International Journal of Basic & Applied Physiology

12-15

Authors: Sanjeev Satpathy*, Aiswarya Kar**, Akshaya Mishra***

Background: Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. Pharmaceutical interventions like using inhalational bronchodilators and corticosteroids have grown like anything. These have a multisystem deleterious effect on body. Yogic exercise has been used to treat patient with asthma for over 50 years. The present study was an attempt to include yogic exercise into treatment modality of asthmatic patients and compare the Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) and inflammatory changes. Method: 71 patients with bronchial asthma taken and were randomized into two groups; Pranayama Group And Drug Group. Pranayama Group contained 37 subjects and DRUG GROUP contained 34. PFTs and Absolute Eosinophilic Count (AEC) were performed in all the subjects at baseline and after 6 weeks. The parameters were compared by using Paired t- test. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 16.0 software.Result: After 6 weeks, PRANAYAMA GROUP subjects showed a significant increase in percent predicted Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC% as compared to Drug Group. AEC showed significant decrease in eosinophil count in Pranayama Group as compared to Drug Group which showed insignificant increase. Conclusion: The yoga breathing exercise used adjuntictively with standard drugs significantly improves pulmonary functions and inflammation in patients with Bronchial asthma. Key Words: Bronchial asthma, Inflammation, Pranayama, Pulmonary functions

21-24

Authors: Priya Jangid*, N.D. Soni**, Jayant Kumar***, Raghuveer Choudhary****

Background: ISH is the most common type of hypertension in people over 60 years of age and increase in SBP being the principal characteristic in this population. Interestingly, data from a number of studies suggest that ISH is also prevalent in adolescents and young adults but findings from previous studies examining this question are inconclusive, so the aim of our study is to know prevalence and determinants of ISH in young healthy individuals. Method: We performed a cross section study on 400 young individuals between 18 to 30 years in western Rajasthan. The participants were then subjected to a set of questionnaire which included socio-demography determinants (age, sex, occupation and annual household income), personal habits (dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption), past history and family history of hypertension. They were then subjected to the measurement of height, weight, pulse rate, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and serum cholesterol level. Result: In our study 9.25% were hypertensive (systolic, diastolic or both systolic and diastolic) and from this ISH were 4.25%, IDH were 1.5%, SDH were 3.5%, systolic hypertension in 7.75% and diastolic hypertension in 5%. Conclusion: ISH have quite high prevalence in young adults and is more common than SDH. Female gender, rural in-habitants, non-vegetarian diet, low socio-economic status, family history of hypertension, smoking, alcoholism, BMI and Serum Cholesterol level are important determinants of ISH in young adults. Key words: Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), Isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), Systolic diastolic hypertension (SDH), Systolic blood pressure (SBP), Diastolicblood pressure(DBP).

30-34

Authors: Shaista Saiyad*, Parika Shah**, Mubassir Saiyad***, Swati Shah****

Background: In India, due to smoking, environmental pollution, use of bio mass as a fuel in rural areas etc, there is increase in incidence of pulmonary disorders. Hence, a review of pulmonary function tests is needed. This study has therefore been carried out to reassess the pulmonary function values in normal, Indian population and to check their variations in various obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disorders. Forced spirometry is one of the best test for assessing pulmonary disorders. This simple test provides written record of forced vital capacity (FVC), % forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1%) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Method: Ours is a cross sectional, comparative study in which we measured FVC, FEV1% and PEFR in 30 normal subjects with the help of computerized spirometer. We also measured the same values in patients of pulmonary disorders and collected data of 30 patients having restrictive and 30 patients having obstructive lung disease. Thereafter, we compared the pulmonary function tests, FVC, FEV1% and PEFR in three groups. Result: Our observations show that as compared to normal values, in obstructive lung diseases, FVC remained same but there is decrease in FEV1% and PEFR. And in restrictive group of lung diseases, FVC is less than normal but FEV1% and PEFR are same as that of normal subjects. Conclusion: By our study we can conclude that pulmonary function tests like FVC, FEV1% and PEFR can be used to distinguish between obstructive and restrictive group of diseases. Key words: lung diseases, obstructive, pulmonary function tests, restrictive.

