Journal of Health Research in Community

1-10

Authors: Ahmad Jonidi Jafari , Mina Mohagheghi *

Introduction and purpose: Hospitals are among the major centers in the production of pharmaceutical wastes. Ineffective management and inappropriate disposal of pharmaceutical wastes in various healthcare centers cause environmental problems and threaten human health. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the composition and amount of the production rate of pharmaceutical wastes in a specialized hospital in Tehran, Iran, in 2017. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a specialized hospital under the supervision of Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran in 2017. For waste sampling, 19 active sections were selected in the present study. Method of separating and weighing wastes was used in this study. Finally, the total amount, production per bed, density, and weight percentage of waste components were determined in the present study. Results: According to the results, it was shown that the mean value of waste production was 60.14±5.81 kg/day in the studied hospital. Moreover, the waste production rate per bed was 85g/bed/day, and its density was obtained at 356.99±70.26 kg/m2. Results of physical analysis showed that 44.34% of vial and ampoule lesions, 12.4% of syringe lesions, 22.31% of buttocks and serum sets, and 29.24% of various lesions constituted the components. It should be noted that about 67.25% of vial lesions were related to antibiotics. Based on the findings, meroxan, cefazolin, and ciprofloxacin with 19.95%, 17.43%, and 14.56% were reported as the highest rates among the antibiotics, respectively. Conclusion: According to the obtained results of this study, the presence of household-like and infectious wastes among the components of pharmaceutical wastes indicated the proper separation. Proper separation of wastes leads to a lower amount of wastes and reduces management costs. In this regard, hospital managers should pay more attention to the management of these wastes.

19-30

Authors: Mehdi Salemi *

Introduction and purpose: Noise pollution can exert negative effects on mental health. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the noise levels in sugar factory of Debal Khozaei agro-industry complex in 2018. Methods: For the current study, sound and audio parameters were measured using a sound meter. These audio parameters included sound pressure level and minimum and maximum values measured in 9 units located in the interior space of the factory entailing 38 study stations with 30 points in open space. It is worthy to note that sound measurements were performed twice a week in morning and afternoon shifts at time intervals of 15 min. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16) using the ANOVA test. Results: Based on the results, the maximum and minimum sound pressure levels of power plants and white sugar warehouse were 0.86 ± 91.10 and 0.44 ± 91.10 dB, respectively. Additionally, the comparison of the average sound pressure level at different stations in the power plant and raw sugar production units, as well as some stations in the sugar refinery, lime kiln, and boiler exceeded the standard limit of 85 dB. However, this value was found to be below standard in the open space of the factory. Conclusion: The ongoing monitoring along with the application of noise reduction techniques is recommended due to the excessive noise levels in some parts of the factory.

41-51

Authors: Peyman Parvizrad * , Somayeh Sandakzehi

Introduction and purpose: Hospitals are seeking for maximum patient satisfaction, especially in the Pediatric Wards. This study investigated whether employees’ satisfaction correlated with maternal satisfaction, quality of services, and recovery process of children in a Pediatric Ward of a hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study included 16 employees and 30 mothers of hospitalized children in the Pediatric Ward of a hospital located in a deprived area in Iran with no sampling. The data were collected using two researcher-made questionnaires (i.e., employees’ and mothers’ questionnaires) with reliability values of 0.712 and 0.926, respectively, using Cronbach’s alpha. Moreover, the reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed by a group of professors who were experts in the health sciences. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19) through the Chi-square and Fischer’s exact tests. Results: The results of this study showed that maternal satisfaction correlated significantly with imaging services (P=0.004), medical services (P=0.003), clinical staff views about the process of recovery (P=0.005), and the reception services as well as employees’ satisfaction (P=0.009). However, maternal satisfaction had no correlation with education (P=0.891), type of insurance (P=0.817), laboratory services (P=0.164), and patient services (P=0.064). Furthermore, employees’ satisfaction correlated significantly with the type of occupation (P=0.005), job benefits (P=0.015), and nutrition (P=0.029). Additionally, there was not a relationship between employees’ satisfaction and nurse supervisors or department heads’ attention (P=0.897). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, mothers had a moderate level of satisfaction with the services provided by physicians, nurses, and welfare services. It should be noted that more attention to the childcare by the clinical staff led to a higher level of maternal satisfaction. It is worth mentioning that timely and increased payment of salaries, as well as job benefits, can be effective in increasing staffs’ satisfaction and improving their performance.

