Journal of Health Research in Community

1-8

Authors: Abdolmotaleb Seidmohammadi , Gorban Asgari , Abbas Lotfi , Javad Fardmal , Ali Heshmati , Amin Pirmoghani

Introduction and purpose: Rock candy is one of the most widely used sugar products in Iran. The use of chemical additives in food products can be a serious threat to human health and environment if it is not accompanied with sufficient monitoring and management. Regarding this, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the amount of sodium dithionite residue in the rock candies produced in the candy making plants of Hamadan, Iran. Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was conducted on the rock candies produced in all the active candy making plants of Hamadan in 2015. The sampling was performed for four months in 20 rock candy producing plants. The concentration of sodium dithionite residue was determined according to the guidelines released by the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16 and Excel 2013 software. Results: According to the results, sodium dithionite was used as an additive in all rock candy making plants investigated in this study. The highest and lowest concentrations of sodium dithionite were 23.85 and 3.2 mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that in over 37.5% of total sample size, sodium dithionite concentration was higher than the standard value. The mean concentrations of sodium dithionite in the rock candies produced in March, April, May, and June were 9.7±5.84, 9.49±3.7, 9±3.76, and 7.1±2.99 mg/kg, respectively, which were indicative of significant differences between different months in this regard. Conclusion: As the findings of the present study indicated, the rock candies produced in the majority of the investigated plants had a high sodium dithionite concentration, which was due to the use of unsuitable main ingredients. Therefore, more monitoring and training are needed for the workshop operators.

20-28

Authors: Mojtaba Jafarvand , Ail Safari Variani , Sakineh Varmazyar

Introduction and purpose: Improper posture while working is one of the most important risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. Regarding this, the aim of this study was to assess the posture of students studying at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences when using the existing best-selling laptop tables using rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) method. Methods: This analytic, cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 male and female dormitory students in 2017. The study population was selected through stratified random sampling technique. The participants’ postures in two different work stations (tables number one and two) were evaluated by means of RULA method. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using the independent sample t-test and ANOVA test. Results: According to the results, 36% and 46% of the students obtained scores of 3 and 4, respectively in case of table number one. Furthermore, regarding table number two, scores 3 and 4 were recorded for 48% and 44% of the participants, respectively. Therefore, tables number one and two were found to have 82% and 92% of level two corrective measure, respectively. In addition, a significant relationship was obtained between the demographic variables and RULA score (P<0.05). Conclusion: As the findings of the present study indicated, table number one was a better case than table number two for fitting with different body structures since it allowed for the adjustment of the height and inclination of the work surface. However, corrective measures were necessary for both tables to provide the users with comfort, convenience, health, and productivity when using these laptop tables.

38-44

Authors: Mahnaz Yadollahi , Majid Gerami , Narges Shamsedini

Introduction and purpose: Trauma is one of the major cause of mortality and disability in communities and annually leads to the death of millions of people worldwide. Based on the evidence, car accident injuries (especially on religious and cultural events) are at an impressive level in Iran. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of trauma patients admitted to Shahid Rajai Hospital, and its relationship with religious, cultural, and national occasions, such as Ramadan, Tasua and Ashura, and so forth. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on the trauma patients admitted to Shahid Rajai Hospital in Shiraz, Iran, on religious, cultural, and national occasions during 2009-2014. The data were collected through a checklist, including the demographic data, some questions about the mechanism of the accident (i.e., car and motorcycle accidents, pedestrian injuries, assault, as well as gun and knife attacks), and religious occasions of the admission day (e.g., holidays, Wednesday Feast, Yalda, Tasua and Ashura, and Ramadan). The data were analyzed in SPSS version 17 using the descriptive statistics and the frequency distribution table.Results: According to the results, on the celebrations and birthdays, the highest number of trauma patient admission was recorded. In addition, the mean number of hospitalized men was significantly higher than that of the women. There was no significant difference in the mean number of the admissions between the first and second half of Nowruz and between the Martyrs’ Days and birthdays regarding the accident mechanisms of the car accident, motorcycle accident, assaults, falls, and unexpected events. Conclusion: As the findings of the present study indicated, the highest number of the admissinos occurred on the birthdays and celebrations, especially among the males. Therefore, it is suggested that measures be taken to minimize the number of traumatic accidents, especially on holydays, and deliver more care for the pedestrians, motorcyclists, and car drivers in this regard.

