International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science

6-27

Authors: Danish, Samardashi

Different computational software’s were used for species analysis of various semi-cryogenic propellants. After analyzation the ideal and estimated values of various different parameters were calculated. Rocket Propulsion Analysis, a software developed by NASA was used for computing the ideal and estimated values as well as plotting of graphs with respect to different species. The adiabatic temperature of the species was also calculated by performing calculations on Microsoft Excel. In the end 1,1,1,2-tetraflouroethane, a semi-cryogenic propellant was used in order to draw comparison with other species such as Hydrogen, Methane, RPA-1. Graphical representation of the main variables such as pressure, temperature, density, specific heat etc. with respect to the different nozzle positions was also done. Keywords— Cryogenics, Cryogenic Engines, Cryogenic Propellants, Semi-Cryogenic Propellants, Species Analysis, RPA Analysis, Hydrogen (H2), Methane (CH4), RP1(C13H28), 1,1,1,2-Tetra Floro Ethane (CH2FCF3).

34-38

Authors: Sriranga V Deshpande1, P U Karthik2, Naveen Kumar D3, Dr Vijendra Kumar4, Dr K. S Badrinaryan5

Nowadays with a digital control it’s became more and more useful to use such a machine tools with a coded software. This paper will present the design and fabrication of 3-axis milling machine. computer numerically-controlled (CNC) machine which comprise the use of Arduino micro controller to produce pulse-width modulation (PWM) outputs in order to run the stepper motors that will be used in this work. A milling 3-axis CNC is previously used precisely surfaced designed for snapping of wood, plastic sheet and thin sheet of metal alloy by using a rotating drill bit which its accuracy is much lesser than using a lesser cutter technique this machine tool is portable and it’s controlled by computer (PC). Design and Fabrication of CNC with precision Stepper motors that contacted with the lead screw moment along 3 -axis.

46-50

Authors: Varun hegde1, Naveen Kumar D2, Dr Vijendra Kumar3, Dr K. S Badrinarayan4.

Here we are going to fabricate the automated forging machine. It’s a new innovative concept Forging is the term for shaping metal by using localized compressive forces, This machine has been mainly developed for a metal forming to required shape and size. The aim of our project is to eliminate the manual method of forging into automated forging machine to overcome the problems like inaccuracy and manual errors.

60-66

Authors: 1E.Damodar Reddy, 2Mr. J.V .Pavan Chand,

For the sake of uninterrupted power supply (UPS) to the loads, here in this paper we are using the renewable energy source (RES).Among the RES, Photovoltaic and wind energy are most familiar and hence we are using both the energy source which comes under hybrid system or integrated system. The cause of using both the system is to meet the loads demand during off set of any one of the energy source where the balancing of power takes place. In addition to this we are also using a flywheel energy place storage system which is of large capacity and of low speed. It is a connected in shunt along with a VSC-HVDC which is present at grid side circuit based on squirrel cage induction motor. The VSC-HVDC transmission is chosen for the offshore wind farms. The main property of FESS is to absorb the excess amount of energy that reaches the load and also provision of the stored energy to the grid when there is a fault (or) when there insufficient amount of energy to meet the load demand at grid. From the above discussion it is clear that FESS is accomplished for monitoring of power (or) even out through normal and fault operating conditions. The outcomes for the projected system are attained by means of Matlab /Simulink during the normal and abnormal conditions.

74-82

Authors: 1A.Sharmila Begum, 2Mr. P. Deepak Reddy,

Variable frequency voltage based control technique which includes constant- on time (COT) and fixed-off time (FOT) are well suited for wide applications which require fast transient response. In this paper the operation of fixed off -time controlled dc-dc buck converter can be studied in three switching states which includes five operating modes. Here the equivalent or effective series resistance is also taken into consideration because the value of ESR should in permissible limits. Generally the value of ESR should lie in the range of 0-1Ω. Due to improper selection of ESR value of the controlled dc-dc buck converter mode shifting criteria takes place which can be further removed by selecting the suitable ratings of load resistance, inductance values. The behavior of this controlled buck converter with a sudden change in load is also exhibited in this paper. The simulation results for different values of inductance (L), load resistance (R) and effective series resistance ESR (r) and a step change in load are depicted which are obtained using MATLAB SOFTWARE. Here we are using this FOT controlled buck converter for photovoltaic energy generation concept which includes the grid connected system. The simulation results of grid connected PV system using FOT controlled dc-dc buck converter are also shown in this paper.

