Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology

62-65

Authors: Sanjay Kumar, Prakash Tomar, J. Prakasha Rao

Aim: The aim of the present investigation is to study the effects of caffeine on frog skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues. Material and methods: In this study muscle strips were obtained from Sartorius muscle, heart muscle and rectum of frog after pithing the animal. Caffeine (30mM) was administered in aqueous form with the help of Micropipette directly upon the isolated muscle sample. These isolated samples were prepared, fixed and analyzed with the help of laser beam where linear movement of muscle contraction is converted to angular movement which was recorded on the graph paper and further statistical analysis was done using student’s t-test to determine significance of differences between means. A “p” value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Conclusion: Caffeine (30mM) induces sustained contraction in skeletal and smooth muscle, but cardiac muscle does not respond to caffeine though it increases the natural beat of sinoatrial preparation.

74-80

Authors: Mrithunjay Ratthore, R. Periyasamy, D. K. Sharma, Manisha Sinha, Sachin Pandey, Somitra Trivedi

Objective: To determine the effects of Yoga posture on the Trunk Muscle Activities by examining the muscle activation patterns in erector spine and rectus abdominis muscles. Design Setting: Repeated-measures of descriptive study done at Biomechanics laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, NIT Raipur. Participants: In this work, participants with no previous experience of Yoga and low back pain (mean age ± SD, 18.0 ± 4.3 y; 10 Males) were recruited. Methods: we recorded muscle activity from erector spine and rectus abdominis muscle for two different yoga poses. By maximum voluntary contraction procedure, mean muscle activity value for two different yoga poses were determined. Results: There were significant effects of yoga pose on trunk muscle activities. We found significant (p<0.0001) change in trunk muscle activation during cobra pose as compared to boat pose. Conclusions: From the result we found variations in trunk muscle activities during cobra pose and boat pose. There was significant difference in muscle strength during cobra pose as compared to boat pose; therefore the Cobra pose is effective for strengthening Erector spinae muscle and this pose can be incorporated in yoga training module for addressing low back pain (LBP).

84-88

Authors: Kalyankar A G, Shingare P H, Divan CV

Background: Variation of hepatic artery in the hepatoduodenal ligament is very frequent, hence it is important to identify its branches before any surgery is attempted in this area, because injury to these structures may result in troublesome hemorrhage, even the inadevarant ligation to the right or common hepatic arteries results into hepatic infarction, necrosis or so called liver death. Hence the study of variations in hepatic pedicle is of interest to both surgeons and anatomist. Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the presentation of branching patterns of hepatic artery in the hepatic pedicle. Aim was to study variation of proper hepatic artery and to co-relate its importance in liver transplantation. Material and Methods: A total of 100 cadavers were dissected as per the routine method with routine instruments. The hepatoduodenal ligament was dissected and hepatic artery was followed towards the porta hepatis. The branching patterns of proper hepatic artery was noted. After collecting the data, statistical analysis was done. Observations: Results showed the normal branching patterns of proper hepatic artery in 86% cadavers and remaining 14% cadavers had variations which were of 3 types. Discussion and Conclusion: The study shows significant frequency of variations in the anatomy of proper hepatic artery. Hence a detailed study of this structure is warranted before and during hepatic transplant and other procedures in this to avoid post-operative complications such as biliary ischemia, stricture or hemorrhage.

92-96

Authors: Amit Kant Singh, Ramji Singh, Ajay R. Chaudhari, Narsingh Verma, Brijendra Singh

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) infertility is defined as “no conception after at least 12 months of unprotected intercourse”. Sperm morphology is an important index of fertility. The presence of many abnormal sperm forms indicate impaired fertility. The high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a result of oxidative stress have been associated with the peroxidation of cell membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids, thus it is hypothesised that the increased ROS level in seminal plasma due to oxidative stress may lead to sperm cell membrane defects which may cause morphological deformity in the sperm cells. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate the sperm deformity index (SDI) and its relation with the ROS level in the seminal plasma of normozoospermic and oligoasthenoteratozoospermic subjects. Materials and Methods: 200 semen samples were studied (100 Normozoospermic and 100 oligoasthenoteratozoospermic cases). The samples were evaluated for sperm concentration, motility, morphology, sperm deformity index and level of oxidative stress. Results: The SDI is inversely related sperm concentration, Percentage Motility, Percentage Normal Morphology. The linear relation was observed between SDI and level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (MDA level). Conclusion: The study concluded with the remark that high level of ROS may be responsible for the morphological deformities of the sperm cells. Further, SDI score is a useful tool in identifying infertile men with high seminal ROS in infertility clinics where facilities for measuring levels of seminal ROS are not available.