57-68

Authors: Marjan Mahdavi-Roshan , Atena Ramezani

Introduction and purpose: A large percentage of the world population suffers from hidden hunger, which is defined as micronutrients deficiency. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common complications of the micronutrients deficiency and there is a lot of effort to deal with this problem. For this purpose, this study aimed to examine the program of flour fortification with iron in Iran. Methods: The cohort, case-control, and clinical trial studies with the search strategies such as iron deficiency anemia, fortification, and micronutrients deficiency, which were conducted until 2015 were included. The data sources entailed PubMed, Ovid, Elsevier Science, Blackwell Synergy, and Google. All the selected studies were available in English and Persian. Results: In several countries, the best method for correction of the iron deficiency anemia is food fortification due to high efficacy and low adverse effects of this method. Bread is a staple food in Iran; therefore, flour fortification was performed in this country. The premix powder containing 30 ppm of iron and 1.5 ppm of folic acid was used for flour fortification. Considering the various types of wealth, the total amount of iron in flour was up to 80 to 85 ppm that may lead to iron poisoning in people with a low socio-economic status because of high bread consumption, as well as the individuals with high socio-economic status since they receive iron from the other resources. Therefore this program was stopped in several provinces due to the mentioned complication. Conclusion: Prior to the implementation of this program, it was essential to carry out abundant pilot studies to investigate the probable complications and problems of this plan. To the best of our knowledge, there is limited number of studies conducted on the adverse effects of iron fortification in Iran; therefore, further studies are recommended in this issue.

1-10

Authors: Farshid Mahmoudi , Amirhossein Davoudian talab , Gholamreza Badfar

Introduction and purpose: The growing use of ionizing radiation in disease diagnosis necessitaes the appropriate use of devices and awareness regarding the principles of radiation protection. With appropriate adoption of personal protection equipment and compliance with the existing regulations in relation to protection of the buildings where sources of ionizing radiation are located in, the adverse effects of radiation can be curtailed to a great extent. Methods: In this descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study, we investigated the rate of compliance with radiation protection standards of 45 radiography rooms in 32 diagnostic imaging centers in Khuzestan Province, Iran, 2015. The centers were chosen through random cluster sampling method. The data were obtained using open-ended interview and a checklist designed based on the recommendations of the International Commission for Radiation Protection and Atomic Energy Organization of Iran. Results: The compliance rates with regard to radiology room, radiology equipment, darkroom, and radiographer’s protection were 80.76%, 80.47%, 69.28%, and 93.12%, respectively. Maximum and minimum rates of compliance with the standards were related to performance of the cassette tray (100%) and hopper status (25%), respectively. Comparison of public and private imaging centers in terms of safety standards showed no significant differences (P>0.05).Conclusion: The observance of the radiation protection standards in Khuzestan Province was in a relativly desirable condition. However, there are some shortcomings in compliance with the principles of protection in the darkroom. In this regard, with recommend adopting protection measures such as timelyreplacement of processing solution, appropriate ventilation of darkroom, provisionof protection equipment and appliances, and protection training required for entering the darkroom.