94-102

Authors: B.Jyothi ,Dr. M. Uma Vani

Voltage dips are most frequent problems occurring in distribution systems. Voltage sags are expansive and are most severe power quality problem. Identification and correction of voltage dip can be done in many ways. Voltage injection by using Distributed Generation (DG) are quite useful in mitigating the voltage sags. This paper addresses correction of voltage sag with solar PV system with inverter side controls using Proportional integral(PI), Fuzzy and ANFIS under balanced and un balanced loading conditions. Usefulness of the proposed controllers is examined through simulation using MATLAB software and the results have shown the validation of the controllers used in the mitigation of voltage dips using DG schemes

111-119

Authors: G.Supriya1, K.Nagalinga Chary2

AC or DC micro grid consists of different renewable sources, converters and loads connected to the power system. These have multiple reverse connections. To overcome such problems we are going through hybrid micro grid. But power management, control over the grid, and function of the hybrid grid are further difficult than an independent ac or dc grid. A hybrid ac/dc micro grid consists of various operating modes. Each converter has its controlling technique to collect optimum power from renewable energy sources. These converters will reduce the power transformation among the networks, maintain the stable operation under different supply and demand conditions. This hybrid micro-grid is outlined to operate with renewable energy sources. And it is interconnection of large AC and LVDC networks, with a bi-directional AC/DC/AC converter. And this system has radial distribution among the networks. Here wind power and solar power are the renewable sources. In the wind power, we have a wind turbine along with DFIG, same as solar power has PV farm along with boost converter which is works on MPPT technique. The system has been simulated in Simulink. The result shows the effective operation of the grid with different sources.

127-131

Authors: Jitendra Yadav, Prakash Girewal, K.K.Shahu

In this modern world, we are well aware about the Manufacturing technologies and methodologies. Industries are to adjusting new and more and more machineries and methods but by these approaches, Sequential Work Place Layout Planning to Achieve Rapid Production Rate Abstract In this modern world, we are well aware about the Manufacturing technologies and methodologies. Industries are to adjusting new and more and more machineries and methods but by these approaches, industries are adopting this method for profit. Some of the methodologies is completely changing the world and this kind of technologies companies are adapting too quick and responsively. In this thesis, we are exploring and integrating some of the methodology such as Six Sigma approach and Sequential Operational Production Planning. For controlling this process, we are integrating sequential operational production planning to achieve rapid production rate and higher sigma level. It is alarmed with changing materials into things and services, as professionally it is possible to make maximum profit for it also contains that the management generate the maximum level of Sigma imaginable within a body.

6-11

Authors: Babita Devi[1], Shashi Shekhar Singh[2]

This paper deals with the behaviour of Flare base circular steel stacks with variable height of 30m, 40m, and 50m respectively. The study aim is to find out the structural behaviour of Flare base steel stack under the equivalent static and dynamic wind forces. The static & dynamic wind analysis is done by using the Staad.Pro Vi8 ss5 software with assumptions as per IS 6533:1989(part1 & part2). The study parameter of static and dynamic forces, maximum deflection due to static & dynamic wind forces for flare base circular steel stacks for the different height with constant wind speed 47m/s (Location:- Agra, India) was compared.