41-46

Authors: Asha Shrivastava*, Sanjay Wasnik**, Rashmi Dave***

Background: Present study aimed to investigate the correlation between poor glycemic control determined by glycosylated haemoglobin( A1C) and myocardial oxygen demand. Method: Case-control study comprised of three groups of 50 each age matched (30-45 yrs) normoglycemics, prediadetics and type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) as per American Diabetic Association 2011 (ADA) criteria. The haemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen demand measured were heart rate(HR), systolic blood pressure(SBP) and rate pressure product(RPP) Result: The observations revealed significant differences in the fasting plasma glucose(FPG) and glycosylated haemoglobin (A1c) in the three groups. The resting HR was significantly higher in patients with T2DM (91.06±4.72 bpm;p=<0.0001) in comparison with controls and prediabetics. The SBP values (mm Hg) were in prehypertensives range in prediabetics and T2DM patients (125.5±4.0; 130.6±5.2). The RPPwas estimated to be significantly higher in T2DM (11922.9±1091.2) compared to prediabetics and controls (10197.6±806.1;8186.8±635.3). Positive correlation was found between resting HR(r=0.97,0.98) and RPP(r=0.98,0.98) with FPG levels in prediabetic and T2DM patients. Similar positive correlation was established between resting HR(r=0.96,0.95) and RPP(r=0.97,0.95) with A1c values. Conclusion: Heightened resting HR and RPP in prediabetics and T2DM patients suggest increased myocardial oxygen demand. These haemodynamic derangements render them vulnerable to adverse outcomes. Key words-Resting heart rate (HR), Rate pressure product (RPP), Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

51-56

Authors: Sajid S Saiyad *, Alkesh Vara **, Samir Bhagora ***, Dharitri Parmar**** , R Dixit*****

Background: Pulmonary functions are significantly affected by the chronic smoking. Study has done to investigate relationships between heavy cigarette smoking ( 20 cigarettes/bidis per day) and pulmonary function in Adult men. Objective is to find out If Chronic heavy smoking start affecting the lung functions as early 5 years of habit. Method: A cross sectional study on 112 individuals , selected randomly from general population of Ahmedabad city was performed. A thourough history analysis (Height, Weight, BMI), Physical examinations Spirometry were done on all indivudials after explaining them procedure and taking their cosent. Parameters measured by the spirometer were FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEFR, MEF75, MEF50, MEF25, VC. Result: Among the measured parameters of PFT, smokers have significantly decreased values(p<0.05) of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC & PEFR. Conclusion: Chronic heavy smoking leads to significant decrease in pulmonary functions in smokers group, and It can be concluded that chronic smoking affects the health of the individuals. Therefore, smoking habit should be avoided for better health. Key Words: Smokers , Nonsmokers, Pulmonary function tests, Height, Weight, Body Mass Index(BMI)

63-66

Authors: Rajni Soni*, A. Kavishwar**

Background: Different Method are used to detect the time of ovulation. It is difficult to find out exact time of ovulation. Leucocytes have an active role in ovulation. In our previous studieswe have found that there in significant change in Absolute basophil count in peripheral blood at the time of ovulation. Present study was done to find out effect of oral contraceptive on absolute basophil count in different phases of menstrual cycle and establish a correlation between basophil count and ovulation. Method: Absolute basophil count and ultra sonography was done in forty four female subjects aged 20-40years. Result: Statistical significant fall in absolute basophil count was seen on 14th day (calculated date of ovulation) as compare to 7th and 21st day of menstrual cycle with signs of ovulation by ultra sonography in subjects with spontaneous ovulation. But no significant change was seen in absolute basophil count as compare to 7th and 21st day of menstrual cycle and no signs of ovulation were seen in ultra sonography on 14th day of menstrual cycle, In subjects having Anovulatory cycle and Anovulatory cycles induced by oral contraceptives. The significant fall in basophil count in peripheral blood in subjects with spontaneous ovulation was probably due to migration of these cells from peripheral blood toward the maturing follicle in ovary. While this change was not seen in subjects with anovulatory cycles and subjects in which anovulation induced by oral contraceptives. Conclusion: There is a significant fall in basophil count at the time of ovulation. The absolute basophil count can be used as an indicator of ovulation. Key words: Absolute basophil count, C.D.O.( Calculated date of Ovulation), Ultra sonography, Anova