26-34

Authors: Hamidreza Nasehinia , Sajad Rahimi , Mehdi Kiani , Mohammad Reza Ghaneapur , Fateme Ajam

Introduction and purpose: Diseases and poisonings, caused by the consumption of sweets contaminated with microorganisms, have always been considered as one of the major nutritional problems of people living in the developing countries, including Iran. Regarding this, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of microbial contaminations of traditional sweets supplied in Yazd city, Iran, in 2015. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 322 samples of traditional sweets supplied in Yazd confectionaries, which were randomly selected. These samples were tested in terms of such microorganisms as Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, yeasts, and molds, using the microbiological tests, which were based on the Iranian national standards.Results: According to the results, the prevalence rate of microbial contaminations was 33.8% (n=322). Furthermore, the “Pistachio Luz” and “Hajji Badam” had the highest (88.8%) and lowest (0%) prevalence rates of microbial contamination, respectively. Additionally, the prevalence rate of contamination to Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Molds, and Yeasts were 13.2%, 5%, 21.7%, and 11.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Given the high rate of microbial contamination in the traditional sweets, especially “Pistachio Luz”, offered in Yazd, more regulatory and monitoring measures should be taken in the production and distribution of these sweets.

46-53

Authors: Qasem Abedi , Nasibe Zerangian , Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi , Fereshteh Rostami-Maskopaee

Introduction and purpose: Healthy nutrition is an important factor in student learning and educational achievement. The present study aimed to survey snack pattern and some of its associated factors among students in elementary schools of Gonbad city, Iran, during 2013-2014. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 245 students from eight elementary schools (both state and independent) of Gonbad city, Iran. The participants were chosen through multistage sampling method; in doing so, first Gonbad city was divided into four regions. The subjects were selected after selecting a random sample of schools in each region proportionate to the size of the region. Data was collected through a checklist consisting of two parts of demographic data and consumed snacks, which were collected by health experts. To analyze the data, Chi-squared test and Spearman’s rank-order correlation were used in SPSS, version 17. Results: The mean age of the students was 10.3±1.4 years. About 97.7% of the students consumed snack. Biscuits, cakes, and cookies were the most frequently consumed snacks (49%). Moreover, a significant relationship was found between snack consumption and maternal age (P<0.045), maternal educational level (P<0.001), and birth order of the students (P<0.045). Conclusion: Despite the favorable status of snack consumption in students, more attention should be drawn to the type of materials used in snacks. Given the importance of consumption of breakfast and snack in students, we recommend implementing training programs for students as to the importance of eating snacks.

1-11

Authors: Mosharafeh Chaleshgar kordasiabi , Masoumeh Akhlaghi, Mohsen Askarishahi, Leila Sabzmakan, Masoumeh Abbasi shavazi

Introduction and purpose: Assessment of quality of life (QOL) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is of great importance for health researchers, health planners, and clinical specialists. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate QOL and the factors affecting it in patients with RA.Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed in 185 RA patients (2014) at Shariati Hospital. The participants were chosen through convenience sampling. The data collection tools included a form on demographic and clinical factors, health status (arthritis impact measurement scale2 [AIMS2]), and SF20 QOL questionnaire. Data was analyzed in SPSS 16 using descriptive, univariate, and multivariate regression analysis.Results: The patients had a mean age of 46.97±11.47 years, and most of the patients were female (80.5%), 67.6% of whom were housewives. In general, 90% of the patients had diploma or lower education. Mean of physical dimension of QOL was lower and social and role dimensions were higher than other dimensions. Univariate analysis regression showed that QOL have significant negative relationship with age, disease duration, disease activity score (DAS) and significant positive relationship with education and health status. In multivariate regression analysis, health status, DAS, and education explained 71.7% of QOL. Conclusion: Our results highlighted the influence of demographic and diseaserelated factors on QOL. Thus, they should be implemented in designing educational programs to increase QOL in RA patients.

23-31

Authors: Aynaz Malekyو Jamshid Yazdani-Charatiو Fatemeh Abdollahi

Introduction and purpose: Pediculosis capitis is one of the parasitic skin diseases, which is widespread in many parts of the world since it is contagious. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pediculosis capitis and its related risk factors among the elementary students in Kalaleh, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on the primary students in 2015. For the purpose of the study, 541 students were examined for head lice infestation using a two-stage sampling method. The survey data were collected through direct examination of the skin, hair, and head cover as well as a questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test by SPSS version 20 software. Results: As the results of this study demonstrated, the prevalence of pediculosis capitis among the elementary school students in Kalaleh was 6.5%. There was a significant relationship between the pediculosis capitis and gender, using of personal belongings, sleeping in the same room, and observing personal hygiene such as washing hands frequently with detergents, changing clothes regularly, and taking a bath at least two times a week. However, no significant relationship was observed between the pediculosis capitis and level of education, place of residence, age, father’s occupation, education level of parents, number of household members, having a bathroom in the house, having a health educator, and type of hair. Conclusion: As the findings of the present study indicated, the head lice infestation is highly prevalent among the primary students in Kalaleh city. Regarding this, it is recommended to train the health educators, teachers, parents, and students in order to prevent this infestation.