105-107

Authors: Karadkhedkar S, Somwanshi ND

Background: Low level of aerobic fitness is an inevitable consequence of physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle that some experts state to be the most important public health problem of the 21st century. Working women have more stress than nonworking women. Increasing amount of work stress at home and also at work place. .The concept of aerobic exercise for reducing anxiety & improving cardio respiratory parameters has created a great interest in medical research field. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of 16 weeks of aerobic exercise on different physiological parameters like pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, breath holding time and VO2 max (Maximal Oxygen Consumption). Methods: Thrity healthy young adult female subjects between age 30 to 45 years were selected for study. Subjects practiced aerobic exercise at least 5 days a week. VO2 max was calculated by Queens college step test, pulse rate by palpatory method, respiratory rate and breath holding time visually, systolic and diastolic blood pressure by mercury sphygmomanometer. All parameters were calculated before and after 16 weeks of aerobic training program. Results: Study demonstrated that 16 weeks of aerobic training produced favorable changes in all cardiovascular parameters.

1-5

Authors: Amit Kant Singh, Kirti Jaiswal, KM Shukla, Santosh Kumar Sant, Sandeep Kumar, A N Gayassudin Hyder

Background & Objectives: Arterial blood pressure is an important physiological parameter in epidemiology of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension has been reported to be generally associated with sympathetic over activity. In the study of hypertension, several authors have made use of a technique, known as Cold Presser Test. It was designed to measure the reactivity of blood pressure to a standard stimulus. Thus this study was undertaken to evaluate the response to the standard stimulus in the school going children. Methods: The study was conducted on healthy school children between the age group of 6.5 years to 11.5 years. The blood pressure was recorded using the standard auscultatory technique and cold pressure test was done as described by Hines & Brown (1932). Individuals were categorized into two groups, depending on their reactivity to cold pressure test as norm reactors (NR) and hyper-reactors (HR). Results: The significant increase (p<0.05) in post-test SBP and DBP was observed in the subjects with the ages of 8.5 years and above. The magnitude of increase in SBP and DBP is in inverse proportion to the age of the subjects. The percentage of hyper- reactors showed an increasing trend with the age. Interpretation & Conclusions: As the age has inverse proportion the increase of blood pressure the younger age group children need more caring approach both in school and home and as the percentage of hyper- reactors increase with age and class level this indicates the role of academic level influencing the blood pressure reactivity.

11-15

Authors: Ishaan Kalavatia, Shashikant Agarwal, Ajay Ku. Bhargava, Atul Tiwari4, M. Hamid

The present study conducted on 100 patients with the aim that ADA estimation is a simple cheaper and quicker biochemical test and could provide additional supportive evidence for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion in clinically suspected cases and will therefore help in early institution of therapy to these patients. The data was collected and interpreted at department of Physiology and Department of Biochemistry, Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar, Rajasthan.

21-25

Authors: Sainu Susan Oommen

Introduction: The wrist is a complex joint that serves as the link between the forearm and hand and is critical for many upper extremity movements. An understanding of distal end of ulna anatomy allows for appreciation of the biomechanics of wrist movement, which helps the clinician to understand injury patterns, perform an efficient history and physical examination, and improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment decisions. Keeping this in mind, anatomy of distal end of ulna is studied on south Indian population. Methods: The distal end of 100 ulnae (50 of each sides) of unknown sex from the Anatomy department of Fr. muller medical college, Mangalore were studied for natural variation in the shape and width of pole, height of the seat, width of fovea and shape and size of styloid process. Results: The average width of pole was 5.13mm.84% of pole showed kidney shape. The average maximum height of seat was 6.5mm and 65% showed sloping. The average width of fovea was 4.32mm and 36% showed absence of vascular foramina. The length of styloid process recorded was 5.6mm and 4% of left ulnae showed absence of styloid process. Also noted that 18% absence in groove of ECU. Conclusion: Careful observation of the lower end of ulna shows that it is made up of four main parts, viz, seat, pole, fovea and styloid process. These parts play an important role in anatomy and physiology of DRUJ and wrist. Any alterations in the morphometric and morphology can produce various clinical conditions like perforation of TFCC, ulnar impaction syndrome, ulnar styloid triquetral impaction syndrome. Keywords: distal end of ulna, head of ulna, seat, styloid process