72-78

Authors: J M Harsoda*, Geetanjali Purohit**

Background: Physical activity is a complex behaviour that is nurtured by environmental and biological factors. In day-to-day life, moderate level of physical activity has a number of positive influences on all systems, especially cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Few studies reported how the different modes of aerobic exercise influence the cardiovascular efficiency and physical fitness in sedentary subjects. This study was aimed to study the effect of whole body exercise, walking exercise, upper and lower limb exercise and combined exercise on sedentary males. Method: Seventy five healthy non-smoking males aged between 15-25 years were recruited for 12 week exercise training. Participants were divided into five groups, 15 in each. Each group performed different exercise for 12 weeks under the supervision of physical trainer. Interventions included respiratory rate, resting pulse rate, blood pressure, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), 6 minute walk distance (6 MWD), 12 minute walk distance (12 MWD), 6 minute bicycle ergometer (6 MBE) test and 6 minute arm ergometer (6MAE) test. Parameters were studied twice before and after exercise training. Data was represented as mean±SD. Students paired t test was applied for pre and post data analysis. Result: The increase in cardiorespiratory efficiency was found significantly higher in response to whole body, combined and walking exercise. The other mode like only upper limb or lower limb exercises are not as beneficial. Conclusion: In conclusion cardio-respiratory efficiency and exercise performance both are improved by regular exercise training and whole body exercise is the best among all. Lower limb exercise is least beneficial. Key Words: Key words: 6MWD, 12 MWD, 6MBE, 6MAE, FEV1.

83-87

Authors: Empreet Mangat*, Suchet**, L.S. Dashora***, Surjit Singh***, Swati Chouhan****

Background: Biomass fuel accounts for more than one-half of the domestic energy in most developed countries and as much as 95% in developing countries. As the combustion efficiency of biomass fuel is very low, it yields relatively high levels of products of incomplete combustion which may induce various harmful effects on the lung function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of biomass fuel combustion on pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and comparing the PFTs between biomass users and Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) users. Method: Three hundred healthy non-smoking women were randomly selected within the age group of 21-50years for this cross-sectional study. The study group comprised of 150 subjects who used biomass fuel for cooking (Biomass users) and 150 age matched subjects who were not exposed to biomass served as the controls (LPG users). A standardized respiratory questionnaire was administered to all the subjects and pulmonary function tests were evaluated by using spiro excel. Result: The lung function parameters were significantly lower the study group, exposed to biomass fuel than the controls FEV1 (p<0.001); FEV1/FVC (p<0.001) and PEFR (p<0.001), except FVC (p<0.338). The evaluation of PFTs suggested the increased risk to the obstructive type of pulmonary disease in biomass users. Conclusion: The reduction in the pulmonary function in the biomass exposed women could be due to high exposure to biomass pollutants with inadequate ventilation in cooking area leading to chronic pulmonary disease. Key Words: Biomass fuel, Liquefied petroleum gas, Pulmonary function test.

94-98

Authors: Jayesh D Solanki*, Amit H Makwana**, Hemant B Mehta***, Panna Kamdar****, Chetan Desai **,Pritesh Gandhi**

Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are closely related and as such both affect components of body composition which can be studied by various non-invasive tools available. We try to study regional body composition of type 2 diabetics in comparison to matched controls and to correlate differences observed if any. Method: A heterogeneous sample of 60 under treatment type2 diabetics of either sex with known glycaemic and lipidaemic control and equal number of age and sex matched controls were taken from our city. After baseline assessment direct measurement was done by instrument Omron KaradaScan (Model HBF -510, Japan).Using principle of tetra poplar bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) we derive regional distribution of subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle in both groups and compare them for statistical significance. Result: We found significantly more subcutaneous fat in all regions ( mean values -trunk 27.30%,leg 36.63%, arm 39.36%) and significantly lesser mass of skeletal muscle in all regions (mean values -trunk 18.57%,leg 33.58%, arm 26.49%) in type 2 diabetics as compared to controls. Females had more subcutaneous fat in all regions as compared to males (average mean difference 10%) and lesser skeletal muscle in all regions compared to males (average mean difference 3%) with significance only for the previous and not the later parameter. Conclusion: BIA reveals that type 2 diabetics have excess subcutaneous fat in all body regions on expense of skeletal muscle with female disadvantage. Body composition analysis can be included as a strategy in managing metabolic derangements of type 2 diabetes. Key Words: Bio-electrical impedance, body composition, regional distribution, subcutaneous fat, type -2 diabetes.