44-60

Authors: Samaneh Dehghanو Roshanak Rezaei Kalantariو Ali Azariو Sahram Nazari

Introduction and purpose: The release of chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) is accounted as a danger for public health and environment due to their harmful effects such as carcinogenicity, toxicity, and flammability. Trichlorethylene (TCE) is one of the most famous COCs, which is commonly used as a solvent for dry-cleaning and industrial degreasing and contaminates soil and groundwater. Thus, it is considered as a possible carcinogenic compound (class B2) for humans. Therefore, this study was to evaluate the effect of zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) in degradation of TCE. Methods: Iron nanoparticles were prepared through the Ferric Chloride revival method by sodium borohydride. The properties of nanoparticles were determined using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer. In addition, the effect of pH, concentration of trichloroethylene, iron nano-particle dosage, and contact time were studied on TCE removal efficiency. Box Behnken model was used to investigate the interaction of these variables. Analysis of variance was considered as the statistical method for analysis of responses. Results: Results showed that the degradation efficiency was equal to 91.23% in optimal conditions (pH=3, nanoparticles dose= 0.63 g/l, TCE concentration= 11 mg/l, and contact time= 86 min). The results of kinetic studies revealed that TCE degradation by nZVI follows first-order kinetic model. Conclusion: It is conclude that zero-valent iron nanoparticles have a good efficiency in the degradation of TCE. On the other hand, separation of these nanoparticles is simple due to its magnetism properties, which can improve the use of these nanoparticles.

69-77

Authors: Mohammad Adeliو Bahram Kamarehieو Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejehو Zainab Rostami

Introduction and purpose: One of the problems of water distribution systems is loss of large volumes of water due to the occurrence of various events, which incurs a huge financial loss. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the rate of events and water loss in the water distribution system and its related factors in Azna, Lorestan province, Iran, during 2008-2014. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using census method, surveys, and field data collection. The amount of water production and consumption, the volumes of water loss, the number of accidents, type of pipe, pressure zone, as well as the age and length of the pipes recorded during 2008- 2014 were studied and analyzed. Results: According to the results, the highest (34.48%) and lowest (20.57%) amount of water losses happened in 2008 and 2014, respectively. High pressures in water systems had significant relationship with the number of events as well as the amount of water loss and water consumption. In addition, higher length and age of the pipes had a direct correlation with increased number of events and water loss. Furthermore, the maximum number of events were found to occur in the pipe embranchment and galvanized pipes. Conclusion: This study showed that of events was directly related to the length and age of the pipes, the water pressure, and number of branches. Also water loss quantity can be reduced by applying suitable management techniques in different sections. Furthermore, the water loss can be significantly controlled by taking such measures as reducing the pressure in the high-pressure zones, timely replacement of old and inappropriate pipes, appropriate fixing of the pipes, replacement of the galvanized pipe, and standard implementation of pipes and fittings.

1-8

Authors: Kobra Verij kazemi,Nabiollah Mansouri,Faramarz Moattar,Seyed Mostafa Khezri

Introduction and purpose: Exposure to natural sources of radiation, especially radon and its short-term products, is an important issue around the world. Radon exposure causes lung cancer in humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the concentration of radon gas and its annual effective dose in Imam Hospital of Tehran,Iran and to compare its concentrations with the recommended standards. Methods: Radon levels and meteorological parameters (temperature, pressure,and moisture) were measured in different levels and in four seasons, using Radstar and Lutron Electronic devices, respectively, during June 2014-June 2015. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 18. Annual effective dose was calculated, using the equation for annual effective dose introduced by Scientific Committee of the United Nations. Results: The highest concentration of radon and annual effective dose were observed in the winter, which were 82/15 Bq/m3 and0/48 ms/y, espectively. Furthermore, concerning the various levels, the highest concentration was observed in the lowest level (56/1 Bq/m3). onclusion: The results of the current study demonstrated that radon concentration was lower than the standards set by Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization. Regarding this, there are not concerns about the possible dangers of radon gas activities for the personnel and patients of the hospital.