31-36

Authors: Harpreet Kour, V.A.Kothivale, Shivaprasad S.Goudar

Background and Objectives: Diabetes Mellitus is a multifaceted metabolic disease that can have devastating effects on multiple organs in the body and in the long run with micro and macro vascular complications that cause significant morbidity and mortality. Cognitive dysfunctions and impaired memory are commonly seen in patients with T2DM. The present study was to investigate cognitive function i.e. various domains of Memory of newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to study the effects of short term structured exercise therapy of eight weeks would improve various domains of memory in diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of age group 20-45 years. Methods: 30 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM were enrolled in Diabetic control group. The structured exercise therapy was given to diabetic group after measuring baseline parameters. 30 normal healthy sex and age matched healthy control were enrolled under normal control group. HbAIc, BMI, and various domains of memory functions were measured. Results: Patients on Interventional therapy showed statistically significant improvement in attention and concentration (p< 0.001), Immediate recall (p < 0.05), verbal retention for similar pairs (p < 0.05), and visual retention (p < 0.05) Interpretation and Conclusion: Exercise therapy along with dietary control and anti-diabetic medication will have a positive influence on various domains of memory functions.

42-45

Authors: Nikha Bhardwaj, Dushyant Agrawal, Vineeta Tewari, Brijendra Singh, M.S.Siddiqui

Introduction: The knowledge of the neurovascular relationships of the infratemporal region is relevant in dentistry and surgery. Aims and objective: To study the variations of nerves and maxillary artery in human cadavers through infratemporal dissection. The branches from the posterior division of the mandibular nerve studied and analyzed for abnormal course and branches. Material and method: 85 human cadavers were dissected and studied. Result: A rare type of bilateral communication between the auriculotemporal and inferior alveolar nerve is reported in this study. This communicating nerve is neither related to maxillary artery which is superficial to lateral pterygoid muscle in this case, nor it is related to origin of mylohoid nerve (these type of variations are described in most of the previous studies).Other variations are deep course of maxillary artery, variations in origin of nerve to mylohyoid etc.

51-55

Authors: Tejashwini. V. Basarigidad, Saryu Sain, Spoorthi. B. S

traocular pressure varies throughout the night and day. The diurnal variation for normal eyes is between 3-6mmHg and the variation may increase in glaucomatous eyes. Hence, we wanted to investigate the effect of exercise on intraocular pressure changes in relation to Body Mass Index. The effect of exercise on intraocular pressure and blood pressure was evaluated in our clinical laboratory in 30 voluntary 1st year Medical Students of Basaveshwara Medical College, Chitradurga, after the institutional ethical clearance. Materials used in the study were Schizont tonometer, Measuring tape, Weighing Scale, Treadmill and Paracaine eye drops. After a resting period, the subject’s height and weight were recorded. Paracaine eye drops were instilled in both the eyes and then intraocular pressure recorded using Schizont Tonometer after 2 min so that anaesthetics acts. Then they were asked to walk on Treadmill with average speed till they were exhausted, again intraocular pressure was noted as above with all aseptic precautions. The statistical analysis was done using students unpaired t- test using SPSS software. Results were expressed in terms of Mean and Standard deviation. P value was taken significant at 5 percent confidence level (p<0.05). Results: Intraocular pressure was measured according to BMI under two groups, first with group having BMI less than 22 and other in group having BMI more than 22. There was a significant decrease in intraocular pressure after exercise in group two with BMI more than 22. Gender wise comparison of intraocular pressure both before and after exercise did not reveal much significance. Blood pressure was also recorded both before and after exercise which did not reveal any significance in relation to BMI. From our study we conclude that exercise has significantly decreased the intraocular pressure and has a correlation with body mass index in young age group.

1-7

Authors: Dushyant Agrawal, Brijendra Singh and Gitika Arya Agrawal

Aim: This present study meant to describe different shape and dimensions of suprascapular notch, and to classify different types of scapula on the basis of notch. Material & Methods: 293 dried scapulae were observed, examined and studied in detail. Scapulae with supra-scapular notch were included in the present study. Measurements of suprascapular notch were taken with the help of digital Vernier calliper and recorded in millimetres. The superior transverse diameter, Inferior transverse diameter of supra scapular notch, depth were recorded. The data was analyzed statistically. Observations & Results: We observed five types of notch in scapulae, type I: without a discrete notch (ill defined), 36 (12.28%), type II: a ‘V’ shaped notch, 69 (23.54%); type III: ‘U’ shaped notch, 132 (45.0%); type IV: inverted ‘V’ shaped notch, 52 (17.74%); type V with absent supra scapular notch: 4(1.36%). Conclusion: The present classification of the suprascapular notch is simple, easy to use, and based on specific dimensions which help to clearly distinguish five types of these structures. This study will also help clinicians to correlate suprascapular nerve entrapment with a specific type of suprascapular notch.