61-72

Authors: Peigham Heidarpour , Farzad Motevali Haghi Seyed * , Roya Montazeri

Introduction and purpose: Currently, head louse is one of the sanitary problems in schools that results in physical, mental, and social problems in students. In this regard, the present study was conducted for the epidemiologic examination of head louse among the female students of the primary schools in Tonekabon, Iran, in 2017-2018. Methods: The present descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was carried out for the examination of head louse on a total of 1466 students who were randomly selected from 5817 cases after the cluster sampling method. Then, the data were collected using a questionnaire and head examination, and the analysis was performed in SPSS software version 20 using the Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Out of 1464 students, 292 (19%) subjects were infected with lice. In addition, the first-grade students were reported with a higher level of infection, compared to others. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the prevalence of head louse with age, parental education, father occupation, personal hygiene, use of personal accessories, number of family members, neighborhood, number of taking showers, presence of a sanitary instructor in schools, sleeping beside others, and personal or family history of infection (P<0.05). Moreover, no significant relationship was observed between head louse with school-grade, mother occupation, as well as hair length and type (P>0.05). Conclusion: The obtained results showed that there was an inverse relationship between parental education, presence of a sanitary instructor, personal hygiene, and number of taking showers with the prevalence of head louse in female students in primary schools. In this regard, it is necessary to promote the level of knowledge in the community for the control and prevention of the infection.

1-14

Authors: Zahra Sadati Seyedeh , Hosein Haratipoor * , Maryam Farjamfar

Introduction and purpose: Over-consumption of antibiotics in the community has caused more concern worldwide about increasing microbial resistance. Several factors are associated with excessive consumption of antibiotics. This study investigated the level of parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use and the factors influencing it in children under the age of 12 years who referred to Khatam-al-Anbia Hospital in Shahrood, Iran. Methods: Totally, 97 parents of children who were under 12 years of age were enrolled in this descriptive cross-sectional study during 2017. The data were collected using parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices of antibiotic use questionnaire in children younger than 12 years of age. Moreover, the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20). P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: According to the results, the parental levels of knowledge were poor (n=11, 11.3%), moderate (n=23, 23.7%), and good (n=63, 64.9%). Moreover, the mean score of parental knowledge level was obtained at 8.7±2.66. In addition, the attitude levels were moderate and good in 27 (27.8%) and 70 parents (72.2%), respectively. The mean score of parental attitude level was estimated at 7.97±1.35. Furthermore, regarding the parental practice domain, 8 (8.2%), 30 (30.9%), and 59 (60.8%) parents were considered poor, moderate, and good, respectively. The mean score of parental practice level was determined at 5.8±2.07. It should be noted that parents with higher levels of education and previous history of infectious diseases in the family showed higher levels regarding knowledge, attitudes, and practices in terms of antibiotic use. Conclusion: The improvement of parental awareness and knowledge levels about antibiotic use will increase the level of attitude, decrease the demand for antibiotics, improve the practices of parents, and reduce the use of antibiotics, thereby decreasing the growth of antibiotic resistance in the community.