20-29

Authors: Farzad Mohammadi, Mahmood Alimohammadi, Amir Hossein Mahvi, Shahrokh Nazmara, Sajad Mazloomi, Masoomeh Askari.

Introduction and purpose: Soil contamination by petroleum is mostly resulted from oil exploration, refining processes, leaking of oil products from storage tanks, leaking from pipelines due to pipe friction and decay, refinery wastewater discharge and agricultural irrigation with such materials. Sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), which is a chemical oxidant, could be activated in the presence of ferrous (Fe2+) and, leading to the treatment of a wide range of soil contaminants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the removal of hydrocarbons from soil media using persulfate oxidation in the presence of mineral siderite. Methods: Initially, oil-contaminated soil was prepared in the form of two separate samples, including silt-clay and sandy-loam soils, which were orderly spiked with 5000 mg fuel oil per kilogram of dry soil. Following that, the effects of various factors, such as different concentrations of persulfate (100-500 mmol/L) and iderite (0.1-0.5 g/L), pH (3-9) and temperature (20-60◦C) and the removal of petroleum hydrocarbon were assessed.Results: In this study, the optimum condition for degeneration of total petroleum hydrocarbon in silt-clay soils was reported, as follows: temperature: 60◦C, pH: 3, and persulfate/siderite molar ratio of 400 mmol/L to 4.0 g/L. Meanwhile, the optimum condition for the removal of hydrocarbon from sandy-loam soils was pH: 3, temperature: 60◦C and persulfate/siderite molar ratio of 300 mmol/L to 3.0 g/L. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the optimal amount of persulfate and siderite could be used to remove hydrocarbons from contaminated soils.

38-44

Authors: Saeed Motasedi, Sadegh Khazaei Soltanabadi, Kourosh Etemad, Yousef Rashidi, Hamid Gheybipour, Marzieh Rohani Rasaf

Introduction and purpose: Air pollution is an important risk factor for the environment and public health, associated with increased severity of respiratory diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the association between various air pollutants and number of cases with severe acute respiratory syndrome referred to emergency medical centers in Tehran, Iran in 2013. Methods: In this ecological study, the relationship between air pollution and acute respiratory symptoms in patients referred to the emergency centers of Tehran in 2013 was assessed. In total, 36787 patients with acute respiratory symptoms has been registered in these centers. Data on the number of cases with acute respiratory symptoms and air pollutants of emergency centers and air quality monitoring stations were collected. Moreover, Poisson regression was used to assess the relationship between air pollutant concentrations (PM2.5, SO2 , NO2 , O3 , CO) and the number of cases with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Results: The results of the current study demonstrated that CO (weekly average IRR=1.1) and SO2 (three days average IRR=1.03 and weekly average IRR= 1.04) increased the risk of respiratory diseases 10%, 3%, and 4%, respectively. Consequently, longer duration of pollutants would increase the risk of respiratory syndromes. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, increased air pollutant concentrations could be associated with escalated number of patients with acute respiratory symptoms referred to the emergency medical centers in Tehran.