16-20

Authors: Riya Johnson 1, Amritha E. k 2

Concrete made with Portland cement is comparatively strong in compression but weak in tension and tends to be brittle. The weakness in tension can be overcome by the use of conventional rod reinforcement and to some extent by including sufficient volume of certain fibers. There has been a growing interest in utilizing natural fibers for making low cost construction materials in recent years. For environmental protection purposes, the use of natural fibers rather than synthetic fibers is highly recommended. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is more compatible natural fiber resource and constitutes a good chemical composition and has highest tensile strength when compared to other natural fibers. However, the main disadvantages of natural fibers in composites are the poor compatibility between fiber and matrix and the relative high moisture sorption. The chemical treatment of fiber improves the adhesion between the fiber surface and the matrix may not only modify the fiber surface but also increase fiber strength. In this study combined dilute alkali and polymer treated pineapple leaf fiber are provided as secondary reinforcement in concrete beams. The concrete members were experimentally studied. The ultimate Load carrying capacity of beams were obtained and compared with the ordinary RCC beams.

30-39

Authors: Manjunath N K[1], Dr. Annapurna B P[2], Dr. K Naresh[3], Shashi Shekhar Singh[4]

This paper deals with the effect of rice husk ash and filtered sand on the durability property acid attack. In this study M70 grade concrete with rice husk ash, filtered sand and superplasticizer were used. Cement and sand was replaced at the levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% respectively. From the test results, it was observed that rice husk ash SCC and rice husk ash filtered sand SCC has shown better performance than conventional concrete.

47-53

Authors: 1Pradeep Mishra, 2Dr. A.S Verma, 3Avdesh Dixit

An objective of this Experimental work was to optimize and analyzed process parameters namely point angle (deg), spindle speed (RPM) and feed (mm/Rev) in drilling operation of mild steel. In this work, experiments were carried out as per the Taguchi experimental design and an L9 orthogonal array was applied to study the influence of various combinations of process parameters for MRR. ANOVA (Analysis of variance) test was conducted to determine the percentage of contribution for each process parameters on drilling. The results indicate that feed is the most significant factor and point angle is the second most significant factor for Material removal rate. This work is useful for selection optimized values of various controllable process parameters that do not only maximize the MRR but also reduce the delimitation and improve the MRR.

63-68

Authors: Varun Chandra M, Sudarshan M, Sumantha H, Harshith Gowda K I

The metal matrix composite (MMC) have become the leading material in aerospace and automobile industries and particle reinforced aluminum MMC`s have received a considerable attention due to their excellent mechanical properties like hardness, high tensile strength etc. Aluminum matrix composites refer to the class of light weight high performance aluminum ceramic material systems. The purpose is to study above mechanical properties of Al-6061 with boron carbide and graphite in cryogenic condition by varying boron carbide with 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% particulate using stir casting process. An improved mechanical property of composites makes them very useful for various applications in many areas from technological point of view. The microstructure and hardness of the fabricated composites were analyzed and reported. Keywords— Tensile, hardness, Impact, Boron carbide, graphite, Al 6061, cryogenic condition, stir Casting, Metal matrix composites, Scanning Electron Microscopy

75-83

Authors: Bouziane Z.*, Dehimat L. and Kacem Chaouch N

The direct confrontation between T. viride and the various fungi tested in-vitro showed that it had a high capacity for competition, either by invading the entire surface of the petri dish, or by stopping the growth of pathogenic fungi at a distance. When inoculating maize plants with a concentration of 105 spores / ml by F.roseum by spraying the aerial parts, after 14 days of infection, the symptoms of the disease appeared on most maize plants, as did the length of the roots and the measurements of all the vegetative parts decreased significantly compared to control plants. T. viride was tested against F.roseum where T. viride was treated with a concentration of 106 spores / ml. After 22 days of treatment, the symptoms of the disease were disappeared, and the measures of root length and aerial parts were close to those of the control. It is an effective fungus against phytopathogens because it secretes several enzymes that degrade fungal or bacterial cells through the use of parasitism mechanism.

