Journal of Physics and Electronics

3-6

Authors: M.G. Holovko, V.D. Gladush

The paper considers a spherically symmetric configuration of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields with allowance to the cosmological constant, and its quantization. After dimensional reduction, the original action is transformed to new variables in the R- and T-regions. The exclusion of the non-dynamic degree of freedom from the obtained action leads to an action for the geodesic in the configuration space, which proves to be conformally flat. We use the Gitman–Tyutin formalism for the obtained dynamical system, which Lagrange function is degenerate. After performing a suitable canonical transformation, the constraints found from the Lagrange function are reduced to the canonical form. Herewith the physical part of the Hamilton function vanishes. To construct quantum theory, we introduce additional physical quantities – charge and mass functions. Since Hamilton operator equals zero, it leads to the fact that the desired wave function of the system obeys only the eigenvalue equations for the mass and charge operators. The solution of these equations leads to continuous charge and mass spectra.

17-28

Authors: S.A. Sokolovsky, A.I. Sokolovsky, І. S. Kravchuk, O.A. Grinishin

On the basis of the Landau kinetic equation a generalized Lorentz model is proposed, which contrary to the standard model, considers ion system as an equilibrium one. For electron system kinetic equation of the Fokker-Planck type is obtained. In the Bogolyubov method of the reduced description, which is based on his idea of the functional hypothesis, basic equations for electron hydrodynamics construction with account for temperature and macroscopic velocity relaxation processes (kinetic modes of the system) is elaborated. The obtained equations are analyzed near the end of the relaxation processes when the theory has an additional small parameter. The main in small gradients approximation is studied in details, it corresponds to the description of relaxation processes in a spatially uniform case. The obtained equations are approximately solved by the method of truncated expansion in the Sonine polynomials. The velocity and temperature relaxation coefficients are discussed in one- and two-polynomial approximation. As a result the relaxation coefficients are calculated in one-polynomial approximation.

33-36

Authors: L.I. Fedorenkova

Copper and its alloy were treated in an electrolytic plasma formed in the boron-containing electrolyte under the action of discharge in order to obtain a diffusion coating with enhanced hardening characteristics and the structural changes in the surface layer of the metal that occur in this case were studied. As a result of processing in electrolytic plasma, characterized by high heating and cooling rates, a diffusion layer was formed on the surface of copper and an alloy based on it (brass). The layer contains nanosized inclusions of copper borides, ternary compounds Cu-B-H, Cu-B-O concentrated mainly along grain and phase boundaries and providing hardening of the metal surface. The action of the discharge provides structural and phase transformations in the metal, the deformation of the grains - elongation in the direction of the driving force (electric transfer) at a depth of 100 μm and the creation of metastable states in the surface layers. Moving vacancies and compressing atoms in the direction of the force create conditions for the rapid movement of boron atoms. With increase in current density and time of treating, the size of nanostructures decreases. Their size is of the order of 6-16 nm. Obtaining wear-resistant coatings on copper and its alloys, which include phases containing copper and boron, increases the strength characteristics of copper and its alloys by 1.5-2 times.

45-50

Authors: V.F. Bashev, S.I. Ryabtsev, S.N. Antropov, N.A. Kutseva, O.I. Kushnerov, E.S. Skorbyaschensky

The quantitative estimation of maximum level of cooling rates in the process of casting microwires in glass insulation is given. The shown possibility of nonequilibrium formation of microwire substance is due to the influence of an amorphous substrate in the form of glass insulation. The amorphous state in the case of thin microwires with cast iron vein Fe‒20 at.% C confirms the implementation of an increased (compared to splat-quenching) level of nonequilibrium formation of microwires in combination with updated rates of cooling and increased degree of supercooling of liquid microwire vein.

55-58

Authors: Y. Syetov

Two-photon absorption spectra of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole, 2,5-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)phenol and 2,5-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)hydroquinone are modeled by time-dependent density functional theory calculations. In contrast to the linear absorption, where the transitions to the two lowest excited states are leading, the two-photon absorption cross sections are significant for the transitions to higher states which are weak in one-photon absorption spectra. The 2,5-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)phenol and 2,5-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)hydroquinone demonstrate the maximum cross section of about ten times larger than that of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole. The largest value of the cross section is calculated for 2,5-bis(2- benzoxazolyl)hydroquinone to be about 1500 units of Goeppert-Mayer for excitation at 600 nm.