1-11

Authors: Mashallah Nikzad Mahdi Farzad kia Mitra Gholami

Introduction and Purpose: The quantity and quality of industrial wastewater is variable owing to the different lines of production and product variety of industry. Meeting the effluent standards requires proper environmental management. The current study aimed to evaluate the industrial wastewater management in Savojbolagh,Alborz, Iran from an environmental perspective in 2013-2014.Methods: This study was cross-sectional. The data were collected through field visits, questionnaire (of Iran's Environmental Protection Agency), and controlling data from industrial plants with more than 50 workers (totally 108 units). The questionnaire included questions about the quantity, quality, and management of wastewater. Based on an environmental perspective, the way of managing industrial wastewater was classified into four index: wastewater production, per capita production, BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) per capita, and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) per capita which were rated from1 to 6. For each index, a higher score was defined for better management. Results: The wastewater produced by industries was estimated to be 1942 cubic meters per day. Food industry alone produced 59% of the entire industrial wastewater. The industry related to animal slaughtering was shown to have the highest BOD per capita, 320 g/day per every worker; and the cellulose industry enjoyed the highest COD per capita, 561 g/day per every worker. 76% of the industries under investigation had no strategy to reduce the wastewater production. 34% of these industries possessed treatment plants, while only 17% of them were following the effluent discharge standards. The most common method of treated and untreated wastewater disposal was found to be absorbing well. Conclusion: Based on this assessment, the management of wastewater was revealed to be favorable in non-metallic minerals industry, but unfavorable in agriculture industry as the wastewater produced by this industry was considered to be an environmental pollutant.

21-27

Authors: Hadi Eslami, Ameneh Marzban, Seyed Saeed Mazloomy, Zohre Zare.

Introduction and Purpose: AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is one of the greatest social - health problems in many communities in the twentyfirst century. This disease is spreading rapidly due to low awareness and failure to be dealt properly with. The aim of this study was to determine knowledge and attitudes about HIV/ AIDS among health volunteers of Eghlid health centers in 2015. Methods: In this cross - sectional study, 240 health volunteers of Eghlid health centers were employed through census. The data were collected by questionnaires and analyzed by Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA, using SPSS 18. Results: The results showed that the mean score of knowledge and attitude among health volunteers were 14.88±94.2 and 46.85±6.99 respectively. Hence, health volunteers were found to acquire 74.4 % of the knowledge and 66.9 % of the attitude scores. Besides, 19.1%, 18.3%, and 30.6% of the health volunteers didn’t consider sexual contact, blood and blood products transfusions, and occupational contact such as injuries with contaminated needles as means of HIV transmission. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between the score of knowledge, age (P= 0.006), and degree (P ≤0.001).Conclusion: Considering the relatively low level of knowledge about transmission of HIV/ AIDS on the part of health volunteers, it was suggested that suitable and efficient packages and training programs are necessary to train the volunteers as literacy brings up awareness.

37-45

Authors: Ali Toolabi, Ahmad Allahabadi, Mohammad Miri, Hamid Reza Karimi Sani

Introduction and Purpose: Heavy metals are among the most important pollutants in leachate waste, causing serious health risks for humans through entering the food chain and reaching the top of food pyramid. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of modified clinoptilolite in the removal of copper and zinc ions from landfill leachate and modeling of adsorption isotherms and reactions.Methods: This cross-sectional in vitro study was conducted to test waste landfill leachate as a true sample for four seasons in 2014 in Bam, Iran. Natural zeolite (clinoptilolite), modified with 2 M HNO3 solution, was used to remove copper and zinc. Experiments were conducted as batch systems, in which the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on the adsorption of heavy metals in municipal waste landfill leachate by clinoptilolite (as soil amendment) were investigated. Afterwards, the adsorption isotherms of each adsorbent were demonstrated. Results: In total, the removal efficency of zinc in the optimum pH=5, equallied time=120 min and Adsorbent dosage of 120g/l was reached 92%. Adsorption isotherms indicated that the capacity of this adsorbent was higher in zinc, compared to copper, and adsorbents were absorbed with higher energy. The adsorption process was based on Langmuir’s equations (isotherm type II) (R2=0.99). Conclusion: According to the results, adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite was high for copper and zinc and based on isotherm equations, adsorption took place with higher energy. It was concluded that this method could be used for the removal of these metals due to its high removal efficiency. Therefore, it is recommended that further studies be conducted to evaluate the possibility of removal of other heavy metals with this method.