104-108

Authors: Mitesh Sinha*, Archana H Patel*, Shobha Naik**, J.M.Jadeja***

Background:Medical definitions of PMS (Pre Menstrual Syndrome) are limited to a consistent pattern of emotional and physical symptoms occurring only during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle that are of "sufficient severity to interfere with some aspects of life. A number of medical conditions are subject to exacerbation at menstruation which leads the patient to believe that she has PMS, while the underlying disorder may be some other problem, such as anaemia, hypothyroidism, eating disorders and substance abuse.The aim of the study is to find the effect of anaemia on severity of symptoms of PMS. We would like to formulate a screening test to differentiate if the patient is having PMS or the symptoms are just an exacerbation of anaemia. Method: For this we have taken 40 females of age group 16-20 who have reported symptoms of PMS. Haemoglobin of each subject was measured and a questionnaire containing 15 symptoms were given to each one of themand asked to fill the severity of symptoms. During Period A at least 4 days before menstrualperiod and the first couple of days of starting of menses and Period B during rest of the month .The students in anaemic group were given dietary and iron supplements for 2 months and were again asked to fill the questionnaire. Result: The severity of symptoms of PMS in anaemic group (9.1, S.D. 0.91) is found to be more than non-anaemic group). (12.3, S.D. 0.86).Increase in symptoms severity was 127% among girls with anaemia while in non-anaemic group was 586% from period B to period A. After supplements for 2 months to anaemic subjects decrease in severity was profound in period B. In subjects whom the increase in severity from period B to A was less than 100%, experienced 73% decrease in severity score after supplements. Conclusion: Many symptoms of anaemia and PMS are similar. Anaemia can lead to increase in severity of PMS. In some girls anaemia can be confused with PMS. We observed that subjects having anaemia, symptoms were present throughout the month .Decrease in severity of symptoms after supplements suggest anaemia as an aggravating factor in PMS. Lesser the increase in symptoms from period B to A, more are the chances that the symptoms are caused due to anaemia rather than PMS. This can be used as a screening method to prevent misdiagnosis of PMS. Key Words: PMS(Pre Menstrual Syndrome), Anaemia, Screening, Iron supplements

114-117

Authors: Anup Patel*, Saurin Sanghavi**, Rachit Joshi***, Brijesh Patel****, Jignesh Harkhani*, Sadhna Joshi*****

Background: Nerve conduction velocity is being used as a widespread measure of diagnosis of nerve function abnormalities. Dependence of nerve conduction parameters on intrinsic factors like age and sex, as well as extrinsic factors like temperature is well known. Lateralization of various cerebral functions like speech, language, visuospatial relations, analysis of face, recognition of musical themes and use of hand for fine motor movements have also been studied. The aim of this study is to compare the nerve conduction velocity of different subjects with different height using median nerve and find out whether there is any difference in relation between motor nerve conduction velocity and height. Method: The study was carried out in students of B J Medical College by the use of standard 2 channel physiograph. Comparison of motor nerve conduction velocity between subjects of different height was done under equation of Pearson correlation. Result: There are several factors which affect nerve conduction velocity. Some skills like music, sports activities are also due to hemispheric difference. Age and sex affect nerve conduction velocity. Here we compare the relation between height and motor nerve conduction velocity. On comparison of motor nerve conduction velocity of median nerve with different height of the subjects the study shows that there is significant decrement in nerve conduction velocity with increase in height of subjects. Conclusion: From the results we can conclude that there is inverse correlation between height and nerve conduction velocity of subjects. Key Words: Height, Nerve conduction velocity, Median nerve

