Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences

1-5

Authors: Bibekananda Meher and Anupama Roy

Nowadays obesity is a major health problem all over the worlds especially in developed and developing countries. A person with a BMI equal to or more than 25 is considered overweight. Excess body weight is a result of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Obesity is responsible for a number of health complications like diabetic and cardiovascular. Drugs available in market posses a number of adverse effects. Leptin is adipose derived cytokine which is essential for regulation of body weight and energy balance. Leptin regulate lipid profile and glucose metabolism, neuroendocrine functions. Leptin exerts immediate effects by acting on the brain to regulate appetite. Leptin is the first identified adipose-tissue-derived cytokine, which exerts profound functions in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, glucose metabolism, reproduction and immune response.

16-20

Authors: Munesh Mani and Devendra S Rathore

Ailanthus excelsa (Family: Simaroubaceae) is commonly known as Mahanimba and Arlu. In this study stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa were evaluated by anti-implantation and abortifacient method at three doses i.e. 100mg/Kg, 150mg/Kg and 200mg/Kg of the body weight of the rat. It was observed that treatment with methanolic extract of Ailanthus excelsa at the dose of 200 mg/kg was shown significant anti-fertility effect. Ailanthus excelsa possess anti-fertility activity by inhibiting implantation and abortifacient action.

112-115

Authors: Shailendra Singh Tomar, A K Mishra and A K Pathak

Bilayer tablet is a new era for successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide successful delivery system for drug in the body. The delivery system formulated with an approach of Bilayer tablet is much more efficient than the traditionally used oral dosage form. So use of bilayer tablet is a very unique approach for anti-inflammatory and analgesic. The concept of bilayer tablet can be an option for diminishing the incompatibilities between Active pharmaceutical ingredients and to enable the development of release profiles. Bilayer tablet permits the release of two drugs in combination and also aids for the sustained release of tablet in which one layer is for immediate release as loading dose and composition of maintenance dose as second layer. In this article we had tried to provide an introduction to bilayer tablet technology, quality and GMP requirements for their production and various techniques used for bilayer tablet production.

121-123

Authors: Priyanka Arjariya

Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. Pharmacists are highly-trained and skilled healthcare professionals who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients. Many pharmacists are also small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice.

65-94

Authors: Soni P, Chaudhary GP and Soni LK

Natural polysaccharides are now extensively used for the development of solid dosage forms for delivery of drug to the colon. The rationale for the development of a polysaccharide based delivery system for colon is the presence of large amounts of polysaccharidases in the human colon as the colon is inhabited by a large number and variety of bacteria which secrete many enzymes e.g. β-d-glucosidase, β-d-galactosidase, amylase, pectinase, xylanase, β-d-xylosidase, dextranase, etc. Various major approaches utilizing polysaccharides for colon-specific delivery are fermentable coating of the drug core, embedding of the drug in biodegradable matrix, formulation of drug-saccharide conjugate (prodrugs). A large number of polysaccharides have already been studied for their potential as colon-specific drug carrier systems, such as chitosan, pectin, chondroitin sulphate, cyclodextrin, dextrans, guar gum, inulin, amylose and locust bean gum.. The colon specific delivery systems based on a single polysaccharide do not efficiently permit targeted release. The pH and transit time can vary depending on the individual and the particular disease state. The conventional approaches give rise to premature drug release. The combination/chemically modified forms of polysaccharides eliminated the drawbacks associated with the use of single polysaccharide. Recent efforts and approaches exploiting these polysaccharides in colon-specific drug delivery by bacterially triggered systems.

106-111

Authors: Manoj Kumar Goyal, Ashutosh Dubey and Hariom Tyagi

The present study was aimed at preparing sustained floating drug delivery system of Rabeprazole to increase its gastric residence time and bioavailability after oral administration. Total ten formulations were formulated by direct compression technique using HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M and ethyl cellulose (floating agent) as polymers along with sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent. The formulations were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, buoyancy lag time, total floating time, swelling index and invitro drug release. All ten formulations possessed good floating properties with total floating time >12 hrs.

