The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences

8

Authors: M.Sh.Hamdalla

An evaluation experiment was carried out on 13 sunflower genotypes at the farm of Field Crop Res. Sta. of College of Agriculture / Univ. of Baghdad for two spring seasons) 2005 and 2008(. The experiment aimed to group similar genotypes into homogenous groups through cluster analysis and estimate genetic diversity between studied genotypes. Hierarchical clustering technique was used with respect to plant height, leafe area, head diameter, seed number per head, weight of seed and seed yield. Resemblance matrix was constituted then euclidean values were estimated .The genotypes were grouped into six clusters, where cluster I, III and IV included three genotypes followed by cluster II which has two genotypes followed by clusters V and VI which have one genotype for each. It was observed that genotypes Kws and Allstar ,Flamme and Zahratalaraq, Macao and Florasol have similar response pattern based on minimum euclidean. Genotypes Shimoos and Ibis was found to be better in performance and should be involved in crosses based on maximum euclidean values that express high level of genetic diversity. This can lead to give a high heterotic response and wider segregation after hybridization. This statistical technique can be auseful tool when other molecular techniques are not available.

10

Authors: Ali .A. Ghaidaip

This research aims at familiarizing with problems of transferring agricultural techniques in Salah-AL-Deen Governorate. And to defining the connective relation among agricultural officials opinions towards these problems and age, education, service period variables, then classifying these problems and determining its most important aspects according to their thinking. The research has included 160 agricultural officials. The data of 100 officials have been collected and other 30 officials refused to answer. The questionnaire used as a tool to collect data using personal interview The data have been analyzed statistically after discharging them by using percentages, repetitions and the simple coefficient connection, person and Spearman's organized coefficient connection. The imported agricultural techniques have occupied the first position, as the result have shown. Also it showed a positive abstract connective relationship at level of 0.01 between(age and service period), and there were relationships at level of 0.05 with education and agricultural officials opinions with the problems of transferring agricultural techniques, also they have been determined according to their opinions that first position problems are related with direction bodies, then those related with the staff. The classification has been as follows: techniques invention aspects, techniques transferring, agricultural work and the farmers. The researcher recommends focusing on studying these problems by specialized research groups so as to determine these problems and going over them.

13

Authors: Mohamed S. Hamad Farqad M.K. Al-dabagh Salih M. Bader

An experiment on the effect of three cytokinins and NAA on direct somatic embryos induction was conducted. The explants were sexual embryos, hypocotyls and cotyledenous leaves of two hybrids of tomato, Choorouk and GS-12. Four levels of BA, Kin or TDZ (0.00, 0.01, 0.10, 1.00) mg/l and three concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3) mg/l of NAA were tested. A histological study to investigate the stages of direct somatic embryos initiation was implemented. The results indicated that the source of explants was effective on somatic embryos initiation for both hybrids under study. Somatic embryos were not induced from hypocotyls and cotyledenous leaves, however, sexual embryos for both hybrids were superior on somatic embryogenesis. Choorouk sexual embryos cultured on MS medium supplemented with 80 g/l of sucrose; 0.01 mg/l of TDZ and 2 mg/l NAA gave 90% somatic initiation percentage with 13.1 somatic embryos. While GS-12 sexual embryos cultured on MS medium modified with 80 g/l of sucrose; 0.1 mg/l of TDZ and 2 mg/l NAA resulted in 90% somatic initiation percentage with 13.5 somatic embryos. The study confirms that the sexual embryos are the best explants on somatic embryos initiation for both tomato hybrids. Further research and evaluation needs to be done to study the physiological effects of plant growth regulators on somatic embryos growth and development.

14

Authors: Areej Abbas Majeed

Mycoplasma viruses return to family Plasmaviridae , and they are small organisms which infect the mycoplasma cells and increase their virulence for containing specialized code in their genetic material. These viruses could characterize by their ability to form plaques on mycoplasma cells or on the host cell that had been mycoplasma isolated from it. Many viruses had been discovered over 50 years ago. If mycoplasma viruses term which is known now , change to include more other known viruses like Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) , infectious laryngeo trachitis viruses (ILTV) and infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) and play a role by increase mycoplasma virulence in some way then show their signs in sever cases. These viruses activated and developed inside the mycoplasma cell to increase its virulence which specifically infect mycoplasma cells or they could infect a strain not another one of mycoplasma . Scientists mentioned that a specific mycoplasma cells may contain two kinds of mycoplasma viruses which they have microparacitical activity. Mycoplasma virulence which infect poultry fields. Later a lot of scientists had called these mycoplasma viruses in different callers and isolated in different diagnostic methods , since it had been discovered. Its obviously that all scientists agreed that mycoplasma cell needs more complicated conditions than any other bacteria when cultured. had been investigated mycoplasma viruses between 1967-1968. All studies now are going to explain the diagnosis of mycoplasma viruses , and how they could infect mycoplasma cells , and they increase their virulence of mycoplasma cells which may infecting by another species of viruses like Newcastle disease virus (NDV) , Infectious bronchitis disease virus (IBV) , Infectious laryangeo – trachitis disease virus (ILTV) , Marek's disease viruses (MDV) and avian infectious bursa disease viruses (IBDV) . Interfere between these viruses above with mycoplasma cells or any live cells may gives us new mycoplasma viruses generations , which it could be dangerous not for poultry only , but also to human and all other animals . Just like what happened in the world today like disease which infect human , when we had thought destroyed them and they disappeared but later will had backed stronger and that fit all viruses which infect human and animal. So our article try to explain how these viruses increase mycoplasma virulence , and if we could decrease or preventing such interfere between mycoplasma and viruses which increase their virulence in result.