Advances in Human Biology

1-5

Authors: Chirayu Shah, Monali Shah, Deepak Dave, Prasad Nadig, Amit Shah.

Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics. Azithromycin is used to treat many different infections, including acute otitis media, nonstreptococcal bacterial pharyngitis, gastrointestinal infections such as traveler's diarrhea, respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia, cellulitis, babesiosis, bartonella infection, chancroid cholera, donovanosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, malaria, mycobacterium avium complex disease, neisseria meningitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, pertussis, scrub typhus, toxoplasmosis, and salmonellosis. It is used to prevent bacterial endocarditis and some sexually transmitted infections including those from unprotected sex or sexual assault. Azithromycin could have a triple role in the treatment and resolution of periodontal diseases: suppressing periodontopathogens, anti-inflammatory activity and healing through persistence at low levels in macrophages and fibroblasts in periodontal tissues, even after a single course of three tablets. If future periodontal research confirms these properties, it could become a valuable host-modulator in periodontal treatment.

15-22

Authors: Tanvi Bihani

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and pattern of malocclusion among patients who visited Department of Orthodontics of Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur (Rajasthan) through a awareness program, being conducted at Bagru as a baseline data for proper treatment planning, teaching, and further research. Materials & Method: This study was conducted on 125 patients who attended the Orthodontic Department from November 2011 to November 2012. Information regarding age, sex, type of malocclusion, dentofacial patterns and dentofacial characteristics was obtained from patient records. Orthodontic treatment need was assessed using DHC component of IOTN. Results: The results of the study showed that the patients age ranged from 9 to 32 years. There were 63(50.4%) males and 62(49.6%) females. Chief complaints of majority of patients were ‘forwardly placed upper teeth’ and ‘irregularly placed teeth’. The commonest type of malocclusion was Angle’s class II which was seen in 77 (61.6%) of patients. There was an increased overjet in 70.4% of subjects. Assessment of need for orthodontic treatment using the DHC component of IOTN showed that 46 (36.8%) were in great need of orthodontic treatment and 36(28.8%) had definite need of treatment. Conclusion: The results give a detailed pattern of malocclusion in orthodontic patients of rural area and may provide a baseline data for research and planning orthodontic services.

30-34

Authors: Sujal Shah, Vandana Rathwa, Monali Shah, Deepak Dave.

Gingival hyperpigmentation has been a major concern for a large number of patients visiting the dentist. Clinicians are challenged for attending to and correcting this biologic, esthetic and functional problem. Melanin, a non-hemoglobin derived brown pigment, is often abnormally deposited in the basal and suprabasal cell layers of gingival epithelium due to which the gums appear black particularly in patients having a high smile line. Several depigmentation procedures like scalpel surgery, gingivectomy with free gingival autograft, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, laser therapy using Nd:YAG, diode or CO2, abrasion with diamond bur, chemical agents like 90% phenol and 95% alcohol have been employed for removal of melanin pigmentation. The present case report describes two distinct surgical depigmentation procedures: scalpel blade surgery and semiconductor diode laser for complete removal of gingival pigmentation, tissue healing following the surgery and fulfillment of patient centered outcomes like satisfaction, pain intensity assessment and adverse events. Diode is a solid state semiconductor laser that combines Gallium (Ga), Arsenide (Ar) and other elements like aluminum (Al) and Indium (In), converting electric energy into light energy. In this report both the surgical techniques have shown excellent results, however scalpel blade surgery showed marginally better results in terms of tissue healing and esthetics.

1-4

Authors: Rohan Bhatt, Gautami Shah.

Background: India remains a country, in which adolescent marriage remains extremely likely in addition to a high incidence rate of deplorable events and lack of education, which accounts for adolescent pregnancy. The oblivion towards the repercussions associated with adolescent pregnancy has led to a series of complications: both oral and systemic.

8-15

Authors: Applu Atrey, Rohan Bhatt, Jay Dave.

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious public health concern especially for socially disadvantaged groups, in both developed and developing worlds. Yet, it remains relatively unexplored and poorly defined in many developing countries. The presence of high levels of ECC, despite a reduction in permanent-dentition caries through fluoridation of water and use of fluoridated tooth- pastes, begs for a broader look at social and behavioral factors that correlate with this form of the disease. All untreated Dental Carious lesions may not be detrimental to the general health; however, it significantly influences the QoL and dietary intake of children. Patterns of behavior learnt in early childhood are deeply ingrained and resistant to change and mother has an important role in this respect. Interventions found effective in preventing ECC in other populations has shown no demonstrable long- term or sustainable benefit in most communities.

22-24

Authors: Nalam Sai Gautam, Nalam Radhika Gautham.

Background: Supernumerary tooth (ST) is a developmental anomaly and has been argued to arise from multiple etiologies. These teeth may remain embedded in the alveolar bone or can erupt into the oral cavity. When it remains embedded, it may cause disturbance to the developing teeth. Hyperdontia is the condition of having supernumerary teeth, or teeth that appear in addition to the regular number of teeth. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth varies between 0.1 and 3.8% and is more common in the permanent dentition. These are more common in the mandible than in the maxilla. Presented here is a rare case of patient who was diagnosed with supernumerary premolar in both quadrants of maxilla discovered on routine radiographic examination.