6-17

Authors: Ibtisam Naveed1, Adnan Sabir2

The induction motors were characterized by complex, highly non-linear and time-varying dynamics, and hence their speed control is a challenging problem in the industry. The aim of this paper is to present the speed control of three phase induction motors by variable frequency drive. The variable frequency drive for induction motors is achieved using SPWM which provide better efficiency and higher performance. The motor speed is investigated both at fixed load and variable load. Moreover a close loop PI controller was designed at rated load based on dynamic behavior of error signal. It has been found that by designing a proper PI controller the motor starting current is reduced significantly. Moreover at rated torque efficiently speed of motor can be controlled. PI speed controller not help to reduce dynamic performance of the system but also help to reduce the steady state error, the error sensibility, high performance and smooth speed response. The complete mathematical model of the system is described and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results provide a smooth speed response and high performance under various dynamic operations.Keywords— Induction Motor, PI controller, SPWM technique, Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

24-31

Authors: Laveena Agarwal1, Vinish Kumar2, Dwaipayan Dey 3

From last few years, vehicle plate recognition (VPR) has become a vital technology of security and traffic applications. In this paper we present a training based approach for the recognition of vehicle number plate. The whole process has been divided into three stages i.e. capturing the image, plate localization and recognition of digits over the plate. HOG features have been used for the training purpose and Support Vector Machine (SVM) is employed for the classification purpose yielding in more than 99% accuracy while recognition. The algorithm has been tested over more than 100 images. Keywords: Vehicle Plate Recognition (VPR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Histogram of Gradient (HOG),Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Licence Plate Recognition (LPR)

38-47

Authors: Ali M. Hasan

The Mid-Sagittal Plain (MSP) of Brain is an important initial step in brain image analysis because of providing an initial estimation for the brain, pathology assessment and tumor detection. The human brain is divided into two hemispheres and these hemispheres are approximately bilateral symmetry around the MSP, that’s mean that most of structures in one side of the brain have a counterpart on the other side with similar shape and location. This paper presents a technique for detecting and correcting the MSP of brain from magnetic resonance images (MRI) by using Principle component analysis (PCA) method that computes the distinctive principle axes that are orthogonal to each other, and determine the orientation of the patient’s head instead of depending on measuring symmetry to identify the MSP of brain. Keywords-component; Magnetic resonance image (MRI); Principle compnent analysis (PCA); Mid-Sagittal Plain (MSP)

75-82

Authors: Anuja C.G1, Anand J Dhas2

This paper highlights a non-invasive 3D reconstruction and monitoring technique for early detection of melanoma. Melanoma is life threating when it grows beyond the dermis of skin. Hence, depth is an important factor to diagnose melanoma. The computer aided monitoring system empowers and motivates the user to actively manage their skin health status by collecting, processing and store information of skin lesion through classifications. In this paper introduces a 3D segmentation method, which is an energy minimization based method designed to segment individual objects in 3D satisfying certain size and shape properties. Different feature set combination is considered and performance is evaluated. Experimental results prove that the proposed computerized dermoscopic system is efficient and can be used to diagnose varied skin lesions. Keywords— 3D lesion reconstruction, 3D features and tumor depth estimation, 3D segmentation, skin lesions, melanoma, Bag of Features, Adaboost algorithm, Support Vector Machine.

91-100

Authors: Abin O. Bright 1, J.Blessy2

Automatic aircraft recognition is a challenging task. Conventional methods always extract the overall shapes of aircraft at first and then represent the aircraft based on the extracted shape with different features for recognition. The major problem of these methods is that they have a high requirement on shape extraction, which is too idealistic for targets in Remote sensing images. To address these challenges, propose a new aircraft recognition framework, which can be divided into three processes: region proposal, classification, and accurate aircraft localization process. First, a region proposal method is used to generate candidate regions with the aim of detecting all objects of interest within these images. Then, generic image features from a local image corresponding to each region proposal are extracted by a combination model of 2-D reduction convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Haar cascade method is used to classification of aircraft. To improve the location accuracy, introduces an unsupervised score based bounding box regression (USB-BBR) algorithm, combined with a non-maximum suppression algorithm to optimize the bounding boxes of regions that detected as objects. Experiments show that the dimension-reduction model performs better than the retrained and fine-tuned models and the detection precision of the combined CNN model is much higher than that of any single model. The proposed USB-BBR algorithm can more accurately locate objects within an image. Compared with traditional features extraction methods, such as elliptic Fourier transform based histogram of oriented gradients and local binary pattern histogram Fourier, the proposed localization framework shows robustness when dealing with different complex backgrounds. Keywords— Aircraft recognition, Convolutional neural networks (CNN), unsupervised score-based bounding box regression (USB-BBR), Haar Cascade method.