123-126

Authors: Hemangini Chaudhari*, R. Dixit**, J.M. Jadeja***

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a major health problem in our country especially in pregnancy. For accurate diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia we require accurate indicators based on which treatment can be given. Purpose of this study is to prevent unnecessary iron overload by accurate diagnosis in pregnancy as excessive iron can lead to oxidative damage. Method: Serum level of Iron and transferrin and total iron binding capacity and % saturation of transferrin were estimated in 70 women in their I, II and III trimester of pregnancy. Only healthy subjects (without infective, metabolic, and degenerative disease) on clinical examination were selected. The women were divided into three groups according to their hemoglobin level in normal, mild anemic and moderate to severe anemia. Result: In normal group serum iron levels were within normal range in all trimester, whereas in anemic groups serum iron level were lower. Serum transferrin level was raised in III trimester in all the groups and also raised in I and II trimester in severe anemic group. TIBC was increased with decreased in serum iron level. % saturation of transferrin was lowered with lowered hemoglobin level. Conclusion: Our study shows iron level can be well correlated with haemoglobin level but transferrin level cannot be well correlated. But % of transferrin saturation can be a better indicator then transferrin. Key Words: pregnancy, anemia, serum iron, transferrin, % saturation of transferrin

132-135

Authors: Saket Agrawal*, B.P.Tikariha**, P.K.Khodiar***

Background: The sickle cell disease is commonest monogenic disorder in India, affects all the major organs of the body. In India the rates of cardio vascular disease ( CVD ) among urban population have risen continuously and the major risk factor includes lipid abnormalities. Lipid metabolism may be altered in sickle cell disease patients hence present study was carried out to compare the serum lipid profile in sickle cell disease patients ( HbSS ) with normal person ( HbAA ) Method: A cross sectional study was done in 34 HbSS patients and age and sex matched normal 31 HbAA controls. Total Cholesterol ( TC ), High Density Lipoprotein ( HDL ), Low Density Lipoprotein ( LDL ), Triglyceride ( TG ) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein ( VLDL ) estimation was done. Mean, Standard deviation, Students T test analysis were used for analysis of results. Result: Mean value of TC, HDL and LDL were insignificantly lower than normal controls whereas TG and VLDL were insignificantly higher in both gender. Conclusion: Less degree of hemolytic stress leads to blunted rate of erythropoiesis which in turn is associated with an insignificant reduction in plasma lipids and lipoproteins. It appears that lipid profile in patients with sickle cell anemia poses an uncertain threat for coronary vascular disease. Key words: Sickle cell disease, Hypocholesterolemia, Total cholesterol, Cholesterol

142-144

Authors: Dhule Sunita S*, Kekan Dinkar R*, Bisht Nene Sunita**, Handergulle Sunita***

Background: A comparative study of endurance capacity between sports and normal college girls and to show the importance of sports in physical fitness among college students. Method: The present study was carried out in 120 college girls, Ambajogai. The cases (60 girls) were involved in sports like football, hockey, volleyball etc. and the controls (60girls) were not involved in sports. The parameters compared between cases and controls are -1) breath holding test, 2) 40 mmHg endurance test 3) maximum voluntary contraction by handgrip dynamometer 4) Vo2 max by using Harward step test and Astrand Ryhming nomogram. Result: All above parameters were significantly increased in sports girls than controls by applying ‘Z’ test. Conclusion: Endurance capacity is statistically increased in sport girls than normal. Hence, we suggest here that students should get involve in sports and it should be made a compulsory subject in colleges. So that students develop mental and physical health to overcome stress in education. Key words: Astrand Ryhming nomogram, Endurance test, Handgrip dynamometer, Vo2 max

