Advances in Human Biology

7-9

Authors: Rachna Kaul, Shilpa PS.

Background: Intra oral periapical radiographs remain the backbone of diagnostic assessment of dento-facial pathologies. However, in some clinical situation like in developmentally disabled individuals, those with an exaggerated gag reflex, pediatric dental patients and anxious dental patients, it may be very difficult to obtain an intra-oral periapical radiograph of diagnostic quality. In such situations, extra oral periapical radiographs are very useful. They are obtained by placing a sensor outside the oral cavity and then making the radiographic exposure using a digital X ray machine for intra oral radiographs. The radiation dose in this technique is much lesser as compared to panoramic radiographs. This article reviews the technique, advantages, disadvantages and indications of extra oral periapical radiographs.

21-25

Authors: Bhavin Patel, Samir Shah, Santosh Kumar.

Aim: Gingivitis is a common periodontal condition affecting most of the population of the world. Beneficial results have been achieved by researchers with use of antibiotics as an adjunct to phase I therapy. This study was done to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of Ornidazole containing gel as an adjunct to scaling in comparison with scaling alone. Materials and Method: Total 30 subjects of both the sexes diagnosed with chronic generalized gingivitis were recruited for the study. A split mouth study was conducted where scaling was done on the control site & scaling along with Ornidazole gel application was done on the test site. Modified gingival index and plaque index were recorded at baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks. Results: This clinical study showed statistically significant improvement in gingival status of all the patients. For both the groups significant difference in mean score (0.52) of modified gingival index was observed but there was no significant difference in mean plaque score between two sites. Conclusion: The result showed that scaling alone can improve the gingival status; however additional benefits can be obtained when antimicrobial gel is used as an adjunctive therapy.

31-36

Authors: Pranav Vanajassun P, MS Nivedhitha, NT Nishad, Dona Soman.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) to the conventional Glass-Ionomer Cement (GIC) on its antibacterial and selective mechanical properties. Materials and Methods: Conventional posterior glass ionomer restorative cement- Fuji IX was used as the control group (control-GIC). Experimental group was prepared by incorporating zinc oxide nano particles of size <50nm into the powder of Fuji IX at 3% W/W concentration with P/L ratio 3.6:1. The antibacterial activity of the set material against Streptococcus mutans was assessed using the agar diffusion test. The compressive strength and shear bond strength were measured using the Universal testing machine. Data was analyzed using Independent T test. Results: Experimental group showed significant increase in antibacterial properties for both set and unset specimens. Incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles has no significant difference over the mechanical properties of set Glass Ionomer Cement. Conclusion: The study showed significant increase in antibacterial property of set GIC with ZnO nanoparticles without modifying the mechanical properties. Thus incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles in glass ionomer cement can be considered as a better alternative to conventional GIC.

44-47

Authors: Kush Pathak, Madhusudan Ashtekar, Rashmi Metgud, Suruchi Tekade, Sandeep Jain, Satyajit Tekade.

Aim: Regarding the high prevalence of hyperlpidaemia, which is one of the major risk factors of cardiovascular disease and uncertain reports about the relation between periodontal disease and serum lipid profile, this study was conducted to assess the relation. Materials and Methods: The cohort study was conducted on 45 cases including 30 persons with chronic periodontitis as case group, and 15 healthy subjects as control group. Both groups had same age and weight ranges, sex and diet, without any periodontal treatment history in the past six months, underlying systemic disease such as diabetes, anti-hyperlipidemic drugs or active tobacco smoking history. Low density lipoprotein (LDL), High density lipoprotein (HDL), Triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol levels (CHOL) were measured by direct enzymatic assay. Results: TG level was 116.713+/-30.485 mg/dl in control group and 166.197+/-69.332 in case group (P = <0.001). In control group, LDL was 90.347+/-21.565 and in case group, 105.813+/-19.197, which presents a significantly higher level (P=<0.01) in case group. Other serum level indices also showed highly significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The study along with other studies till date has provided evidence that periodontal disease has a causal link to atherosclerosis. Further research must be conducted to definitively establish the role of periodontal disease in the etiology of atherosclerosis.

54-59

Authors: Rohan Bhatt, Applu Bhatt, Dhruva Gurjar, Lipee Dave.

Aim: The next decade of dentistry is speculated to see unparalled advances in the field of stem cell tissue engineering. The discovery of stem cells in the pulp of deciduous teeth raised intriguing possibility of using dental pulp stem cells for various life threatening disorders. This novel therapy has been proved to be a huge scope in dentistry and currently has large-scale clinical applications. The WHO recommends dentists should encourage following evidence based literature in order to educate patients about the collection, storage and use of stem cells. There is a need to assess graduating dental care professionals, which would help in understanding awareness on this topic. Materials and Methods: Four dental colleges from Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar districts participated in the study. A structured questionnaire containing 13 questions was prepared and distributed to the participants. Data was analyzed after all the participants submitted their questionnaire. Results: Out of 372 students, 231 reverted back for the study. Majority of the graduating interns were ignorant about the canine being the best deciduous tooth for the extraction of stem cells. 24.84 % students believed dental pulp stem cells as best source for therapeutic use whereas almost 30% considered as bone marrow or umbilical cord. Majority of participants had no idea regarding the optimal root length to get the vital stem cells post extraction. Conclusion: Updating ourselves in medical profession is key to clinical success. In recent years due to influence of media, patients have become aware of latest innovations in medical and dental science. Therefore it has become necessary for the dental professionals to keep themselves updated to new world of dentistry.

64-68

Authors: Nikunj Bhuva, Rupal Mehta, Shilpa Duseja, Khushboo Desai

Background: Significant changes in bone volume and morphology following tooth extraction can make implant rehabilitation very difficult and these changes increase as the time from extraction to implant placement increases. The extraction socket preservation technique conserves the alveolar architecture and prevents hard and soft tissue collapse that minimizes the necessity for future augmentation procedures. Many techniques have been discovered for socket preservation which allows the dentist to place the implant in extraction sites that were thought to be compromised. Recently, to reinstate alveolar bone loss and to support efficient placement of dental implants many different bone substitute such as autografts, allografts, xenografts, synthetic biomaterials and osteoactive agents have been proposed. The aim of this case report was to evaluate the aptitude of bioactive glass with collagen membrane in the socket preservation for the development of ideal future implant site.

72-76

Authors: Rajasekhar V, Gautam NS, Narsimha Rao VV, Srinivas Kumar CH.

Background: Perforations represent pathologic or iatrogenic communications between the root canal space and the attachment apparatus. Root perforations are significant complications to endodontic treatment and, if not detected and treated properly, the breakdown of the periodontium may ultimately lead to loss of the tooth. Iatrogenic root perforations are the second most common reason for endodontic failure. As a repair material for perforation, MTA is considered to be gold standard. Complete clinical and radiographic examination and adequate knowledge of the morphology of the teeth is necessary for successful clinical outcome.