10-14

Authors: Dr. Mallikarjun Adibatti, Dr. Asha K

Congenital anomalies of the spleen range from splenic lobulation, to accessory spleen to polysplenia, absence of the spleen, duplications, Splenoptosis or wandering spleen. Out of these the accessory spleen is the most common anomalies encountered. All these pathological conditions result from an altered embryogenesis of the spleen and are generally associated with other congenital abnormalities. A number of earlier studies reported on accessory spleens and splenunculi whereas, to our knowledge, there are very minimal studies in the literature concerning congenital anomalies of the spleen particularly multilobulated spleen. Hence the present study was taken up to study the frequency of congenital anomalies in cadavers with special reference to multilobulated spleen. Radiologists should be aware of this condition in order to avoid incorrectly diagnosing this ectopic tissue as metastasis, adenopathy or another solid tumor.

22-28

Authors: Dr. Pradeep Singh, Dr. Vasundra Kulshrestha, Dr.Brijendra Singh

A study was conducted in 15 postmortem human hearts in anatomy department of S.N.Medical College, Agra. Methyviolet dye and Neutral red dye was injected in left coronary and right coronary arteries respectively to delineate the areas perfused by them. The areas appeared by diffusion of dye from respective arteries is then plotted on graph paper and minimum and maximum areas were measured. The mean surface area perfused by right coronary artery was 12442.4 sq.mm and left coronary artery was 11127.13 sq.mm. Thus, our study showed right coronary artery dominance.

34-40

Authors: Dr. Brijendra Singh and Dr. Meenakshi Chowdhary

Stem cells have the remarkable properties of developing into a variety of cell types in the human body. Two basic characteristics of stem pluripotent cells are their capacity for self-renewal and multi lineage differentiation. Since then, some advances have been made towards understanding the basic biology of stemness and their differentiation into different cell lineages, but harnessing of their promised potential to usher in the era of regenerative medicine is still a long way to go. The medical community is now researching and developing the ability to use stem cells in the battle against many types of cancer. It has been shown that the transplant of stem cells into cancerous regions of the body results in the formation of cells that target and attach themselves to the cancerous cells and can trigger cell death, eventually reducing the number of cancer cells and size of the tumor as the process repeats many times. This review is aimed at revisiting classification of stem cell with enlightment in newer concepts and ongoing related controversies.

48-50

Authors: Amit Kant Singh, Santosh Kumar Sant, Ramji Singh, Arun Nagrath, Mohan Singh, ANG Hyder, R.K. Gupta,

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are ubiquitous reactive derivatives of O2 metabolism found in the environment and in all biological systems. Within the cardiovascular system, ROS play a crucial physiological role in maintaining cardiac and vascular integrity and a pathophysiological role in cardiovascular dysfunction associated with several clinical conditions, including hypertension. It is known that oxidative stress affects the testicular function by disruption of germinal cell epithelial division and differentiation along with the induction of germ cell apoptosis.

57-59

Authors: Dr Manisha B. Sinha, Dr Abu Ubaida Siddiqui and Dr D K Sharma

In relation with thyroid gland, functional as well as morphological variation is very common in individual to individual. Levator glandulae thyroideae, a band extending from pyramidal lobe to the thyroid cartilage or hyoid usually on left side. We found in a 72years old female cadaver, a band extending from right lobe of thyroid to hyoid bone with hypoplasia of left lobe and band was innervated by external laryngeal branch of vagus. Microscopically this band is fibromusculoglandular. Knowledge of anatomical and developmental variation and its nerve supply will aid the surgeon for safe surgeries.

64-68

Authors: SM Nayeemuddin, Manali Arora, Surajit Ghatak and Brijendra Singh

Objectives: To study the origin of subclavian artery and its branching pattern. Material and methods: During routine cadaveric dissection for undergraduate medical students, a unilateral variation in the branching pattern of the left subclavian artery was noted on the left side of a 70 year old male cadaver. Result: Left subclavian artery arises from the arch of aorta and immediately divides into medial branch and a lateral branch. Most of the branches are arises from the medial branch whereas vertebral artery originated from the lateral branch of the subclavian artery. Conclusion: Surgeons must be aware of possible variations of the major arteries and be able to identify them. This is very important for appropriate invasive techniques in order to achieve desired objectives and to avoid major complications especially during vascular surgery.