150-157

Authors: Reshmi Raju*, Ambika . P**, Ramdas Pisharody***, Leena. P****

Background: The role of Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHomocysteine)as a risk factor for atherosclerosis in Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has gained much interest worldwide.The primary objective of the study was to ascertain the association between serum homocysteine levels and GFR. Method :This case control study was done in stage 3,4 and 5 of CKD (cases= 63 ,controls =21) to assess the association between Serum homocysteine (S.Homocysteine),Serum creatinine(S.Cr),Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR) and Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT). Result: Statistical analysis using ANOVA and pearsons correlation revealed a significant association between S.Homocysteine and stages of CKD (p=0.00),S.Homocysteine and GFR (p=0.00 ,rsq=0.3686) S.Homocysteine and CIMT (p=0.002, rsq=0.1429) and CIMT and CKD (p=0.00). Conclusion:On the basis of these observations ,it was concluded that HHomocysteineexists in CKD and that it produces atherosclerosis . Hence early screening and treatment for HHomocysteine and atherosclerosis should be done in CKD to prevent cardiovascular diseases . Key Words:Homocysteine(Homocysteine)Hyperhomocysteinemia(HHomocysteine),ChronicKidneyDisease(CKD),atherosclerosis,Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR),Carotid intima media thickness(CIMT).

163-166

Authors: Maulik Varu*, Yogesh Kacha**, Anup Vegad*, Chinmay Shah***, Hemant Mehta****

Background: Nowadays Air conditioners are one of the luxurious needs of human being and their use has been increasing day by day. According to few studies, inhalation of cold dry air leads to alteration in pulmonary functions. The present study was aimed at considering whether intensive use of air conditioner affected pulmonary functions. Method: 50 male subjects having age group of 25-50 years and using air conditioners since at least last 6 months and for a minimum duration of 6 hours per day were selected for the study. 50 males of same age group who did not use air conditioners at all were taken as control. In all the subjects, computerized spirometric parameters were measured by SPIRO EXCEL. The parameters between both the groups were compared by applying unpaired t test. P value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Result: There was statistically significant reduction in PEFR (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate), FEF25 (Forced Expiratory Flow at 25% of Forced Vital Capacity), FEF50 (Forced Expiratory Flow at 50% of Forced Vital Capacity), FEF25-75(Mid Expiratory Flow Rate), and MVV (Maximum Voluntary Ventilation) in air conditioner users as compared to that in non air conditioner users. Conclusion: Intensive use of air conditioner may predispose to respiratory dysfunction in form of early small airway obstruction. However further studies including a large sample size is indicated for in depth evaluation. Key Words: Computerized Spirometric parameters, Air conditioner users, Non air conditioner users

173-176

Authors: Rishabh Dangi

Background: Meditation is now recognized as a different physiological state scientifically as relaxed & calm mind with parasympathetic dominance.This study is performed on two expert meditators of sahaj yoga kundalini meditation. Objectives of this study is to find out whether regular meditation practice could lead to rapid “stress reduction” & control over autonomic nervous system. Method: Various physiological variables like heart rate, respiratory rate , galvanic skin response are measured before, during & after meditation & electroencephalography is performed during meditation. The following physiological parameters were assessed respiratory rate , heart rate & GSR by physio-pac instrument &elecroencephalography by neuropage plus before, during & after meditation. Result: Heart rate , respiratory rate are reduced during meditation session & GSR is increased suggesting parasympathetic dominance .EEG findings suggest relaxed state. Conclusion: This study shows a relaxed & calm state of mind during meditation with parasympathetic dominance. Key words: EEG , GSR , Beta-endorphin

182-188

Authors: Jagdeep Kaur S. Dani*, Archana H. Patel**, Mitesh M. Sinha**, Geeta B. Nair***, Sima K. Bhatt*

Background: Electrophysiological studies of humans with diabetes could be used to assess alterations such as dysfunction of ganglion cells and loss of colour and contrast sensitivity. Sensitivity of the full-field ERG is limited, precisely because it reflects the activity of the entire retina. In contrast, mfERG the ability to measure local ERGs in diabetes which would improve objective detection of early functional alterations and assessment of local change over time. Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify local retinal abnormalities in diabetic subjects with and without non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) using the mfERG. Method: This is a cross sectional study of patients who were clinically diagnosed and sent to us by M& J Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Ahmedabad, India. Subjects were divided into three groups as group A (normal), B (Diabetics without Retinopathy) and C (Diabetics with Retinopathy) on the basis of medical/ocular history, visual acuity and fundus. mfERG was done in all subjects and the responses were analysed using t test. Result: P1 response density was decreased in Group B and Group C subjects as compared to control in Group A. In subjects with diabetic retinopathy the N1 latencies were higher as compared to diabetics - no DR and control group. When compared the mean global P1 implicit time increased from normal to diabetics - no DR group and DR group. Conclusion: The presence of significant local response delays in eyes without clinically evident retinopathy suggests that such mfERG changes may provide a very early indicator of local retinal dysfunction in diabetes. Key Words: Diabetic Retinopathy, mfERG, N1 Latency, P1 Implicit time