63-66

Authors: I.P. Volnyanskaya, M.P.Trubitsyn, D.M. Volnyanskii, D.S. Bondar

Electrical properties of Pb2MoO5 single crystal were studied in AC field (f=1 kHz) after irradiation with UV light (290 K). It was found that UV irradiation caused appearance of maximums on permittivity ε and conductivity σ temperature dependences, which were observed around 530 K. The anomalies of ε and σ vanished after annealing at 700 K and could be restored by subsequent UV irradiation performed at room temperature. The magnitude of ε and σ peaks increased for higher exposition time. Above 600 K conductivity σ was practically independent on irradiation. It is proposed that photoelectrons induced by UV light, are trapped by Mo located -within the oxygen tetrahedrons with vacancy VO in one of the vertexes. The dipole moments of (MoO3) groups reorient at VO hopping through the tetrahedron vertexes. Annealing at 700 K thermally decomposes (MoO3)- complexes. For T>600 K behavior of σ(T) is determined by conduction currents and nearly insensitive to UV irradiation. At high temperatures the photoelectrons do not contribute to conductivity since they are bound in (MoO3)- centers, recombine with holes or re-captured by more deep traps.

73-80

Authors: O.V. Kovalenko, S.М. Vovk, Ye.G. Plakhtii

The smoothing method for experimental photoluminescence spectra, which uses Tikhonov regularization method, is proposed. Smoothing problem statement is performed as a statement of the minimization problem based on the least squares criterion. The functional to be minimized is a compound of two terms. The first one is the basic term, which determines the quality of data approximation provided by smooth function. The second one is the regularization term, which sets a constraint on the energy by smooth function derivative of a given order. A solution of the smoothing problem is obtained in the closed form analytically. The solution can be implemented by a simple array of matrix operations; one of those is an operation of matrix inversion. The necessity of matrix inversion imposes constraints on the order of derivative used in the proposed method and on noise level. It is related to the increase of either the order of derivative at the given noise level in data or the noise level at the given order of derivative, that deteriorates the conditionality of a matrix to be inverted and limits the scope of the proposed method, accordingly. Efficiency comparison of the proposed smoothing method, the Savitzky-Golay method, and the moving average method was performed by the numerical simulation of two models of photoluminescence spectra. Their advantages, disadvantages, and also the scopes of applicability are noted. The best values of operating parameters of these methods for the different noise levels in data were obtained. The conditions, under which the potential capabilities of the proposed smoothing method excel the potential possibilities of Savitzky-Golay method, were indicated. The results of smoothing the experimental photoluminescence spectra obtained for ZnO:Mn nanocrystals and ZnS:Mn crystals are provided.

89-92

Authors: O.O. Drobakhin, O.V. Olevskyi

Applicability of inverse filtering with evolution control for reconstruction of images obtained by aperture synthesis technique is considered. A horn antenna, which is moved in the transversal direction, is used in order to obtain a 2-dimensional image. Scanned structure consists of one or two similar metaplates. In the latter case the plates are coplanar and their common plane is parallel to the aperture of the antenna. Regularisation coefficients are found with the help of trial and error method. The image of a single plate was used to tune the software. The Prony’s method is tested as a separate way of estimation of the distance between the plates. Both methods are tested for a range of different distances between the plates and between the plates’ common plane and aperture of the antenna. It is shown that inverse filtration tends to provide better results if the scanned object is situated further from the antenna. Said method was proven to be precise enough to distinguish closely-spaced plates. The Prony’s method was proven to provide reliable distance measurements if it was tuned correctly.

97-100

Authors: A.V. Ivanchenko, A.S. Tonkoshkur

Electrical characteristics of experimental two-layer structure based on layers of varistor ceramics and polymer nanocomposite with carbon filler being in thermal contact are studied. A layer of such polymer nanocomposite is used in PPTC fuses of the PolySwitch technology. The dependences of the output voltage on the varistor layer, current and temperature on the input voltage applied to the entire structure are analyzed. It is shown that with an increase in the input voltage, the output voltage reaches a certain value and does not change after that. It is concluded that the two-layer structure of varistor ceramics–PPTC nanocomposite type can be used as a limiter of constant electrical voltage and for protection of electrical circuits from long-term alternating electrical overvoltages.