27-37

Authors: Jamshid Bahmaei * , Rita Rezaee , Mohamad Khavasi , Rana Hamedpour

Introduction and purpose: Intellectual capital is the key factor in value creation for organizations. Social responsibility means taking some measures for the improvement of the community welfare beyond the interests of the organization and legal requirements. To researchers, ethical behavior in the organization means acting in ways consistent with the ethical values of the organization. In this regard, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between intellectual capital and social responsibility and its relationship with the professional ethics of faculty members of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Abadan, Iran. Methods: This research was descriptive-correlational. The required data were collected from 78 people using census method. To this end, information was collected by researchers using intellectual capital, social responsibility, and ethical behavior questionnaires. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression tests. Results: There was a positive and significant relationship between intellectual capital and all its subscales with the ethical behavior of the faculty members (P<0/05). According to the results, all components of intellectual capital were able to predict ethical behavior. Furthermore, a positive and significant relationship was found between social responsibility and all its subscales with the ethical behavior of faculty members and all components of social responsibility were able to predict ethical behavior. Conclusion: The faculty members with high intellectual capital and social responsibility will show more ethical behavior in educational and research activities. Therefore, they will improve the level of the university and the scientific community of the country.

49-59

Authors: Fathollah Gholami-Borujeni * , Atefeh Zahedi , Masumeh Sheikhi

Introduction and purpose: Effluent of wastewater treatment plant after reaching to the standards is commonly used as the source of irrigation in agriculture in many developing and developed countries. Before using wastewater in agriculture, it is better to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of wastewater on crops. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of raw and treated hospital wastewater on seed germination and growth parameters of selected vegetable species. Methods: In this study, the toxicity effects of different concentrations (i.e., 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 10% v/v) of raw and treated hospital wastewater on seed germination, root growth, as well as stems and leaves of three vegetables, namely Coriandrum sativum, Anethum graveolens, and Lepidium sativum, using Petri dish cultivation method were studied through three replications in a completely randomized design. The parameters, such as germination percentage, germination rate index, and growth parameters (i.e., the length of the root, shoot, and leaf), were calculated after 0-10 days. In addition, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Toxic Shock Syndrome, pH, Total Dissolved Solids, EC (Electrical Conductivity), free chlorine residual, and microbial quality of wastewater were analyzed in the present study. Results: Obtained results showed that no significant relationship was observed between the control, as well as raw and treated wastewater samples, in seed germination capacity. According to the finding, the length of the root, shoot, and leaf increased with an increase in the concentration of wastewater. Therefore, hospital wastewater had no negative effect on the seed germination of the plants. Conclusion: Hospital wastewater can contain hazardous substances, such as pharmaceutical residues, chemical hazardous substances, pathogens, and radioisotopes. In this regard, it is required to investigate more qualitative parameters regarding the reuse of hospital wastewater in agriculture.

71-78

Authors: Taghi Mirmohammadi Seyed , Hadi Mahmoodi sharafe * , Nouraddin Mousavi nasab Seyed , Abdollatif Raufi nia

Introduction and purpose: The observational methods are the most common techniques for postural assessment. Afterwards, preventive interventions for musculoskeletal disorders are performed as the best strategy. Therefore, the most important point in the first phase is the selection of suitable assessment method. With this background in mind, this study was conducted to evaluate the correlation and agreement between the results of Novel Ergonomic Postural Assessment (NERPA) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) methods to determine the appropriate technique. Methods: In the current study, 41 postures were investigated following the exclusion of similar postures. Photos of postures were prepared and assessed according to the instructions of NERPA and RULA methods by an assessor. The score of each organ and the final risk level of both methods for right and left sides were evaluated by the Wilcoxon method. Moreover, the results were compared using the Spearman correlation coefficient and the Kappa coefficient. Results: Our findings indicated that higher scores for risk levels 1 and 2 were obtained by NERPA method, while the RULA score was higher for levels 3 and 4. It should be noted that the mentioned difference was significant for the right side. In terms of the scores of body organs, there was a significant difference in the wrist score. The results of analyses demonstrated that the correlation coefficient of NERPA and RULA methods for left and right sides was 0.605 and 0.697, respectively. Furthermore, the Kappa agreement coefficient was revealed as 0.206 and 0.401 for left and right sides, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, NERPA method identified the low risks better than RULA technique. As a result, considering the involvement of the freedom degree of body organs in neutral zone in NERPA method and the significant difference between the two techniques, NERPA application is recommended. On the other side, although the two methods did not have a good agreement, the results showed that they were correlated. Therefore, both methods can be used in industries similar to the current investigation.