192-196

Authors: Varsha Gupta

Background: Hyperlipidemia is very common in especially with the Indian diet context. So efforts are done time to time to find out the hypolipidemic ingredients in Indian diet itself, so with the use of those ingredients can neutralize the hyperlipidimia caused by a lot of fats used for cooking in India Objective: To assess and compare the hypolipidemic effect of Garlic and fenugreek. Method:A randomized control trial was conducted on hyperlipidemia induced rabbits in Department of Physiology,Dr S N Medical College,Jodhpur (Rajasthan) India. Inall rabbits experimental hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding cholesterol 500mg/kg body weight. Then they were divide randomly in to three groups v.i.z. Group (1)who was given grass hey diet, Group(2) and Group (3) who was given fenugreek extract and garlic extract as supplement respectively for four weeks. Mean changes of lipid profile from pre-intervention to post-intervention of each group were assessed and compared with Anova and Tukey-Kramer test. Result:It was observed that garlic as well as fenugreek group was having significant (P<0.001) hypolipidemia in comparison to control group. It was also seenthat garlic has significantly more (P<0.05) hypolipidemic effect than fenugreek. Conclusion: Both garlic and fenugreeks have hypolipidemic effect. Garlic is having more hypolipidemic effect than fenugreek. Key words: Fenugreek, Garlic,Lipid Profile, Hypolipidemia

203-207

Authors: Pravin Rabari*, Manjula Jamliya **, H.B.Mehta***, Ashok Vala****, Pritesh Gandhi *****, Gunvant Zinzala******

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is an easy, non-invasive, accurate and reliable tool in assessing autonomic function. Aim: Aim of this study was to determine whether the patients with generalised anxiety disorder have lower heart rate variability compared to healthy controls or not. Objective: To determine and compare heart rate variability in generalized anxiety disorder patients and in age and sex matched healthy controls. Method: Study had been done in 2 groups: 1st group comprises adult patients of generalized anxiety disorder (n=50) & the 2nd group of healthy controls (n=50). It was carried out on instrument windows based Heart rate variability analysis system Variowin-HR at Govt. Medical College, Bhavnagar. Heart-rate variability was studied using the standard protocol and was statistically analyzed. Result: Significantly reduced variability of the heart rate was observed in both the time domain parameters like SDNN (Standard deviation of all NN interval), RMSSD (The square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals), SDSD (Standard deviation of differences between adjacent NN intervals), NN50count (Number of pairs of adjacent NN intervals differing by more than 50 ms in the entire recording), pNN50 (NN50 count divided by the total number of all NN intervals) as well as frequency domain parameters like LF( low frequency), HF (high frequency),LF/HF ratio in the disorder group as compared to the control group which are statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to this study, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with significantly lower Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Key Words: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Heart Rate Variability, Time Domain parameters, Frequency Domain parameters.

213-218

Authors: JagdeepKaur S. Dani*, Mitesh M. Sinha**, Archana H. Patel**, Anju B. Mehta ***, Geeta B. Nair****

Background: Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) based on the m-sequence stimulation technique which allows quick simultaneous recording of many local electroretinograms from the posterior pole. The multifocal ERG is a powerful tool in patients with an affected cone system, especially when defects are localized and therefore not detectable with full field electroretinography. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate and describe differences in regional dysfunction between groups of patients with impaired vision due to diseases affecting predominantly the posterior pole. Method: This is a retrospective study of patient who were clinically diagnosed and sent to us by M&J Regional Institute of Ophthalmology,Ahmedabad, India. 31 patients were divided into 4 groups including Stargardt’s macular dystrophy (SMD), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cone dystrophy (CD), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and 11 normal subjects were taken as control. mfERG was done in all subjects and the responses were analysed using t test. Result:In patients with SMD or with AMD functional defects were mainly at the foveal region and extended to eccentricity only in advanced cases. A reduction of response amplitude even in the most peripheral ring was found in cone dystrophies and moderately in patients with central retinal vein occlusion. Prolonged implicit times were found in all but in the patients of SMD and they were maximal in patients with CRVO. Conclusion: The multifocal electroretinography provides detailed information of local activity of the cone dominated retina. In most of the patients with maculopathies, the photopic Ganzfeld ERG was normal, so that multifocal ERG can be valuable in diagnosing these diseases. Key Words: Multifocal ERG, Maculopathy; Cone dystrophy; Central vein occlusion