109-114

Authors: Nkodi* T.M1, Kayembe J.S2., Biey M. E 3.and Taba K.M2

This work aims to study co-digestion of composted mixture of cassava peels and coffee pulp with cow dung .Cassava peels was mixed with coffee pulp in the following ratios by weight, 1:1, 3:1, 1:3, Cassava peels alone (1:0) and coffee pulp alone (0:1) served as controls. The mixtures and controls were submitted to composting for 30 days then placed in five digesters C1 for 1:1 blend,C2 for 3:1 blend,C3 for 1:3 blend , C4 for cassava peels alone and C5 for coffee pulps alone. Another batch of five digesters consisting of each composted mixture of cassava peels and coffee pulps to which was added equal amount of cow dung labeled as follows: CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4 and CB5. Biodigestion was conducted under mesophilic conditions into 5L biodigesters with a loading rate of 5% of total solids. Biogas production was measured by using water displacement method for 35 days. The highest cumulative volume of biogas was produced by composted mixture with cow dung and the yield decreased in the following order 16.50, 15.38, 15.07, 12.68 and 10.97L/KgTS respectively for CB3>CB1>CB5>CB2>CB4. The composted mixture alone yielded the following amount of biogas: 10.26, 9.11, 8.86, 7.50, and 7.07L/KgTS respectively for C1, C5, C4, C3 and C2. Co-digestion of the composted mixture of cassava peels and coffee pulps with cow dung can be considered as a good system to enhance biogas production from cassava peels.

6-14

Authors: Ali Wafaa Aldeen Baqer1, Maythem Saad Ali2

Incremental sheet metal forming is adaptable rapid manufacturing in sheet forming process that lead to cost and time effective and good quality products, more flexible and less set up cost to any complexity parts, so that it is highly versatile nowadays. Therefore, incremental sheet metal forming technology solving many problems found in conventional sheet forming. More than researchers continue in studying improvement (ISMF) process. In this work, simple and complex shapes manufacture by Single Point Incremental Forming process (SPIF) without using a dedicated die depending on helical tool path was generated by Unigraphics-NX10 (UGS-NX10) programing system. The aim of the presented work is to investigate the feasibility of the incremental forming process for different geometry shapes by using computer numerical control (CNC) depending on zero spindle speed using 1050 aluminum sheet material. The results from this work gives good indication about the complexity of using different shapes in (ISMF). Therefore, improvement of this process by using different shapes as a design tool for incremental sheet forming very important things. Keywords: Single Point Incremental Sheet Forming, Helical Tool Path, Springback, Sheet Thickness.

25-29

Authors: 1Dr. Amjad Miqdadi, 2Prof. Safwan Al Salaimeh,

In recently becoming more common logistics information management system (LIMS)such systems are created to coordinate the production and business activities, financial and economic support and information services units integrated set of interrelated organizational technological systems. The logistics informational management systems have the following subsystems: Logistics store of raw materials and components production of finished products. Thus, it becomes possible to increase productivity and minimize production costs due to operational processing information on the status of individual elements of the object management. In this paper the preliminary survey of the control object can be represented as an instance of the model formation (6), that is forming element object class subcategories LS, LP, and Lu , the transition from the general form morphisms (7) to their specific filing defined sequencing of morphisms by establishing the type of law of forming (8) and verification of the results obtained on a specific way of formation of commutative diagram (chart) (9) and verification of all the relevant condition of equality works of morphisms. Keywords: logistics, computerization activities, morphisms, category, relationship, processing.