1-12

Authors: Mohammad Javad Kabir , Hassan Ashrafian Amiri , Seyed Mozafar Rabiee , Anahita Keshvarzi , Sohila Hoseini , Seiyed Davoud Nasrollahpour Shirvani *

Introduction and purpose: Patient involvement in paying the out-of-pocket medical expenses is common in most countries. According to the instructions of the Urban Family Physician Program in Iran (Version 02), all care services should be provided free of charge. This study aimed to investigate the viewpoints of administrators and executives in Fars and Mazandaran provinces regarding the free provision of services. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in winter 2016. The study population included administrators and experts monitoring the Urban Family Physician Program, as well as representatives of Family Physicians who were selected by the census. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire containing two parts with 20 items. In addition, The reliability and validity of this questionnaire were confirmed using alpha Cronbach at 0.87%. The data were collected from 29 expert panels in cities of Fars and Mazandaran. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version. 23). P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 635 participants, 49 cases (7.7%) agreed that all services provided by family physicians and health care providers should be free. According to the results, free of charge services include care for chronic diseases (63.7%), basic visits and periodic examinations (48.1%), injections (40.4%), serum therapy (36.6%), bandaging (35.2%), therapeutic visits (22.8%), prescriptions of family physicians (22.6%), laboratory services (17.3%), and radiography and ultrasound services (15.7%). Conclusion: This study showed that the majority of people disagreed with free of charge services provided by urban family physicians. Therefore, it is suggested to revise franchise systems regarding the provision of some services.

22-31

Authors: Leily Sokoty - , Majid Kermani - , Leila Janani - , Mohsen Dowlati - , Babak Hasanlooyi - , Shahnaz Rinaz - *

Introduction and purpose: Nowadays, the effects of air pollution, especially its detrimental effects om health, have made air quality control a matter of national concern. The present study aimed to compare air quality in Urmia based on the Air Quality Index in a five-year period of 2012-2017. Methods: The samples in the present study included hourly data of five air quality criteria, including PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO collected and validated by the Environmental Protection Agencyof Iran during a five-year period. Afterwards, the highest daily index value for the pollutants was determined using a standard method. The highest value among the calculated indices was considered as the final index, and pollutant that represents the highest index was introduced as the main pollutant of the day. Results: The results showed that air quality in Urmia was more than the expected standard of the Environmental Protection Agency of Iran during 297, 265, 245, 267, 290, and 292 days in 2012-2017, respectively. On the basis of the results, the major pollutant in 2011 was SO2. Regarding other investigated years, PM2.5 played a significant role as a pollutant. Conclusion: The evaluation of the air quality of Urmia during 5 years revealed that the current condition is far from the ideal.

41-53

Authors: Ali Maghsoudi * , Majid Shahriari , Jaber Pariab

Introduction and purpose: Public attention has been growingly given to healthy food products. Development of organic farming and enhancement of consuming such products in society require attending to consumers’ orientations and tendencies. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the viewpoints of experts and consumers about organic livestock products in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Methods: For the purpose of the study, first, an open-ended question regarding the barriers to the expansion of organic livestock products was sent to the experts (n=33) through Delphi technique. After extracting the main indices from the experts’ responses, a questionnaire, consisting of 13 items, was designed to evaluate the consumers’ viewpoints (n=516) about the barriers to developing organic livestock products in Sistan and Baluchistan province. Results: From the experts’ points of view, the main factors accounting for the restriction of the extension and promotion of animal organic products consumption included the lack of consumer s’ confidence about organic products, consumers’ unawareness of the benefits of organic animal products, and inability to purchase the organic livestock products due to economic weakness. Moreover, the consumers reported the inefficient organic animal production technology, lack of appropriate conditions for organic animal production, and shortage and limitation of supplying organic livestock products in the market as the most important barriers to developing and promoting the organic animal products. Conclusion: Enhancement of people’s acceptance of the novel products and approximation of the experts and consumers’ viewpoints could have a key role in the expansion of organic animal product consumption in Sistan and Baluchistan province.