28-50

Authors: Soni P, Chaudhary GP and Soni LK

Although oral delivery has become a widely accepted route of administration of therapeutic drugs, the gastrointestinal tract presents several formidable barriers to drug delivery. Colonic drug delivery has gained increased importance not just for the delivery of the drugs for the treatment of local diseases associated with the colon but also for its potential for the delivery of proteins and peptides. To achieve successful colonic delivery, a drug needs to be protected from absorption or the environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract (git) and then be abruptly released into the proximal colon, which is considered the optimum site for colon-targeted delivery of drugs. Peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides and vaccines pose potential candidature for colon targeted drug delivery. The various strategies for targeting orally administered drugs to the colon include covalent linkage of a drug with a carrier, coating with pH-sensitive polymers, formulation of timed released systems, exploitation of carriers that are degraded specifically by colonic bacteria, bioadhesive systems and osmotic controlled drug delivery system. Certain plant polysaccharides such as amylose, inulin, pectin and guar gum remains unaffected in the presence of gastrointestinal enzymes and pave the way for the formulation of colon targeted drug delivery systems. Natural polysaccharides have been used as tools to deliver the drugs specifically to the colon. These polysaccharides remain intact in the physiological environment of stomach and small intestine but once the dosage form enters into colon, it is acted upon by polysaccharidases, which degrades the polysaccharide and releases the drug into the vicinity of bioenvironment of colon. However, they should be protected while gaining entry into stomach and small intestine due to enormous swelling and hydrophilic properties of polysaccharides. This has been achieved either by chemical crosslinking or by addition of a protective coat. The advantages of targeting drugs specifically to the diseased colon are reduced incidence of systemic side effects, lower dose of drug, supply of the drug to the biophase only when it is required and maintenance of the drug in its intact form as close as possible to the target site.

58-60

Authors: Manoj Kumar

Drug micro-particle formulation is a very good technique leading to a product called icrosuspension. Acetazolamide is used orally for the reduction of Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) in patients suffering from glaucoma. Acetazolamide is practically insoluble in water and in the aqueous tear fluid, and this limits its ocular bioavailability. Several attempts have been made to formulate topically active acetazolamide in order to minimize its systemic side effects. Poly-ε-caprolatone (PCL) is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer and does not generate an acid environment, also it possesses high hydrophobicity. So acetazolamide loaded PCL microsphere was prepared and optimized by physical parameters. Microsphere prepared with rotation speed of 1500 rpm having less size and smooth surface morphology, further faster rate of addition of drug polymer mixture did not get sufficient time to diffuse in aqueous PVA solution, so leads to formation of larger size of microsphere and vice versa. Dissolution studies of different batches of acetazolamide loaded PCL microsphere reveals that there is 87% of the drug release at the end of 12 hrs.

1-11

Authors: Bharti Goyal, Rupal Sharma, Prabha Mehta

The toxic pollutant of water from a wide range of toxic derivatives, in particular heavy metals, aromatic molecules and dyes, is a serious environmental problem owing to their potential human toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to develop technologies that can remove toxic pollutants found in wastewaters. Among all the treatments proposed, adsorption is one of the more popular methods for the removal of pollutants from the wastewater. Adsorption is a procedure of choice for treating industrial effluents, and a useful tool for protecting the environment. In particular, adsorption on natural polymers and their derivatives are known to remove pollutants from water. The increasing number of publications on adsorption of toxic compounds by bioadsobent shows that there is a recent increasing interest in the natural of new low-cost adsorbents used in wastewater treatment. The present review shows the recent developments in the natural of adsorbents New natural based-materials are described and their advantages for the removal of pollutants from the wastewater discussed. The main objective of this review is to provide recent information about the most important features of these polymeric materials and to show the advantages gained from the use of adsorbents in waste water treatment.

17-23

Authors: Yogesh Joshi, Punit Bisht, Aarti Bhatt, Divya Juyal and Satyanandam Sade

The study was involved to formulate oral tablet dosage form of diclofenac sodium using mucilage extracted from the Lawsonia inermis as a binder. Purified extracted mucilage was subjected to physicochemical characterization and four formulations each containing 100mg of Diclofenac sodium were prepared by wet granulation method using different mucilage concentrations viz. 2.5, 5, 7.5 & 10 % w/w. Lactose was used as diluent while magnesium stearate and talc were employed as lubricant and glidant respectively. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pre-compression parameters like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, hausner’s index and carr’s index for granules while tablets were evaluated for various post-compression parameters like tablet thickness, hardness, weight variation, friability, content uniformity, disintegration time, and in-vitro drug release study. Pre-compression and post-compression evaluation showed that parameters evaluated were all found to be within the pharmacopoeial limits. Among all the formulations, L-3 and L-4 showed an optimum drug release of 94.16 % and 91.90 % over the period of 60 min respectively and thereby exhibited satisfactory drug release phenomenon for conventional oral tablets of Diclofenac sodium.