35-39

Authors: Mitali Lade, Dr. J. W. Bakal, K. Jayamalini

Botnets have become one of the main threats to Network security. Botnets have been used to stage denial of service attacks, spam campaigns, stealing user passwords and other malicious activities. Detecting botnets has become an important priority for network security. The proposed paper is going to focus on three techniques namely Signature based detection, Firewall IP Blocking and Anomaly based detection to detect bot and give the comparison of these techniques and also try to give better efficient result. Keywords- signature based detection, firewall IP blocking , Anomaly based detection

48-50

Authors: B. Sudhakar1 , S.Naveenprasath2

The gyro monorail, gyroscopic monorail, or gyro-stabilized monorail are terms for a single rail land vehicle that uses the gyroscopic action of a spinning wheel to overcome the inherent instability of balancing on top of a single rail. A monorail is a railway in which the track consists of a single rail, typically elevated. The dynamic stabilization of a mono rail or two wheeler automobile requires that a torque acting on a car from an outside be neutralized by a torque produce within the car by a gyroscope. The vehicle runs on a single conventional rail, so that without the balancing system it would topple over. a spinning wheel is mounted in a gimbals frame whose axis of rotation (the precession axis) is perpendicular to the spin axis. The assembly is mounted on the vehicle chassis such that, at equilibrium, the spin axis, precession axis and vehicle roll axis are mutually perpendicular. The Sweeney-Ferreira Gyro-Dynamics Monorail, like many other monorail concepts, never made it beyond the test track. Keywords—Mono Rail,Gyro Mono Rail, Gyroscope Mono Rail, Single Track Rail.

6-14

Authors: Amit Patil1 , Utkarsh Patil2

In Automobiles, Seat is very important part. The standard car seat is designed to support thighs, the buttocks, lower and upper back, and head support. The front driver and passenger seats of most vehicles have three main parts: the seat back (squab), seat base (cushion), and the head-rest. These components are usually constructed from foam to provide comfort to the rider. When choosing this product, foam manufacturers must consider the most suitable foam for balancing comfort, support, safety, and recycling properties. This paper gives overall idea of Automotive seating system. Keywords— Automobile, Seat, Head rest, Foam, Tracks, Recliners, Seat belt.

24-33

Authors: Dr.N. Janardhan

In the context of depletion of fossil fuels, evar increase of pollution levels with fossil fuels, search for alternative fuels has become pertinent. Vegetable oils are important substitutes for diesel fuel as their properties are comparable to diesel fuel. Investigations were carried out to study exhaust emissions of diesel engine with air gap insulated low heat rejection (LHR–2) combustion chamber consisting of air gap insulated piston with 3 mm air gap, with superni (an alloy of nickel) crown and air gap insulated liner with superni insert with varied injector opening pressure. Exahsut emissions [ particulate emissions and nitrogen oxide levels] were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the LHR–2 combustion chamber and compared with neat diesel operation on conventional engine (CE) and vegetable oil operation at similar operating conditions. Engine with LHR–2combustion chamber with vegetable oil operation showed reduction of particulate emissions at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27o bTDC, and these emissions decrased marginally with increased injector opening pressure n comparison with CE with diesel and vegetable oil at 27obTDC. However, LHR-2 engine drastically increased nitrogen oxide levels in comparion with conventional engine with vegetable oil. Index Terms– Alternative fuels, Vegetable oil, Exhasut emissions, Particulate Emissions, Nitrogen oxide levels, Conventional engine, LHR engine, Injection pressure

46-52

Authors: Dr. S.Veni1, Aparna Srinivasan2

The aim of this research is to identify the deviations from metrics and rectify the deviations using data mining and six sigma techniques. In this research work investigates the effectiveness of using computer-based machine learning algorithms of isotonic regression classifier has to be predicting performance by given data for analyzing the project task of actual and estimated value for planning stage, Designing stage, Building stage, User Acceptance test (UAT) stage, System Integrating Test (SIT) stage, Integration testing and implementation stage in Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Keywords— Isotonic Regression classifier, Calibration curve, Six sigma metrics, project development stages, Pair-adjacent violators algorithm