63-72

Authors: Hossein Borna , Rouhullah Dehghani , Mahmoud Fazeli Dinan , Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei , Hasan Jahani , Farzad Motevalli Haghi Seyed * , Jamshid Yazdani Cherati

Introduction and purpose: Scorpion stings can threaten human health. The investigation of the epidemiologic factors affecting scorpion stings plays an important role in the prevention of this public health issue. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of scorpionism in Qaenat city, South Khorasan Province, Iran. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on all the stung people residing in Qaenat city of South Khorasan Province during 2011- 2016. The epidemiology of patients and demographic data were collected in a checklist and data were analyzed in SPSS (version 20). Results: A total of 164 cases stung by scorpion were enrolled in the present study, including 75 males (45.7%) and 89 females (54.3%). The most and least frequent cases of stung were observed among individuals within the age range of 25-34 and 55-64 years, respectively. Hands, head, and face were the most prevalent sting sites with the occur-rence rates of 56.7, 37.8, and 5.5%, respectively. Scorpion stings occurred mostly during spring and summer with the highest rate of 30% in July. Out of total cases, 46.3% were residing in urban areas and 53.7% in rural areas. Conclusion: Considering the fact that the highest occurrence rate of scorpion sting was observed in rural areas, educa-tional programs for all health and medical personnel as well as physicians of centers, promotion of public aware-ness in the city and village, improvement of places and rural roads can play an important role in the prevention of scorpionism and mortality.

1-11

Authors: Mohammad Reza Nezhadhossein , Leila Sadat Barati , Shokat Faraj , Sadegh Lolo , Somayeh Parvin , Mohammad Ali Nejad Rasouli

Introduction and purpose: Health literacy refers to the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. This concept is an important element of a person’s ability to engage in health promotion activities. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to evaluate health literacy among the urban and rural communities of Behbahan County in Iran. Methods: This study descriptive analytical study was performed on 794 literate individuals aged 17 years or higher. The study population was selected using cluster sampling method. The data were collected using the Iranian Health Literacy Questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 40.2±14.21% years. About 53% of the subjects were male. In terms of education level, 32.5% and 18.6% of the participants had diploma and bachelor’s degrees, respectively. Furthermore, the mean health literacy of urban and rural communities was obtained as 70.22%. The results revealed no significant differences between the urban and rural communities in terms of health literacy (P>0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicated that overall health literacy was at a desirable level in Behbahan County. However, given a lower health literacy in women, village residents, and elderly and middle-aged groups, health providers should adopt more effective methods for the transmission of information to these people.

20-33

Authors: Kamyar Yaghmaeian , Safiyeh Ghobakhloo , Sajad Mazloomi

Introduction and purpose: Urban outdoor air is contaminated with a variety of harmful agents that can lead to an increase in mortality and morbidity rate through short-term exposure. In recent studies conducted in Iran, the health effects of suspended particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) have been investigated and the results of many studies have proven the adverse effects of air pollutants on human health. The present study investigated the air quality and evaluated the health effects of PM2.5 on the residents of Semnan in 2017. Methods: The air quality index (AQI) introduced by the Environmental Protection Agency was used in order to evaluate the air quality. In addition, for the purpose of health effects evaluation AirQ software was utilized, which is proposed by the World Health Organization. It is worth mentioning that AQI was calculated by the interpolation between the concentration of the pollutants for PM2.5 and classified based on standard charts and tables. In AirQ software, the concentration of PM2.5 was utilized to assess human exposure and health effects in terms of the ratio attributable to the health implications, annual number of deaths for all causes, as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Results: According to the obtained results of this qualitative study, it was revealed that air quality has exceeded the standard level almost 18% (AQI>100); it was reported as unhealthy and dangerous in 6% and 2% of the days of the year, respectively. Based on the findings, the annual average of concentration was estimated as 18 μg/m3. Moreover, the maximum number of exposure days to PM 2.5 was related to the concentration of 13-25 μg/m3. Furthermore, more than 80% of the cardiovascular and respiratory mortalities, as well as the referrals of outpatients with respiratory and heart diseases, belonged to the same concentration class. Conclusion: Despite the limitations of using AirQ software (version 2.2.3) this method is an effective, easy, and helpful tool for decision-making.