224-228

Authors: Fozia A Patigaroo*, Anwar H Siddiqui*,Rajiv Gulati*, ZehraMohsin**

Pre-eclampsia is one of the most frequent complications of pregnancy, however, little is known about its aetiology. Insufficient adaptation of the decidual and intramyometrial portions of the spiral arterioles in preeclampsia results in reduced utero-placental blood flow, leading to local placental hypoxia. Pre-eclampsia is pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) of unknown etiology. Pre-eclampsia can be quite serious as it can lead to various complications both for the mother and the baby. In fact, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, severe forms of PIH, are the leading cause of infant and maternal death in India. Hypertension complicates an estimated 6-8% of all pregnancies. Significant risk factors identified in univariate analysis included pre pregnancy body mass index (BMI > 25) (OR = 11.27), history of chronic hypertension (OR = 8.65), history of diabetes (OR = 11.0), history of renal disease (OR = 7.98), family history of hypertension (OR = 5.4), history of pre-eclampsia in earlier pregnancy (OR = 9.63), and multiple pregnancy (OR = 4.85). Cytokines are major contributors in pathogenesis of pre eclampsia. Several studies confirm a significant increase (p<0.01) in circulating TNF-α levels in the last trimester of pregnancy, compared to the non-pregnant status. Significantly increased serum concentrations (p<0.001) were also found in pregnant patients with preeclampsia, compared to normotensive pregnant women. Conclusion: Preeclampsia is an exacerbation of a generalized inflammatory response, physiologically present in the third trimester of pregnancy. TNF-α pro inflammatory cytokine can be a potential marker of the severity of the preeclamptic syndrome, without being an indicator of the fetal status at birth. Key Words: Preeclampsia, TNF alpha, Cytokines.

235-239

Authors: Swapnil J. Paralikar

The olfactory system is uniquely essential for life. Olfactory receptor cells, located in the olfactory mucous membrane.project to the olfactory glomeruli where they synapse with the lateral dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells. This mechanism of lateral inhibition sharpens the olfactory signal enabling differentiation of odours. From the olfactory glomeruli, second –order neurons project to the olfactory cortex which has evolved over millions of years. It consists of an older system (concerned with primitive responses to olfaction) and a newer system ( concerned with the conscious analysis of odour). The intriguing question as to how human beings can detect 10,000 different odours was solved by two scientists Drs. Richard Axel and Linda Buck. They unravelled the 1000 different olfactory receptors, each activated by a combination of different odours Genes coding for the olfactory receptors form the largest gene family in humans, larger than the T-cell receptor gene family. Key Words: Olfaction, olfactory receptors, olfactory cortex

258-267

Authors: Minal C. Patel, S.K. Singh

Obesity is highly prevalent in the modern world and it is associated with the development of a number of serious medical complications, like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Earlier, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was regarded as a disease occurring in adults, while type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) occurs in children and adolescents. This is true that T2DM is still more prevalent in adults, but there is increasing evidence that onset of type 2 diabetes in youth is frequently observed. Obesity increases the risk of T2DM by causing insulin resistance and directly or indirectly affecting the ability of the pancreas to secrete adequate amount of insulin. However, several risk factors have been identified as contributors to the development of type 2 diabetes in adolescents. These factors include ethnicity, genetic, unhealthy diet, inadequate sleep, physical inactivity and increased body fat and abdominal fat. There is no clear explanation of how these factors increase risk, but they appear to act in an additive fashion and create problems during the critical period of adolescent development. So efforts should be done to reduce the obesity will lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Key Words: Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Adolescent