can be inserted and removed in sections. The main problem encountered during these procedures is reorientation of the tray back in position. This article presents a simple technique for easy handling of the sectioned tray, which is, cost-effective and does not require any special devices or complex locking joints.

5

Authors: Dr. S. S. Natu1, Dr. G. R. Khan2, Dr. Ashutosh Tiwari3, Dr. Kumar Shantanu4

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral soft tissues with progressive juxta-epithelial fibrosis resulting in increasing difficulty in chewing, swallowing, speaking and mouth opening, often associated with burning sensation inside oral cavity that is aggravated on exposure to spicy food. It is a common condition in India, related to the habit of chewing betel nut (Areca catechu). It is considered to be associated with genetic predisposition, infectious and viral agents, carcinogens, nutritional and immunologic factors. The visible blanching of the oral mucosa with a marble-like appearance in patients of OSF is attributed to inflammation, followed by hypovascularity and fibrosis that may be associated with small vesicles and mucosal erosions.1 Moreover; betel nut chewing is a major risk factor for the development of malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. Concomitant to tobacco chewing, smoking and consumption of alcohol, it increases the risk of oropharyngeal malignancies.27% to 13% lesions of OSF can transform into oral cancer, especially squamous-cell carcinoma3.