42-55

Authors: Zahra Asadi-Saatlou , Navid Dinparast Djadid , Saber Raeghi , Naseh Maleki-Ravasan , Saber Gholizadeh

Introduction and purpose: Human malaria is one of the widespread vector-borne diseases worldwide. Lots of efforts have been made to control and eliminate the vectors of the disease. Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi (A. stephensi) are the main vectors of malaria in Africa and Asia. The members of Anopheles gambiae complex contain the vector and non-vector species. A. stephensi has three biological forms with different vector capacities. The phenotypic and genotypic diversity has made it more difficult to identify vector populations and consequently the surveillance and control of malaria. The present study aimed to compare the morphological and molecular diagnostic characteristics of the two important malaria vectors in the two world continents. Methods: After searching, studying, and organizing published papers related to the subject, Anopheles gambiae and A. stephensi species were compared based on the morphological and molecular characteristics. Different morphological keys for the two species, the specimens from the insectarium of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, as well as the present species of national insectarium in Pasteur Institute of Iran, were used for morphological comparison. In addition, all the present sequences of five molecular markers, including COI, COII, D3, ITS2, and OBP1, were extracted from GenBank and analyzed using bioinformatics software. Results: Based on the obtained results of the present study, the number of ridges on Anopheles gambiae eggs was more than that on A. stephensi eggs. However, unlike A. stephensi in Anopheles gambiae, the number of ridges was not a diagnostic characteristic for the identification of Anopheles gambiae complex. There were four diagnostic characteristics in the larvae comparison of the two species and there were three different characteristics in adults. All the molecular markers were capable of separating the two species; however, ITS2 and D3, as well as COI, COII, and OBP1 markers were preferred for inter-species and intra-species comparisons, respectively. Conclusion: The combination of traditional diagnostic and new molecular methods can be simultaneously used in inter-species separation. As a result, in order to eliminate malaria in Iran and the countries covered by The World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, it is recommended that the combination of morphological, molecular, and field epidemiological data can provide practical solutions for vector control programs. Obviously, none of these data exclusively respond to the needs of the mentioned programs. Furthermore, the coordination, design, implementation, and evaluation of applied projects, as well as executive actions, are necessary for the success of these programs regarding the elimination and eradication of malaria and other vector-borne diseases.

68-78

Authors: Mostafa Mohammadnejad Araei , Hamidreza Nassehinia , Yousef Dadban Shahamat , Mohammad Ali Zazouli

Introduction and purpose: One of the important problems in the management of waste is the health and environmental hazards of the leachate leakage of urban waste landfills to groundwater. This research aimed to investigate the improvement of the landfill properties using recycled polymer. Methods: In this study, PET: Polyethylene Terephthalate and clay were mixed with the ratio of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1 wt%. Moreover, Moreover, its effect on the quality parameters of clay, including consolidation, settlement, shear stress, adhesion, and infiltration were determined in soil mechanics laboratory located in the city of Gorgan. All experiments were conducted based on American Society for Testing and Materials. Results: Results showed that the internal friction angle in clay and clay composed with polymer were 20.93 wt% and 30.3 wt%, respectively. Moreover, the compaction of clay decreased from 0.163 g/cm2 to 0.110 g/cm2. Permeability results showed that the use of PET decreased the permeability of soil from 1.82 E-3cm/min to 1.57 E-3cm/min. Conclusion: The use of recycled polymer can improve the soil conditions of landfills in terms of permeability and resistance to leaching, which could reduce the volume and the recycling process of waste. Moreover, this issue contribute to the quality and strength of the substrate to prevent environmental contamination as well as groundwater polution.